LIBRA'S r, OF CONGRESS. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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THE 



WESTERN WORLD 



Guide ^Hand-Book 



Useful Information. 



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FIEST EDITION. 





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PUBLISHED BY 

THE WESTERN WORLD, 
CHICAGO. 



PRICE, 50 CENTS. 



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L 15?. 



Copyrighted. 

BY 

The Western World, 



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-JC. 



CONTENTS. 



HISTORIES OF EACH OF THE STATES FROM 
EARLIEST TIMES, descriptive of their topography, soil, 
climate, rivers, mountains, natural wonders, population, area, 
islands, lakes, mines, products, manufactures, industries, cities, 
school systems, collection and exemption laws, date of holding- 
elections, number of representatives, senatoi'S, congressmen, and 
presidential electors, number soldiers in the field, jjrice of land 
cleared and in forest, extent of forest, luiiuber of different call- 
ings, rate of interest, usury laws, peddlers' or drummers' 
license laws, divorce laws, mining- laws, description of 
public lands, list of lands subject to the variovis forms of 
entry, list land offices, opportunities for homes or enterprise, 
rainfall, health, ports of entry, population unale, female and 
foreign), number of Indians, mineral resources, nicknames of 
states and for whom or what they are named. Miles of railroad 
and canals, tidal frontage, state land la-ws, number of coun- 
ties and names. 

A COLORED MAP of each State and Territory will be 
found accompariying its history. 



Page. 

Alabama 134 

Alaska 191 

Arizona 179 

Arkansas 175 

California 184 

Coloi-ado 183 

Connecticut 106 

Dakota • 163 

Delaware 116 

District of Columbia 120 

Florida 131 

Georgia 139 

Idaho 189 

Illinois 153 

Indiana 151 

Indian Territory 177 

Iowa ... 165 

Kansas 173 

Kentucky 147 

'Louisiana 139 

Maine 96 

Maryland 118 

Massachusetts 102 

Michigan, 155 

Minnesota 161 



Mississippi 136 

Missouri 170 

Montana 188 

Nebraska 168 

Nevada l-<3 

New Hampshire 98 

New Jersey Ill 

New Mexico 178 

New York 109 

North Carolina 134 

Ohio 148 

Oregon 193 

Pennsylvania 114 

Rhode Island 104 

South Carolina 126 

Tennessee 144 

Texas 141 

Utah 181 

Vermont 100 

Virginia 121 

Washington Territory 190 

West Virginia 123 

Wisconsin 158 

V7yoming 186 



Paoc. 
THE PUBLIC DOIVIAIN— L.\ws Kelatino to the Entry 

OF GOVEK^.MEXT LANDS 9 

AGRICULTURAL LANDS. 



Cash Enthy 

Public sale 

Private sale 

Price 

Applications to buy. 
Warrants 



Patjc. 



Page. 
Additional homesteads.. 13 

Soldiers' homesteads 14 

Sailors' homesteads 14 

Soldiers' widows 14 

Soldiers' filing 14 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



Page. 

Fees for warrant entry. . 9 

Agricultural college scrip 10 

Private land scrip 10 

Pre-emption, right of 10 

Price 10 

Relinquishment 10 

Final proof 10 

Death of pre-emptor 1 

Grasshopper sufferers... 1 

Fees 1 

Homestead, rights of 1 

Fees 1 

Title, how completed 1 

Grasshopper sufferers.. . 12 

Final proof 12 

Where insanity occurs. . . 12 
Heirs of deceased home- 
steader 12 

Conversion from pre- 
emption 13 

Commutation of home- 
stead 12 

Sale of homestead 12 

Relinquishment of home- 
stead 12 

Abandonment 13 

Adjoining farm home- 
Steads . 13 



Soldiers'additional home- 
stead 14 

Partial waver 14 

Indians, rights of 14 

Exemption from debt. . . 15 

Special surveys 15 

Timber culture 15 

Payments 15 

Amount of timber culti- 
vated 15 

Final proof 16 

Liability for debt 16 

Timber and stone lands. 16 

Saline LANDS 16 

Desert lands 16 

Title, how acquired 17 

Final proof 17 

Repayments 17 

Mineral lands 17 

Length of claim 17 

Placer claims 18 

When veins intersect 18 

When veins unite 18 

Land used for milling 18 

Application of the laws. . 18 

Removal of timber 18 

Fees and charges 18 

Coal lands 20 



Page. 
Rates 



POSTAL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and Rules 36 

PATENT LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, includ- 
ing right trade mark, etc., 26 

PENSION LAWS OF THE UNITED. STATES (who 
are entitled, amount, etc 34 

COATS OF ARMS OF EACH STATE (see history of 
each state). 

SYSTEMS OF LAND MEASURE IN THE 21 

LOCAL MINING LAWS OF THE STATES AND 
TEimiTORIiiS 22 

DIVORCE LAWS OF THE STATES AND TERRI- 
TORIES 23 

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
HOAV Constituted 39 



NATIONS OF THE WORLD : 



Argentine Republic. . . 

Austria 

Belgium 


Page. 

58 

.... 58 
59 




.. .. 59 


Brazil 


. 59 




GO 


Chill 

China 


60 

60 


Columbia 


61 


Costa Rica 


61 




61 


Denmark 


61 


Ecuador 

Egypt 


62 

... 62 


France 


62 



Page. 

Hawaiian Isles 64 

Honduras 64 

Italy 65 

Japan 65 

Mexico 65 

Netherlands 65 

N icaragua 65 

Paraguay 66 

Persia 66 

Peru 66 

Portugal 66 

Russii 66 

Sun Salvador 66 

Switzerland 67 

Siam 67 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



Page. 

Germany 63 

Great Britain 63 

Greece 64 

Guatemala 64 

Guiana 64 

Hayti 64 



Page. 

Sweden and Nor.way 67 

Spain 67 

Santo Domingo 67 

Turkey 67 

Urug-uay 68 

Venezuela 66 



CITIES OF THE WORLD CONTAINING- 100,000 
POPULATION 

LIST OF COUNTIES AND COUNTY SEATS IN 
THE UNITED STATES 



74 



Page. 

Animals, ages reached 250 

Army and navy officers of 

the U.S., pay of 40 

Air line distances from 
Washington to various 

parts of the world 54 

Average velocity of vari- 
ous bodies. 239 

Alcohol, percentage of in 

liquors 236 

American ministers to for- 
eign countries, pay of . .. 40 

Army rations 40 

Army of U. S 206 

Areas of circles 255 

Area of islands 230 

Bible facts 251 

Bii-ds, ages reached 230 

Biggest things of their kind 215 

Boxes, capacity of 233 

Boilinsr point 227 

Bridges, celebrated ones .. 217 

Builders, facts for 251 

Board and plank measure 

at sight 249 

Business laws, etc 255 

Books, number of pub- 
lished 229 

Books, sizes of various 234 

Belting, notes on 225 

Coal fields, extent of in 

America 51 

Coal fields of world 50 

Coin, fineness of U S 42 

Cities, mortality of 54 

Church membership in the 

U.S 56 

Comparative yields of 
g r a i n, vegetables and 

fruit 239 

Carrying capacity of a 

freight car 229 

Cisterns, capacity and rules 

for measuring 225 

Cities, altitude of 256 

Coin, weights and meas- 
ures of tiie Scriptures 236 

Corn, how to measure same 

in all shaped cribs 235 

Capital letters, use of 230 

Coinage 1783-1880 42 



Page. 
Distances by water from 
New York city to all for- 
eign ports 53 

Dollar, origin of 55 

Durability of various 

woods 229 

Daj's of week, origin of the 

names 217 

Debt of the United States 

at various times 45 

Diamonds, size of largest. . 229 
Drug, scientific names of.. 239 
Divorce, proportion in dif- 
ferent sections 229 

Difference in time 345 

Ensigns and flags 41 

Elect ons, popular and 
electoral vote for presi- 
dent 17«9 to 1884 46 

Electric lights, largest .... 223 
Emergencies, what to do in 256 
Expenditures in U. S.,vari- 

ous yearly 54 

Expense of U. S. govern- 
ment 228 

Exports,greate8t from U.S. 51 
Food digestion, time re- 
quired 224 

Freezing point 227 

Fusing point 227 

Fences, cost of 232 

First printing press 212 

" postolfice 212 

First money coined in U. S.. 50 

First iron furnace 57 

Fastest 1 mile time on rec- 
ord 230 

Fastest railroad time 255 

" passenger time 

across the Atlantic 247 

Facts worth knowing 254 

Food for stock 243 

Grain, shrinkage of in 

keeping 249 

Gold and silver, value of a 

ton 224 

Great canals 56 

Historical events 210 

Handy facts— important 

discoveries 210 

Holidays, legal of the U. S. 43 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



Page. 
Heights of principal mon- 
uments and towers 233 

Highest mountains 56 

Housewife's tables 243 

Immigration, total to U. S. 55 
Indians mumber in U. S.) . . . 51 

Iron furnaces in U. S 225 

Interest, short rules for 

counting 252 

Imports of U. S 51 

Internal revenue taxes 

(U.S.) 71 

Judges of U. S. court, how 

appoiiited 39 

Language, derivation of 

English 226 

Limits of perpetual snow 

and ti'ee growth 230 

Locomotive first used 210 

Log tables 248 

Liquids, weight of 233 

Military Academy (U.S.) . 207 

Maine law 225 

Measures, miscellaneous. . . 235 
Money, time at which it 
doubles at compound in- 
terest 246 

Money, amount of in U. S. 42 
Money, value of foreign In 

U. S. currency 48 

Months, the derivations of 

the names of 217 

Metals, weight of 233 

Mason and Dixon's line... . 45 
Mythology, dictionary of. . 218 

Noms de Plume 223 

Navies, comparative 
strength of (see Nations). 

Navy of US 207 

Naval Academy (U. S.). ... 208 
Nationality of immigrants.. 55 

Newspapers, in U . S 229 

Notes (promissory) 239 

Nutrition in foods 253 

No. of pounds iron bars to 

the foot 231 

No. of nails to the pound — 246 
Number brick necessary in 

chimney 251 

Number miles from New 
York citj' to prominent 

places 52 

Number of pounds to the 
bushel in different states, 238 

Nickname^ of cities 51 

Names, personal, meaning 241 

Ocean, depth of 209 

Oils, amount in seeds 244 

Occiu)ation, numbers en- 
gaged in leading 214 

Oatmeal 253 

Portraits on bank notes 

and stain ps 50 

Power necessary to grind 

grain 2.53 

Paper, sizes of flat writing. 234 



Page. 
Penny, origin of the term 

as applied to nails 2.55 

Poison, antidotes for 256 

Population of the world — 243 
Prices of necessaries in Eu- 

1 ope and the U. S 247 

Products (U. S.) Total •. 51 

Qualification of voters in 

each state 244 

Rails for mile of ti-ack 231 

Railroad ties 231 

Revenue of L^. S. (internal). 53 
Rope, strength and weight 254 
Railroads, first in the U. S. 210 

Rooster in politics 224 

Relative hardness of 

woods 2.51 

Religions of World 225 

Rivers, largest and longest 

in world 68 

Sovereigns, present ruling 

(see Countries). 
Snow equivalent of water. 229 
Salaries of U. S. oflRcers. . . 40 
Shrinkage in timber in 

seasoning — 255 

Shingles required for roof. 251 

Shoemakers measure 236 

Sun-dial, how to make 2.53 

Standard weights of grain. 2.38 

Salt River 225 

Seed, bushels of, to the acre 234 

Seeds, vitality of 231 

Seven hills of Rome, the. . . 223 

Seven sleepers, the 224 

Seven w^ise men of Greece. 224 
Seven wonders of the world 224 

Solder 2:38 

Standard time 209 

Steamboat, first in the US. 213 
Tacks, Aveight and number 245 

Thermometers 231 

Tunnels of the woi-ld 214 

Telegraph, mileage, etc — 217 

Telescope, largest 223 

Trees, California big 228 

Union and Confederate sol- 
diers killed .50 

Velocity of falling bodies.. 228 

" sound 228 

Weight, iron, rules for 231 

Whitewashes 251 

Wonders of America 55 

Wages, comparative week- 
ly rates paid in Europe 
and the United States. ... 246 
Wars of the United States, 

cost of ''0 

Wedding anniversaries — 214 
Weight of cu. ft. of sub- 
stances 232 

Weights and measures of 

all kinds 235 

Weight of various woods. . 233 
Weight of persons 228 



GOVERNMENT LANDS. 



Government lands exist in Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Cali- 
fornia, Colorado. Dakota, Florida, Iowa, Idaho, Kansas, Louisi- 
ana, Michig-an, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Ne- 
braska. Nevada. New Mexico. Oreyon, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyo- 
mnig and Washington, In Indiana, Illinois and Ohio, also a very 
few isolated tracts remain. The states and territories are 
divided into districts, in each of which is a land office, where 
land may be entered and information relating- to the same ob- 
tained. The land offices for Indiaua, Illinois and Ohio are abol- 
ished, and their business is transacted at the General Land 
Department, Washingtoti, D. C. Alaska lands are not open to 
any form of entry— and the same is true of Indian teriitory and 
the various reservations. A list of land offices within the same 
is given in the description of each state, pages UT to :iOO. Letters 

should be addressed, " U. S. Land Office, at ." 

Each office controls all land in its district. 

THE PUBLIC DOMAIN is divided into agricultural min- 
eral, desert, tinner and coal lands, each g-overned hy different 
laws of acquisition. 

TITLE TO AGRIGULTTJRAL LANDS may be acquired 
by purchase ut puoiic uie or private entrj', bj' pre-emption, 
homestead, ti;u K-r-.-uUarc und other laws, and by virtue of mili- 
tary service, \v p- -aiits. -cript, etc, 

AT PUBLIC SALE, lands may be purchased by any one 
who shall be tac nighest bidder when offered pursuant to proper 
notice. 

AT PRIVATE ENTRY such lands may be purchased as 
have been pal:)licly offer d and remain unsold unless subse- 
quently withdrawn or reserved. 

THE PRICE cannot be less than $1.25 per acre in any case, 
Lan is at tins price are called minimum lands. Lands lyiiTg' along" 
railroads within the limits of the alternate section grant to said 
roads, and ye held by the government, are held at $3.50 per acre, 
and are called donhh' !ni)iimum la)ids. 

APPLICATIONS TO PURCHASE must be written, and 
describe the land sought and its area. The law of first come 
first served is rigidly enforced, and if the land applied for is va- 
cant a ]);itent i-^^ueson payment in due covirse. 

"WARRANTS issued to soldiers as bounty for services may 
be located upon any public land subject to private entrj' at the 
time of such location, application being made the same as if cash 
were to be paid as the consideration for the land. The warrant 
must be duly assigned. The aQiount of land called for by the 
warrant muse be located in a compact body. Warrants were not 
issued in the lute war. the bounty theu being paid in money. 
"Warrants are locatable only on minimum lands, and where the 
holder wishes to obtain double minimum land he must furnish a 
warrant of such denomination as will, at the value of $1.25 per 
acre, cover the price of the land, or he must pay one «iollar and a 
quarter per acre in addition to ihe surrendered warrant. 

If there is a small exee^is in the area of the tract over the 
quantity called for in the warrant, such excess may be paid for 
in money. If the tract contains a less number of acres, rated at 
$1.25 per acre, the wan-ant must be surrendei'ed in full satisfac- 
tion. 

THE FEES FOR ENTRY BY WARRANT payable at 
the time of location to the reg'istcr and receiver of the gov- 



10 THE WESTEKN "^OKLD 



ernment land oflBce in the district wherein the lands lie are as 

follows : 

Tor a 4n-acre warrant, 50 cents each to the register and re- 
ceiver; total $100 

For a 60- acre warrant, 75 cents each to the register and re- 
ceiver; total 1 50 

For an 80-acre warrant, SI each to the register and receiver; 

total 3 00 

For a 130-acre warrant, $1.50 each to the register and re- 
ceiver; total 3 00 

For a 160-acre warrant, $2 each to register and receiver; total, 4 00 

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SCRIP may be used to 
pay for minimum land, not mineral, at private entrj^ and 
is restricted to a technical '''quarter section,"'— that is, land 
embraced by the quarter-section Jines; or it may be located on a 
pnH of a "quarter section," where such part is taken as in full 
for a quarter; but it cannot be applied to diffei-ent subdivisions 
to make an area equivalent to a quarter section. The manner of 
proceeding to acquire title with this class of paper is the same as 
in cash and warrant cases, the fees to be paid being the same as 
on warrants. The location of this scrip at private entry is 
restricted to t/iree sections in ecich township, and 1,000,000 ac7'es in 
any one state. This scrip maj^ be used also to pay pre-emption 
claims, in the same manner and under the same rules and regula- 
tions as govern the application to pre-empiion by military war- 
rants, and without restriction on entries in any township or state. 
Commuted homesteads may also be paid for with scrip. 

PRIVATE LAND CLAIM SCRIP may be used in the 
same way as the above. 

PRE-EMPTION rights secure to residents upon public 
lands the right to buy within a certain time in preference to 
other purchasers. Heads of families, widows, and single per- 
sons 31 years old, who are citizens of the United States, or have 
legally declared their intention to become such, can pre-empt 160 
acres of offered, unoff'ered or unsurveyed lands where the Indian 
title is extinguished, provided the pre-empter has not moved 
from land belonging to him in the same state or territory onto 
the public land, and provided he does not own 330 acres of land 
in any state or territory, or has not pi-eviously exercised the 
right of pre-emption. 

THE PRICE of land to pre-emptors on due filing is $1.25 
per acre. On Offered Lands the pre-emptor must file in the 
land office tor the district his declaration of settlement within 
thirty days from the date of same, aqd must make proof of actual 
residence on and cultivation of the tract within one year, and 
secure the same by ma king p;iyment in cash, warrants or scrip. On 
Unoffered Land when Surveyed the claimant must file his 
declaratorj- statement within three months from date of settle- 
ment, and make proof and payment within 33 months from date of 
settlement. On Unsurveyed lands no definitive proceedings can 
be had as to the completion of the title until the surveys are made 
and returned to the district land office. After such return the pro- 
ceedings are the same as on unoffered lands. A filing Avithout 
actual settlement is illegal, and no rights are acquired thereby. 
The existence of a pre-emption filing on a tract of land does not 
prevent another filing for the same land, subject to any valid 
rights acquired bv virtue of any former filing and settlement. 

RELINQUISHMENT of pre-emption filings may be made 
by claimants in writing at the proper district land office, or the 
relin(iuishment may be executed by the claimant on the back of 
the declaratory statement receipt. TJie seamd flU^iO of a declara- 
tory statement by any pre-emptor who was qualified at the date 
of his fir&t filing is illegal. Where the firet filing, however, was 
illpyal from anj' cause not the willful act of the party, he has the 
riglit to make a seroiid and legal filing. 

FINAL PROOF of comi)liance with the law is made by filing 
a written notice at the land office describing the land and naming 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 11 



■witnesses, accompanied by sufficient money to pay for publishing- 
the rejrister's notice in the nearest newspaper once a week tor 
thirty days. To save exnense several notices may be published 
to^'^'ther. The final proof must be made in court. 

IF A PRE-EMPTOR DIE without establishing his claim 
within the period limited by law, the title may be perfected by 
the executor, administrator, or one of the heirs, by making the 
requisite proof of settlement and paj^ments, the entry to be 
made in the name of "'the heirs " of the deceased settler, and the 
patent will issue accordingly. The legal representatives of the 
deceased pre-emptor are entitled to make the entry at anv time 
within the period during which the pre-emptor Avould have been 
entitled to do so had he lived. The rights of a claimant who be- 
comes insane may be proved up, and his claim perfected, by any 
person dn!v authorized to ;!ct for him during his disability. 

GRASSHOPPER SUFFERERS who are pre-emptors may 
leave their pre-emptions for not more than one year continuously 
and retain their rights under certain regulations fixed by the 
Commissioner of the Land Department. The time of making 
payment may also be extended under such circumstances at the 
discretion of said Commissioner. 

FEES for pre-emption are for declaratory statement S3, ex- 
cept in I he Pacific states and territoiies, where it is $3. 

THE HOMESTEAD laws enable actual settlers on public 
lands to acquire title to not more than 160 acres without chsirg-e, 
except the entry and other fees fixed bylaw. TheqiiaUncntions 
of the homesteader are that he be 21 years old, or tne head of a 
family, a citizen of the United States, or has legally declared 
his intention to become such, and that the entry is made for his 
exclusive use and benefit, and for actual settlement and cultiva- 
tion. A deserted or divorced wife, dependent upon her own re- 
sources, may make a homestead entry. All United States lands 
not denominated mineral or coal lands, or r<.;served, are subject 
to homestead entry except double minimum lands made such 
since January 1, 1861, where the same lies in odd sections. In 
Arkansas and Missouri the odd sections may also be taken. A 
homestead settler on unsurveyed public land not yet open to 
entry must make entry within three months after the filing of 
the township plat of survey in the district land office. When two 
or more parties apply at the same time to enter a tract, prefer- 
ence is given to the one Avho has actually settled on the same. 
When there is no settlement it is awarded to the highest bidder. 
Priority in all cases governs. 

THE FEES for homestead entries, vaijahle when application 
is made, are in Alabama, Arkansas, Dakota, Florida, Towa, Kan- 
sas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Indiana, 
Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin and Mississippi : Land at S2.50 per acre : 
For 160 acres, $lsm ; for 80 acres, S9.00; for 40 acres, ST.OO : Land 
at SI. 25 per acre: For 160 aci-es, Sl^.OO ; for 80 acres, ST.OO; for 40 
acres, S6.00. In Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, 
Nevada New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyomintr : 
Land at S3.50 per acre : For 160 acres, S22.01 ; for 80 acres, $11.00 ; 
for -40 acre, S8.00 : Land at Sl-25 per acre : For 160 acres, $16.00 ; 
for 80 acres, S8 W ; for 40 acres, S6.o0. The fees for final proof in 
the first named states are $400, and in the last named states $6.(10, 
for 160 acres of $1.25 land, and double these for $2.50 land, smaller 
tracts being charged proportionally. The fees for reducing tes- 
timony to writing in making final proof are, in the former 
states, 15 cents, and in the latter states and territories 22)4 cents 
for each 100 words. No other land office fees are payable in 
hompstead ca<=ps. 

TO COMPLETE TITLE the homesteader must within 6 
months after entry, begin to live upon the land and must con- 
tinue his residence there for five yeai-s without a break. At the 
end of five j-ears, tlie requirements as to proof and fees l)eing 
complied with a patent issues. During these five years the land 
must be cultivated, but stock-raising and dairying are construed 
as cultivation. 



12 THE WESTERN WORLD 



GRASSHOPPERS.— The exceptions in favor of pre-emptors 
also apply to homestead entries. When a homestead settler has 
been prevented by climatic reasons from establishing- actual resi- 
dence within six nr>onths from entry, the Commissioner of the 
General Land Olfice raaj , in his discretion, allow twelve mouths 
from thtit date in which to commence his residence. 

FINAL PROOF is made in the same manner as in pre-emp- 
tions. 

RIGHTS OF CLAIMANTS WHO BECOME INSANE 
may be proved up and perlected iu the same manner as in the 
case of pre-emT>tions. 

THE HEIRS of dying homesteaders may complete the claim, 
-the title passing- to the widow if she proves up, or if all are minors 
the homestead may be sold for cash, or the title completed 
as may be decided upon. If sold the purchaser gets title from 
the government. A homestead right cannot be devised away 
from a widow or minor children. In case of the death of a per- 
son after having- entered ti homestead, the failure of the widow, 
children, or devisee of the deceased to take up residence on the 
land within six months after the entry, or otherwise to fuJflll the 
demands of the l.tter of the Jaw as to residence, will not neces- 
sarily subject the entry to forfeiture on the ground of abandon- 
ment. If the land )s cultivated in good faith the law will be cou- 
siderpd '- hsivina- been substantia- 11 v complied Avith. 

CONVERSION OF PRE-EMPTIONS INTO HOME- 
STEADS.— A person who has made settlement on a trtict and 
tiled his pre-emption declaration therefor, may chang-e his filing- 
into a homestead if he continues in g-ood faith to comply with 
the yjre-emption laws until the change is etfected ; and the time 
during which he has ret^ided upon and claimed the land as a pre- 
emptor will be credited upon the period of residence and culti- 
vation required under the homestead laws. In his first home- 
stead afiidavit he must set forth the fact of a previous pre- 
emption filing, the time of actual residence thereunder, and the 
intention to claim the benefit of such time, as provided for in the 
act. Jn making final proof on his homestead entry he is I'e- 
quired, in addition to the usual affidavit and proof, to make the 
prescr-bed "pip-emption homestead aflfidavit." 

COMMUTATION OF HOMESTEAD ENTRIES.-If a 
homestead settler does not wish to remain five years on a tract, 
he may pay for it with cash, warrants, or agricultural college 
or private claim scrip. To entitle him to the land upon making 
such payment he must prove actual settlement, improvement and 
cultivation from the date of entry to the time of offering 
proof— v^^hich must be a period of not less than six months; the 
form of proof to correspond Avith the regular fi al proof In 
homestead ca.ses. A person commuting a homestead entry when 
he ha'5 not actvially resided upon the land and improved and cul- 
tivated it as required by law, forfeits all 7igMs to the land and to 
tJie purchase m<i}ie}j paid, and in addition thereto renders himself 
liable to criminal prosecution. 

THE SALE OF A HOMESTEAD claim by the settler 
before completion of title vests no title or equities in the pur- 
chaser, and is not recognized by law. In making final proof, the 
settler is bj- law required to swear that no part of the land has 
been alienated except for church, cemetery or school purposes, 
or the right of wav of railroad 

RELINaUISHMENT OF HOMESTEAD may be made 
in the same way as in pre-emption claims. As hut one homestead 
is allowed, a settler relinquishing or abandoning his claim cannot 
therenfter make a second entry ; although where the entry is 
canceled as invalid for som.e reason other than abandonment, 
and not the willful act of the party, he is not thereby debarred 
from entering again, if in other respects entitled, and maj' have 
the fees and commissions paid on the canceled entry refunded on 
proper api)lication. Where a partj- makes a selection of land for 
a homestead, he must aVtide by his choice If he has neglected 
to examine the character of the laud prior to entry and it proves 



GUIDE A^'D HAND-BOOK. 13 



to be barren or otherwi-e unsatisfactory, he must suffer the con- 
sequences of his own negicv t. In some cases, however, where 
oitstaeles which could not have V>een foreseen, and wliich render 
it impracticable to ttuitivate the hind, are discovered subscciuentlj' 
to entry such as the impossibility of obtaining water by {ligging- 
welis or oth.-rwise), or where, subsequently' to entry, and through 
no fault of the homesteader, tlie hind becijmes useless for agri- 
cultural purposes as where by the deposit of "tiiilings" in the 
channel of a stream a dam is formed, causnig the waters to over- 
flow), the entry maj'. in the discretion ot the Commissioner of 
the Genei-ai Land Office, be canceled and a second entiy allowed. 
But in the event of a new entry, the party will be required to 
show the same compliance with law in connection therewi h as 
though he had not made a previous Ci.try, and must pay the 
properft'cs and comni'S'^ ons upon tiie same. 

CONTEST ON GROUND OF ABANDONMENT. - 
Where appiication is lua .c to ci.>n.c.>C lac wuiuii^' oi <> uoaie- 
stead entry on the ground ot aba idonment, the party must hie 
his affidavit with the district land officers, accompanied by the 
affidavits of one or more witnesses in support of the allegations 
made, setting forth the facts on wliich his application is founded, 
describing the tract and giving the name of the settler. Upon 
this the officers will set apart a day for hearing, giving all the 
parties in interest due notice of the time and place of txial. Tiie 
contestant must pay the costs, and if successful, has a pre'.er- 
ence right of entrv for thirty' davs 

ADJOINING- FARM HOMESTEADS.-A person pos- 
sessing tne requisite qualifications under the homestead law, 
owning and residing on land not amounting to a quarter-sectio , 
may enter other land adjoining his to an amount which shall nor, 
with the land already owned, exceed 160 acres. Ho must f uuid 
the reiiuirements of the homestead law, except that he n-c 1 not 
move on to the tract so catered— residence on his own udjoiiung 
land being sufficient. 

ADDITIONAL HOMESTEADS.-Under the old laws only 
minimum lands, or their equivalent, were subject to homestead, 
and as a consequence, but eighty acres of double minimum lanl 
could be taken. By subsequent enactments a homesteader was 

Eermitted to take 160 acres of double minimum lands for a 
omestead, with such exceptions as are given above, and in 
justice to parties who entered such lands under the old law. a d 
were restricted to 80 acres, it is provided that a ly such pors in 
niiiy enter 80 acres additional, adjoining his original entiy, if 
such a<\joining lands are subject to entry. Such adilitional 
homestead entry is allowable, even though the original homeste id 
entrj- has been commuted to a cash entry. A woman who h is 
married since making the original entry is not thereby disqu i i- 
fled from making an adjoining homestead entry. Incase, how- 
ever, the i-e should be no land subject to entry adjoining hi 
original homestead, or if for any other reason the homeste 1 1 

Earty does not desire to select adjoining land, he may surrend-r 
is original entry to tae Government for cancellation, and be 
entitled to enter land elsewhere, under the homestead law, t'.ie 
same as if the surrendered entry had never been made. A pers >[i 
making additional entry, or new entry after surrender and can- 
cellation of his original entry, can do so without payment of 
further fees and coTimissions. The residence and cultivation of 
such person upon the land embraced in his original entry shall 
be considered residence and cultivation for the same length of 
time upon tne land embraced in his new entry, and will be 
deducted from the five years' residence and cultivation required 
by law; provided, that in no case shall a patent issue upon an 
adjoining or new homestead entry until the person has actually, 
and in conformity with the homestead laws, resided upon and 
cultivated the land embraced therein for at least one year. Re- 
moval onto the adjoining new entry is not necessary. Soldiers 
and sailors were not restricted to 80 acres under the old law, and 
cannot make additional entries under the new acts. Odd sections 



14 THE WESTERN WORLD 



of double minimum lanrls made double minimum sine* January 
1, 1861, are not subject to additional entry, except in Arkansas 
and Missouii. 

SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOMESTEADS.- Any 
olfieer, soldier, seaman, or marnie who fcerved tur not less than 90 
days in the Army or Navy of the United States during- the re- 
bellion, and who was honorably discharged, can enter 160 acres of 
land, including the alternate reserved sections along* the line of 
any railroad or other public wurk. The time of service, or if 
discharged on account of wounds or disabilities incurred in the 
line of duty, the whole term of enlistment, shall be deducted 
from the period of five years during which an ordinary claimant 
must, to perfect title, reside upon and cultivate the entered 
tract; but the party must, in every case, reside upon, improve, 
and cultivate his homestead for a period of at least one year 
after he shall have commenced his improvements. A Tarty 
applying for the benefit of this provision of the law nuist file 
with the register and receiver a certified copy of certificate of 
discharge, showing when he enlisted and when he was discharged; 
or the affidavit of two respectable, disinterested Avitnesses corro- 
borative of the allegations contained in the prescribed affidavit 
on these points, or, if neither can be procured, his own affidavit 
to that effect. A soldier is held to have exhausted h.s homestead 
right by filing his declaratory statement ; the right to file being 
a px-ivilege granted to soldiers in addition to the ordinal y privi- 
lege only in the matter of j^iving them poAver to hold their 
claims for six months after selection, before entry ; but is not a 
license to abandon such selection with the right thereafter to 
make a regular homestead entry independently of such 1 luig. 

SOLDIERS' "WIDOWS, if unmarried, or their minor chil- 
dren, it the widows are dead or married, may enter in the same 
way as the soldier himself. If tie died in service, they are entitled 
to deduct the whole time of enlistment from the period necessary 
to complete title. Minors can act only by legal guardians. 
Neither the guardian nor the minor children are required to 
reside upon the land, but the same must be culti\'ated and 
improved for the period of time during which the father would 
have been required to reside upon the tract. 

SOLDIERS' FILING. A soldier may file a declaratory 
statement for land which he intends to enter. The fee is $2, ex- 
cept in the Pacific states and territories, where it is S3. This 
statement may be filed personally or by an agent. The entry can 
be made only by the soldier in person at the local land office, and 
he must commence his settlement on the land within six months 
after his filing. A soldier's homestead declaratory statement 
does not prevent anybody else from making an entry of the same 
land, subject to such right as the soldier may acquire by virtue 
of actual residence on the land and full compliance with law. If 
the soldier does not establish his residence on the tract as re- 
quired, the next comer may take the land. 

SOLDIERS' ADDITIONAL HOMESTEAD ENTRY.— 
Any officer, soldier, seaman, or marine, or his unmarried 
widow or minor children who served for not less ihan 90 
days in the army or navy of the United States during the 
rebellion, who had, prior to June 22, 1874, made a homestead 
entry of less than one hundred and sixty acres, may enter 
an additional quantity of land, adjacen.t to his former entry 
or elsewhere, sufficient to make, with the previous entry, one 
hundred and sixty acres. This right is personal and not subject 
to assignment or lien, and entry must be made in person. The 
fees paid for the additional entry when the original one is con- 
summated is the same as for the original entry. 

PARTIAL WAIVER OF HOMESTEAD RIGHTS.— 
The choice to take less than the law allows, is construed as a 
waiver of claim for a larger quantity; and the same in case of 
an adjoining farm entry or soldier s additional entry. 

INDIANS may make homestead entries but cannot com- 
mute the same to cash entries, nor can they incumber or transfer 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK 



15 



their claims by their own act or through judgment of court. 
The lan<l is tlieirs, absolutely and inalienably, for twenty years 
after issue of patent. 

EXEMPTIONS OF HOMESTEADS.— Lands acquired by 
hoiuoste id are exempt from liability for debts contracted prior 
to the issue of t tie patont therefor. 

SPECIAIi SURVEYS.— When the settlers in any township 
(the laud in which is not mineral or reserved to the Government) 
desire a government survey thereof, and file an application 
therefor, and deposit in any government depositoiy to the credit 
of the United States a sum sufficient to pay for such survey, if the 
township is within the range of the regular progress of the public 
surveys, the commissioner of the general land office will instruct 
the surveyor general to survey such township. The amount so 
deposited by settlors may be applied in part payment for their 
lands. The certificate's issued for such deposits are assignable by 
indorsement; and while not receivable in payment for land at 
cash entry, e.xcept from the .settlers who made the deposit, such 
certificates will be received in payment from settlers under the 
pre-emption law, or in commutation of homestead entries, but 
the act of August?, 1883, restricts the application of certificates 
of deposit issued subsequently to its passage to lands situated in 
the district embracing the township the surveying of which is to 
be pMid out of such deposit. 

TIMBER CULTURE entries may be made by any person 
twenty-one years old or the head of a family who is or hixs de- 
clared legally his, or her, intention of becoming a citizen of the 
United States, provided the right has not been before exercised. 
The amount of land so entered must not exceed 160 acres and must 
be all prairie land. The applicant must swear that his entry is 
made for the cultivation of timber and for his own exclusive use 
and benefit: that he makes the application in good faith and not 
for the purpose of speculation, nor directly or indirectly for the 
use or benefit of any other person or persons whomsoever; and 
that he intends to hold and cultivate the land and to whollj' com- 
ply with the provisions of the act. 

THE PAYMENTS required by law on a timber-culture 
entry are as follows: For eighty acres or less, fee S5, to b^ paid 
at date of entry; commissions $i; total $9: For more than eighty 
acres, fee $10 at date of entry; commissions S4; total S14. Be- 
sides, in each case, $4 when final proof is made. No other fee, 
charge, gratuity, or reward is permitted to be paid or received 
for any services rendered at district land offices in connection 
with such entries. 

No distinction is made, as to area or the amount of fee and 
commissions, between minimum and double-minimum lands. A 
party may enter IfiO acres of either on payment of the prescribed 
fee and commissions. 

AMOUNT OP TIMBER TO BE CULTIVATED. - 
The law requires that five acres on a quarter-section shall be 
broken or plowed the first year, and five acres the second year. 
The second year the first five acres must be cultivated to crop or 
otherwise. The third year the second five aci'es must be culti- 
vated to crop or otherwise, and the first five acres must be 
Slanted in timber, seeds or cuttings. The fourth year the second 
ve acres must be planted in timber, seeds or cuttings. Ten 
acres are thus to be plowed, planted and cultivated on a quarter- 
section, and the same proportion when less than a quarter-sec- 
tion is entered. If the trees, seeds, or cuttiij^s are destroyed by 
grasshoppers or by e.\treme and unusual droughts, the time of 
planting may be extended one year for every year of such de- 
struction, upon the filing in the local office of an affidavit by the 
entryman, corroborated by two witnesses, setting forth the de- 
struction and asking the extension of time provided for by the 
act. Tfie following classes of trees are recognized as "timber" 
within the meaning of the law, viz: Ash (including mountain 
ash or service-tree), alder, basswood, beech, birch, box-elder, 
black walnut, butternut (otherwise called white walnut), cedar. 



16 • THE WESTERN WOELD 



chestnut, cottonwood, elm, fir, hickory, honey-loeust, larch, 
maple, oak, pine, spruce, sycamore (otherwise cnlled button- 
wood or cotton-i^i'ee), white willow, whitewood (or tulip-tree); and 
other trees recognized in the neig-hborhood as of value t\>r 
timber, for firewood or domestic use, or for commercial pur- 
poses. Fruit trees and shrubberj' cannot be classed as "• timber," 
and tlieir cultivation is not sufficient to satisfy the demands of 
the liw. 

FINAL PROOF can be made at the expiration of eight 
yetirs from daie of entry. It must be shown that for the said 
eight years the trees have been planted, protected and cultivated 
as aforesaid; that not less than 2,700 trees were planted on each 
of the ten aci-es, and tnat at the time of making proof there are 
growing at least 675 living thrifty trees to each acre. 

Where less than one quarter section of land is entered, the 
same pi'oportionate amount of plowinir, planting, and cultivation 
of trees must be done as required in entries of 160 acres. 

If the trees, seeds, or cuttings are dsstroyed in any one year 
they must be replanted. A party will not be released froia a 
continued attempt to promote the actual growth of timl^er or 
forest trees. A failure in this respect will subject the ^litry to 
cancellation. In computing the period of cultivation me time 
.runs from the date of entry, if the necessary acts of cultivation 
wer*^ performed within the proper time. 

LIABIIilTY FOR DEBT contracted pre^^ous to tke issue 
of linal certificate does not attach to land acquired under this 
law. 

iMud acquired under any of the foregoing laws and relinquished 
is af once oven to settlement or pi'trii anain. 

TIMBER AND STONE LANDS. Surveyed public lands 
in Ciditornia, Oregon, Nevada and Washington teiTitory, not in- 
cluded within any military, Indian or other i-esci vation, which 
are unfit for cultivation, and consequently for disposal under the 
homestead or pre-emption laws, non-mineral in character, and 
which have never been offered at public sale, valuable chiefly for 
the timber upon them or the stone they contain, may be pur- 
chased by citizens of the United States, or persons who have de- 
clared their intention to become such, in quantities not exceeding 
one hundred and sixty acres to any one person or association of 
persons, at a price of not less than S2.5't per acre. But one pur- 
chase under this act is permitted, and the land must be declared, 
under oath, to be purchased for the sole use of the applicant. 
Proof of the character of the land must be made by applicant be- 
fore the receiver of the land office. Hie fees are $10 for the entry 
and 22^ cents per 100 words for testimony reduced to writing for 
Claimant, An Association applying to purchase such lands, each 
of the persons must prove the requisite qualifications, and their 
names must appear in and be subscribed to the sworn statement, 
as in cn^e of an individual person. They must also unite in the 
regular application for entry, which will be made in their joint 
names as in other casos of joint cash entry. 

SALINE LANDS.— Lands adjudged as saline after due in- 
quiry are offered for sale, after public notice, at the local land 
office of the district in which the same shall he, situated, and sold 
to the highest bidder for cash, at a price not less than $1,25 per 
acre. In case said lands are not sold when so offered, they are sub- 
ject to private sale for cash, at a price not less than $1.25 per acre, 
in the same manner as other public lands. This hiAv is not ap- 
plicable to lands in the territories, nor to any within the states of 
Mississippi, Louisiafta, Florida, California and Nevada, none of 
Avhich have had a grant of salines by act of Congress. 

DESERT LANDS.— By "desert land " is meant land "which 
will not without irrigation, produce some agricultural crop." 
The expression " some agricultural crop " does not refer solely to 
the amount of the crop; it refers also to the kind. If the land 
will produce " some " crop of a kind and in amount sufficient to 
make the cultivation reasonably remunerative, it is not desert. 
Land along streams, or near bodies of water, which, without 



GUIDE AND HA]S:D-B00K. 17 



artificial irrigation, will produce grass sufficient for hay. is not 
"desert land " within the meanini? of the law, and is not subject 
to desert entry. Title to desert lands can be acquired, under the 
restrictions ot the law only in Calilornia, Oregon, Nevada, Wash- 
ington, Idaho, JNfontana, Utah, Arizona. New Mexico, Wyoming 
and Dakota. The amount of land which may be entered by :iny 
one person under the desert-land law cannot exceed one section, 
or 61:!j acres, wh ch must he in compact form. The requirement 
of compactness Avill be held to be complied with on surveyed 
lands when a section, or part there )f, is described by legal sub- 
divisions as nearly in the form of a technical section as the situ- 
ation of the land and its relation to other lands will admit, 
although parts of two or more sections may be taken to make up 
the (juantity or e(iuivalent of one section. But entries running 
alonu- the margin or including both sides of streams, or being 
continuous merely in the sense of lying in aline so as to form 
a narrow strip, or in any other way showing a gross departure 
frcim all reasonable requirements of compactness, will not be ad- 
mitted. In no case, where the full quantity of 64u acres is 
entered, will the side line on either side be permitted to exceed 
one mile and a quarter; and less in projxntiou in case the entry 
embraf^es less than a whole section or is ('<iuivalent. 

METHOD OF ACaUIRINa TITLE. -A party desiring 
to avail himself of tne privileges of the u'-.-ei t-land act must file, 
at the proper district land office, a declarati' .11 under oath. It 
must be set forth that the api>bcant is a citizen of the United 
States, or that he has declared his intention to become such— in 
which c ise a duly certified copy of his declaration of intention to 
bect>me a citizen must be i)resented and filed, th;.t he has made 
no other declaration for desert lands under tlie provisions of this 
act, and that he intends to reclaim the tract of land applied for 
b3' conducting water thereon, within three years from the date 
of his declai'ation. The application must describe the land by 
legal subdivisions if surveyed, and as accurately as possible if 
unsurveyed. The land must be proved to be "desert." Such ap- 
plication, etc., being satisfactory, twentj'-five cents per av re must 
be paid the i-eceiver for the land. Claims on unsurveyed lands 
must be made to conform to the legal subdivisions when the sur- 
vey shall be made. 

FINAL PROOF may be made at any time within three j^ears 
that enough w.iier has been conducted on the land to reclaim 
the same. If satisfactory proof of this is made, and $1 more per 
acre is paid, a patent issues and t>tle is complete. Water must 
be conveyed on to cveiy forty acres of the tract. 

REPAYMENTS are made by the government when land has 
been erroneously sold or entered so that the sale cannot be 
confirmed, but the same does nut extend to fraud as in cases 
whei-e false proof has lieen made. When application for repay- 
ment is made, all receipts, patents, etc.. must be surrendered and 
E roper reconveyance made. The repayment may be made to 
eirs. execut'>rs, or assignees purchasing innocently. When 
land has been paid for at S--"»0 per acre, and is afterward found 
to have been on the m irket at Sl-^o, the excess will be refunded. 

MINERAL LANDS are reserved for sale under special 
laws. Such lands, surveyed or unsurveyed, are open to explora- 
tion or ].)urchase by citizens of the United Stfites, or those declar- 
ing their purpose to become such, under the laws and according' 
to the local customs of miners when consistent with the laws of 
the United States 

THE LENGTH OF A CLAIM upon a lode bearing gold, 
silver, cinnibar, lead, tin, copper, or other valuable deposits, 
whether located by one or more persons, is limited to 1,500 feet, 
and the chiim cannot be locateU until after the discovery of the 
vein thereon. No claim c-an extend more than 300 feet on each 
side of the middle of the vein at the surface, nor shall it be 
limited by mining regulations to less than 25 feet on each side of 
said middle at the surface. The end lines of each claim must be 
parallel. To such locators is given the exclusive right of posses- 



18 THE WESTERN WORLD 



sion and enjoyment of all the surface Included within the lines of 
their locations, a. id of all veins, lodes and ledges throughout 
their entire depth, the top of which lies inside of such surface 
lines extended downward vertically, although such veins may 
depart from a perpendicular in their coui-se downward and ex- 
tend outside the vertical side-lines of such surface locatlotis. 
But their right of possession to such outside parts ol such vr;ins 
or ledges shall be confined to such portions thereof as lie between 
vertical planes drawn doAvnward as above described, through the 
eud-lines of their locations, so continued in their own direction 
that such planes will intersect such exterior parts of such veins 
or ledges. The locator or possessor of a vein which extends in 
its downwar<1 course beyond the vertical lines of his claim is not 
authorized to enter upon the sui'tace of a claim owned or pos- 
sessed by another. 

Where a tunnel is run for the development of a vein, or for the 
discoveiy of mines, the owners of such tunnel shall have the right 
to all veins within 3,000 feet from the face of such tunnel on the 
line thereof, not previously known to exist, discovei-ed in such 
tunnel, to the same extent as if discovered from the surface; and 
locations on the line of such tunnel of veins or lodes not appear- 
ing on the surface, made by other parties after the commence- 
ment of the tunnel, and while the same is being prosecuted with 
reasonable diligence, shall be invalid; but failure to prosecute 
the work on the tuniiel f\)r six months shall be considered an 
abandonment of the right to all undiscovered veins on the line of 
the same. 

The miners of each mining-district mav make regulationB nrit in 
conliict with the laws of the United States or with the laws of the 
state or territory m which the district is situated, governing the 
location, manner of recording, amount of work necessary to hold 
possession of a mining-claim, subject to the following rcfjuire- 
ments: The k cation must be distinctly marked on the grou/id so 
that its boundaries can be clearly traced; on each claim located not 
less than $100 worth of work must he clone w improvtmeiii made 
eaJi year until patent issues; when several claims are held 
together all the work or improvement may be upon one of them. 
Where there is failure to meet these requirements the claim is 
again subject to location, unless work be begun on it by the 
original locator or his representatives before the application for 
new location is made. If a claim is owned by several pai'ties, and 
one or more fails to do his part, he may be given ninety daj^s' 
notice, when, if still delinquent, his interest passes to those of the 
partners who have made the proper improvement. Up<m due 
application, after S'">00 worth of work has been done on a claim 
and the payment of $5 per acre therefor, a patent to the land 
issues, unless there have been adverse claims, when the matter 
will be adjudicated. The lines of a claim need not conform with 
the lines of a congressional survey. 

PLACER CLAIMS are subject to entry as above, but when 
upon surveyed lands must conform to the lines thereof. JVo 
placer of more than twenty acres for each individual claimant 
can be entered by one person or association, and the rights of a 
previous homesteader or pre-emptor on the tract are respected. 
Legal subdivisions of forty acres may be subdivided into ten-acre 
tracts, and holders of contiguous claims of any size may make 
joint entry thereof. Where such person or association, or their 
grantors, have held and worked their claims for the period pre- 
scribed by the statute of limitations for mining claims of the 
state or territory where the same may be situated, evidence of 
such possession and working of the claims for such period shall 
be sufficient to establish a right to a patent thereto in the absence 
of any adverse claim: but nothing in this chapter shall be deemed 
to impair any lien which may have attached in any way whatever 
to any mining claim or property prior to the issuance of a patent. 
W^here tl>e same person, association or corporation is in posses- 
sion of a i^lacer claim, and also a vein or lode included within the 
boundaries thereof, application shall be made for a patent for the 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 19 



placer-claim, with the statement that it includes such vein or lode, 
and in such case a patent shnll issue for the placer-claim, subject 
to the provisions of this chapter, including such vein or lode, 
upon the payment of §5 per aci-e for such vein or lode claim and 
twenty-live feet of surface on each side thereof. The remainder 
of the placer-claim, or any placer-claim not embracing any vem 
or lode claim, shall be paid for at the rate of S2.5<) per acre, 
together with all costs of proceedings; and where a vein is known 
to exist within the boundaries of a placer-claim, an application 
for a patent for such placer-claim which does not include an 
application for the lode claim shall be construed as a conclusive 
declaration that the claimant of the placer-claim has no right of 
possession of the vein or lode claim; but where the existence of 
a vein or lode in a placer-claim is not known a patent for 
the ])laccr-claim shall convey all valuable minei-al and other de- 
posits Avithin the boundaries thereof. 

The txpcnses of the survey of vein or lode claims, and the 
survey and subdivisions of placei'-clairas into smaller rjuantities 
than one hundred and sixty acres, together with the cost of pub- 
lication of notices, shall be paid by the applicants, and they shall 
be at liberty to obtain the same at the most reasonable rates, and 
thej' shall also be at liberty to employ any United States deputy 
surveyor to make the survey. The Commissioner of the General 
Land 'Office shall also have poiver to establish the maximum 
charges for surveys and pviblication of notices and may designate 
the paper for publishing such notices and fix the charges there- 
for. 

WHEN TWO OR MORE VEINS INTERSECT or cross 
each other, the prior location is entitled to all ore contained in 
the intersection, but the subsequent locations ai'C given right of 
way through the space of intersection for working their mine 
beyond stud spmco. 

WHEN VEINS UNITE, the oldest location is entitled to 
the vein o< low the point of union, including all space of inter- 
sections. 

WHEN NON-MINERAL LAND, not contiguous to the 
vein is used by the proprietor of the latter for mining or milling 
purposes, such land to the extent of .5 acres, may be embraced in 
the application for patent on the vein, and patented therewith on 
the same conditions and at the same price governing the vein. 
The owjier of a mill or reduction works not owning a mine, may 
in the same way get a patent for his mill site. Mluiuvi. r, hii pri- 
oritii of possessuni, rights to the use of water for mining, agricult- 
ural, manufacturing, or other purposes, have vested and 
accrued, and the same are recognized and acknowledged hy the 
local customs, laws, and the det-i^ions of courts, the possessors 
and owners of the same are mailitained and protected in them; 
and the right of way for ditches and canals for the purposes 
herein specified is acknowledged and confirmed; but whenever 
any person, in the construction of any ditch or canal, injures or 
damages the possession of any settler on the public domain, the 
party committing such injury or damage is liable to the party 
injiirod. 

THE LAWS ABOVE GIVEN DO NOT APPLY to 
mineral lands in Michigan, AA^isconsin, Minnesota, Missouri and 
Kansas, which are declared free and open to exploration and pur- 
cbasi' in tlie same wav as aerricultnral Innds. 

THE REMOVAL OF TIMBER from public lands for 
mining, building, agricultural and domestic purposes is per- 
mitted in Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Wyo- 
ming, Dakota, Idaho and Montana, and in all other mining dis- 
tricts of the Union, where said lands are mineral and subject to 
entry only as such, but this privilege does not extend to rail- 
roads. 

FEES AND CHARGES. The following rates are fixed as 
the maximum charges for ncwspai)er pulilications : in a daily, $7 
for each ten lines of space; in a weekly, $5 for the same space. 

For publication of citations in contests involving the character 



20 THE \YSSTEiiN WOKLD 



of lands, the charges shall not exceed $8 for five publications in 
weekij' papers, or $l{) for publitatious in dailies'for oU days. 

The tees payable to the register and receiver for tiling" and 
acting upon apVlications tor muieral-land patents are So to each, 
to be paid at the time of filing, and the like sum is payable to 
each by an adverse claimant at the time of tiling' his adverse 
claim. 

COAli LANDS. Any person 21 years old, and a citizen of 
the L nit ed States, or who has declared his intention to become 
such, or any association of persons severally qualified as above, 
can enter by legal subdivisions, any quantitj' of vacant coal 
lands not otherwise appropriated or reserved, not exceeding 160 
acres to each person, or 320 acres to each association, upon pay- 
ment to the receiver of not less than $10 per acre for such lauds, 
where the same shall be situated more than 15 miles from any 
completed railroad, and not less than $20 per acre for such lands 
as shall be within 15 miles of such road. The payment to ue 
made within one year from the filing of the claim. 

Any person or association of persons severally qualified as 
above, who have opened and improved, or shall hereatter open 
and impro\'<e, any coal mine upon public land, and are in actual 
possesijion are entitled to a preference-right of entry of the 
mines so opened and improved: Provided, That when any associa- 
tion of not less than four persons, shall have expended not less 
than §5,000 in working aiKl improving imy such mine, such asso- 
ciation may enter not exceeding six hundred and forty acres, in- 
cluding such mining improvements. 

All claims must be presented to the register of the proper 
land disti'ict within sixty days after the date of actual possession 
and the commencement of improvements on the land, by the 
filing of a declaratory statement therefor; but Avhen the town- 
ship plat is not on file at the date of such improvement, tiling 
must be made within sixty days from the receipt of such plat at 
the district office. 

The law authorizes but one entry by the same person or asso- 
ciation. jNo association, any member of which shall have taken 
the benefit of this law, either as an individual or as a member of 
any other association, can enter or hold anj' other lands ; and no 
member of any association, which shall have taken the benefit 
of this law can enter or hold any other land under its provisions. 

In case of conflicting claims, priority of possession and im- 

Srovement, followed by proper filing and continued good faith, 
etermines the preference-right to purchase. 




GUIDE AND HAISTD-BOOK. 



21 



SYSTEMS OF SURVEYING. 

Twi) sj^stems of surveying are practiced in the United States, 
viz: by metes and bounds, and the Congressional township sys- 
tem. 

B'2' METES AND BOUNDS is the system in I'oroe in the 
older statCis, where i' was adopted from the f)ld world before the 
ongressional system was invented. It consists simply in start- 
ing from some known or established point and running lines by 
tlie compass to other e-tabiished points or given dis;tanees, 
returning eventually to the pouit of starting after enclosuig the 
tract surveve<l. 

THE CONGRESSIONAL TOWNSHIP SYSTEM is the 
repined invention of Thomas Jctlerson. atKi is aekiiDwlL-iiged to 
be the best known. It is in force in all the regions west ot the 
Mississippi river and in Florida, Alabama, Missitsippi, Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, AViticonsni, and a yjortion of Tennes- 
see. In man}- of these, however, there are "grants," "loea- 
t ons," etc., made prior to the adoption of the Congressional 
system. The system consists in first establishing what is called a 
Zw^'C ?i»e, rimning east and west, and a prj/iciprt? /7(endi<n<, run- 
ning north and south, and both fixed bj' passing through some 
determined and certain point. Parallel with these lines at uni- 
form distances of six miles are run other lines, those running 
east and west being called toivn lints, and those running north 
iin<\ south, rancie lines. These lines of course divide the district 
into sections six miles square, which are called toirnsliips. The 
location of a township is determined by the number of its towns 
north or south, that is, by the number of town lines it is north or 
south of the base line, which is always counted as one town line, 
and by its range east or west, that is, by the number of range 
lines it is east or west of the principal meridian, which is always 
counted as one range line. For instance a township beginning 18 
miles north of a base hne, and 30 miles west of a principal merid- 
ian, would be described as town 4, north, range 6, west. The 
townships are divided into 36 sections, each 1 mile square, and 
containing 640 acres, as shown in the diagram, thus: 



6 


5 


4 


« 


2 


1 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


18 


17 


16 


15 


14 


13 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


30 


29 


28 


27 


26 


2.5 


31 


32 


33 


31 


35 


36 



The sections are, as a rtile, numbered from 1 to 36, as shown in 
the diagram, beginning at the northeast corner of the township 



23 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



and running back and forth; btit in a few states this method of 
numbering is departed from slightly. The sections are divided 
into quarter sections, each a h-alf mile square and containing IGO 
acres, and these in turn are divided into four quarters, each of 
which is j\ of a section, 34 mile square, and contains 40 acres. 
Both quarter and sixteenths of a section are named by the 
points of the compass. The method of division is shown in the 
following diagram of a section: 

Thus, the division marked as the N. 
E. 34 represents 160 acres; division marked 
W. ]4 of the N. W. 34 represents 80 acres, 
and the divisions marked N. E. 34 of the 
N. W. 34 represents 40 acres. Sections 
frequently exceed or fall short of the 
prescribed 640 acres. They are most f I'e- 
quently excessive on the west border of 
a township. Such descriptions as the 
above are sufficient in deeds, the number 
of section, town and range bemg given. 



N.w.3,4 


^-^^ 


N.E.14 




S.AV.14 


s.E. y^ 



LOCAL MINING LAWS. 



The Pacific States, the Territories and Colorado, have all local 
laws regulating, to a greater or less extent, mining claims and 
operations Avithin their borders. They make such laws at dis- 
cretion, provided they do not conflict with the Federal laws, in 
which case they are void. 

ARIZONA has no important local laws. Recording claims 
is charged for at $1 for first 100 words, and 20 cents for each 
additional 100. 

CAliIFORNIA. Use of running water is acquired by appro- 
priation, and same may be diverted or place of diversion changed, 
and ditches, flumes, aqueducts, etc., extended if no injury is done 
others by the change. Priority of use gives priority/)f right. No- 
tice of appropriation must be posted at point of diversion, setting 
forth The number of inches claimed at 4 inches pressure, the uses 
and i)laces thereof and the means of diversion and size of same, 
and within 10 days after posting a copy of the notice must be 
recorded in the county recorder's office, and work be begun in 
60 days, and prosecuted continuously. California school lands, 
which include sections 16 and 33 in each township, where mineral, 
are purchasable, after proper affidavit describing the land and 
setting forth the desire to buy, the occupation of but 40 acres by 
the applicant and the absence of other occupants, or that the 
township plat has been filed over six months, and the adverse 
occupation has existed longer than that period, at S2.50 per acre. 
Occupants making application to buy within six months after 
the filing of the township plat are preferred. 

COLORADO. Counties have power to fix the width of mining 
claims within the limits prescribed by Congress. Where not so 
fixed, the width is 150 feet on each side of the middle of the vein. 
In Gilpin, Clear Creek, Boulder and Summit counties it is 75 feet 
on each side of the vein. A certificate of location, containing 
names of locators and vein, date of location, number of feet 
claimed and general course of the vein, must be recorded with 
the county recorder in 3 months after the discovery of the lode. 
The claim must be located by sinking within fiO days, a discovery 
shaft or tunnol 10 or more feet deep, to shoAv a defined crevice, 
by posting ori the surface of the claim a notice of the name and 
date of finding of the lode, and name of locator, and by mark- 
ing the surface boundaries by six squared posts at each corner 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 23 

and in the middle of the sides. Lodes dipping- beyond the sides 
of a claim are covered by llie same, but if they dip beyond the 
vertical extensions of the ends they are not covered. Itlg-hc of 
way is given, where opposition is made by condemnation, over 
oth<^r claims for ditches, tramways, pack trails, etc. A defective 
location may be relocated if no other rights have arisen, Tnis 
requires a new shaft or tunnel, or an extension of the old one 10 
feec deeper. But one location can be covered by a location cer- 
tificate. Placer claims must be recorded, describing same by 
permanent monuments in same way as lode claims. Improve- 
ments must be made in the proportion of $100 to 160 acres of 
claim. Penalties are provided for destroj'ing landmarks of 
claims, for buj'ing stolen ore, etc. Where mines drain in com- 
mon, either owner may drain after notice to the other to share 
expense. The washing of tailings from a sluice onto the claim 
of another is forbidden. Title under United States law ia not 
affected by state laws. 

DAKOTA.— Discoveries of lodes must be recorded within 20 
days. Provisions and measurements for location same as in Col- 
orado, except that 8 posts are required, one in the middle of 
each end. Discovery shaft must be dug within 30 dajs. 

IDAHO.— Liens on mines for labor and material, good if filed 
within tiO days, or where work is done under a sub-contractor by 
notifying owner within 30 days, and tiling within 40 days. 

MONTANA. — Statement in accordance with United States 
law mu-t be tiled within 20 days after discovery, at the office of 
the county recorder, a vein with one detined wall having previ- 
ously been discovered. Claims may be limited to 2.5 feec on each 
side of the middle of the lode, or may extend 300 feet on each 
side. 

NEVADA.— Laws relate principally to recording and are un- 
importiiut. United States laws govern. 

NEW MEXICO.— Record of locations must be made in 3 
months after posting notice of claim. Vacant uusurveyed coal 
lands may be taken under United States statute. 



GROUNDS FOR DIVORCEo 

In addition to adultery and impotency— which arc com'»v::cii 
grounds for divorce in pretty' much all the states and tGi*rltoriGS^=^ 
the following are the principal recognized causes, though othGl?£ 
of a less general nature exist including many discretionary rrzth 
the courts. 

ALABAMA.— Desertion two years : imprisonment two years, 
the sentence being seven j^ears or more; crime against nature, 
drunkenness of husband before marriage, if concealed, preg- 
nancy of wife at marriage, if unknown to the husband, and for 
cruelty of husband. 

ARIZONA.— Desertion one year, cruelty, conviction of 
felony utter marriage, habitual intemperance, fraud or fox'ced 
consent of either party to the marriage. 

ARKANSAS.— Desertion one year, cruelty, habitual druiik- 
enness for one year, conviction of felony or infamous crime. 

CALIFORNIA.— Desertion or neglect one year, crucliy, 
drunkenness one year, and conviction of felony. 

COLORADO.— Desertion one year, want of cupport one 
year, liusband being in good health, crueltj', drunkcnnoss one 
year, eonvii tion of infamous crime. 

CONNECTICUT.— Willful desertion three years, or 3even 
years' absence, drunkenness, cruelty, conviction of infamcir 
crime. 

DAKOTA.— Cruelty, desertion, drunkenness or neglect for 
one year ; convlctiou for felony. 



24 THE WESTERN WORLD 



DELAWARE.— Desertion three years, drunkenness, cruelty, 
and conviction for felonj-, neglect to provide for support of wife 
for three years, 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.— Desertion three years, 
crue ty. 

FLORIDA.— Desertion one year, cruelty, and drunkenness. 
Applicant must have resided In state two years previous to ap- 
plication. 

GEORGIA.— Desertion three years, imprisonment two years 
or longer, cruelty, drunkenness, pregnancy of wife at marriage 
if unki.own to husband. 

IDAHO.— Desertion one year, failure to provide two years, 
husband having ability— cruelty or drunkenness, and conviction 
of feJony, when the sentence is two years' imprisonment or more. 

ILLINOIS.— Desertion or drunkenness for two years, cruelty, 
attempt on )ife, and conviction of infamous crime. 

INDIANA.— Desertion two years, drunkenness, cruelty, 
failure to piovide for family for two years, and Conviction of 
infamous crime. 

IOWA.— Desertion two years, cruelty, drunkenness, convic- 
tion of felony, pregnancy of Avife at marriaije by another thaa 
husband, unless husband has illegitimate child unknown to wife. 

KANSAS.— Desertion one year, cruelt3% drunkenness, neg- 
lect, conviction of felony, or pregnancy of wife bj^ another. 

KENTUCKY.— Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, 
conviction of felony, loathsome disease, pregnancy of wife by 
another, and union Avith religious society requiring renunciation 
of marriage. 

LOUISIANA.— Conviction of felony, and after one year 
after decree of separation for desertion, drunkenness, excess, 
cruelty and attempt on life. 

MAINE.— Desertion three years; cruelty, or if the judge 
deems it reasonable and proper, conducive to domestic harmony 
and consisf^nt with the peace and morality of society. 

MARYLAND.— Desertion three years, and fornication of 
wife before m=<rria.se. separation for cruelty. 

^IASSaCHUSETTS.— Desertion three years; drunkenness, 
cruelty, neglect to provide if able; uniting with religious society 
believing the marriage relation unlawful, and sentence to im- 
prisonment for Ave years. 

MICHIGAN.— Desertion two years, cruelty, neglect to pro- 
vide if a Me, and sentence to imprisonment for three years. 

MINNESOTA.— Desertion three years, cruelty, drunken- 
ness one jear, sentence to imprisonment, separation for neglect 
to provide. 

MISSISSIPPI.— Desertion two years, cruelty, drunkenness, 
and sentc 'le to penitentiary. 

MISSOURI —Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, 
vagrancy of husband, conviction of infamous crime before or 
after marriage, pregnancy of wife at marriage without husband's 
knowledge. 

NEBRASKA.— Desertion two years, cruelty, drunkenness, 
sentence to imprisonment for three years or more, failure of 
husband to provide. 

NEVADA —Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, con- 
viction of infamous crime, neglect to provide for one year if 
not unavoidable. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE.— Desertion or absence three years, 
cruelty, drunkenness three years, sentence to imprisonment for 
one year or more, joining religious society believing marriage 
unlawful. 

NEW JERSEY.— Desertion three years; separation for 
crueltv. 

NEW MEXICO.— Desertion, cruelty. 

NEW YORK.— Separation for desertion and cruelty; remar- 
riage is not allowed the guilty party divorced lor adulterv. 

NOTiTH CAROLINA.— Pregnancy of wife at marriage 



GUIDE AND- HAND-BOOK. 25 



without husband's knowledge; separation for desertion, cruelty 
and drunkenness. 

OHIO. — Desertion three years, crueltj^ drunkenness, three 
years' miitrisonment in penitentiary. 

OREGON. —Desertion three years, cruelty, drunkenness two 
j'eai-s. conviction of felonj'. ^ 

PENNSYIiVANI A.— Desertion two years, cruelty, senteuco 
for felony for two years. 

RHODE ISLAND.— Desertion five 5'ears,orat discretion cf 
court; cruelt}', drunkenness, neglect to provide, and civil 
death. 

SOUTH CAROLINA.— All laws permitting- divorce for any 
causf are repealccl. 

TENNESSEE. — Desertion two years, drunkenness, attenii>t 
on life, conviL-tion of infamous crime, prei^nancy of wife at 
marrinye without husband's knowledge. 

TEXAS.— Desertion three years, cruelty, confinement in 
state prison after one j^ear. 

UTAH.— Desertion one year, ci'ueltj', drinikenness, neglect 
to ))vovi(le. 

VERMONT.— Desertion three years, or absence seven years; 
cruelty, neglect to provide; sentence to three j'ears or more in 
statp prison. 

VIRG-INIA.— Desei'tion five years; conviction of infamous 
crime after or before marriage, if without knowledge of tlie 
other; prostitution, or pregnancy of wife before marriage with- 
out knowledge of husband; separation for desertion and 
crucltv. 

WEST VIRGINIA. -Desertion thi-ee years; sentence to 
confinement in penitentiary before or after marriage; pregnancy 
or prostitution of wife before marriage without knowledge; 
separation tor rruelty and drvmkenness. 

"WISCONSIN.— Des.'rtion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, 
sentt'n. e to three years' im]n-ison.ment or more. 

Desertion must be willful and continuing at the time of the 
petition for divorce. Cruelty must be extreme, or dangerous, or 
barbarous, or inhuman. Drunkenness must sometimes have 
been contracted after the marriage. Its sulficiency is Aveakencd 
as a cause if not. 

A divorce In one state is good in all others. The time that 
one must live in the state to be entitled to a divorce varies, though 
it is usually one year. Fraud vitiates divorces as everything 
else. 



26 THE WESTERN WORLD 



LAW OF PATENTS. 



EVERY PERSON IS ENTITLED TO A PATENT 

■who invents or discovers any new and uselul device, art, process, 
manufacture, machine or composition of matter, or any new and 
useful rearrangement of parts, or improvemei;t or application 
thereof, or any new and original desig-n for manufacture, for 
work m art, for printinj? upon fabrics, for painting, casting or to 
be worked into any manufacture, or any new and useful shape or 
configuration of anj' article of manufacture upon proper appli- 
cation and proceeding-, and afterpayment of the fees establisued 
by law, provided the article, etc., patented has not been known 
or used by others in this country, or patented or described in any 
printed publication in any country before the invention 
or discovery thereof by the applicant, and provided the 
same has not been in public use or on sale for more than two 
years prior to the application for patent, unless proof of the 
abandonment of the same is made. Citizenship is not necessary 
to entitle an inventor to a patent. 

THE APPLICATION must be made in writing- in the 
English language to the Commissioner of Patents, and should 
comprise 2)etitio'u, sijccificatu))is, oatti a)id chaicutgs, and when re- 
quired a model or upecimeii and the first fee of $15. Until all the 
parts of the application, except tLe model or specimen, arc re- 
ceived, it will not be put on file, and applications signed or sworn 
to in blank, or without actual inspection of the petition and speci- 
ilcations or altered or partially filled up after being- signed or 
cworn to, aro stricken from the files if the irregularity is discov- 
ered before delivery of the patent. -All applications for each 
year are numbered, and the applicant informed of the serial nura- 
ber of his complete application. The application must be com- 
plete for examination within tv/o years after filing- the petition, 
or it will be considered abandoned unless the delay be shown to 
be unavoidable. It is best to file all the parts of an application 
together. AVhere this is not done a letter should accompany each 
part setting forth its connection with the others. 

THE PETITION is a Avritten request to the Commissioner 
of Patents for a patent. It must be signed by the applicant and 
set forth his address and the name of his invention, and refer to 
the specification for full ftisciosures concerning the same. 

TIO: SPECIFICATION is a written description of the in- 
vention or discovery, and tlie method of making-, constructing-, 
compounding- and using- the same. ]t must be full, clear, con- 
cise and exact, so that any one with skill in the art or science, to 
which the invention pertains, may create and use the same. It 
should set forth the name and residence of the applicant, the 
name, object and nature of the invention, a brief description of 
the drawings, indicating what each represents, a description in 
detail of the invention and the manner of constructing, prac- 
ticing, operating or using it, the specific claims of the inventor 
as to what his invention is, his signature and the signatures of two 
witnesses, full names being given. All descriptions must be pre- 
cise, and must refer to the different dravv^ings when there are such 
l)y figures, and the various parts thereof by letters or figures, or 
lioth. When the claim is for improvement only, the part to 
which the improvement relates must be designated, and the im- 
provement explicitly distinguished from Avhat is old. Drawings 
in such cases need only show so much as is necessary to an under- 
standing of the application, operation, etc., of the specific im- 
provement. In original applications the applicant must state 
under oath whether the invention has been patented to himself 
or others with his consent or knowledge in any country, and if 
so, the countries, date and number of each patent, and that it 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. ' 27 



has been patented in no other country than those given, and that 
it has not, according to his knowledge and belief, been in public 
use in the United States for more than two years prior to his ap- 
plication in this country. Two or more independent inventions 
cannot be claimed in one application, but when inventions de- 
pend upon each other and contribute mutually to a single result, 
they can be claimed in one application. When an inventor claims 
several inventions determined to be independent of each other, 
he must limit his specitication of the pending application to one 
of them, and file separate applications on the others as in orig- 
inal applications. When two or more applications are made re- 
lating to the same subject matter of invention, all showing, but 
only one claiming, the same thing, those not claiming must con- 
tain disclaimers thereof, with reference to the application claim- 
ing it. All specifications must be clearly written on one side of 
paper with a wide margin to the left. 

THE OATH must declare that the applicant verily believes 
himself to be the original inventor or discoverer of the article 
for which patent is sought; that he does not know or believe 
that the same has ever been used or known, and of what country 
he is a citizen or resident. In i-eissue cas>es the oath must declare 
the belief of the applicant that the original patent was invalid or 
inoperative because 6f defective or insufficient specifications, or 
of evcessive claim regarding what is new, and that the error was 
the result of accidenc, mistake or inadvertence, and without 
fraudulent intent to deceive. Oaths by administrators, etc., are 
changed to meet the different case, but correspond in tenor. 
The oath maj' be made before anybody authorized by law to 
administer oaths. Where a claim not embraced in the original 
application is sought to be introduced, a supplemental oath on 
the same paper as the proposed amendmtriit is required, setting 
forth that the said amendment Avas part of his invention, and 
invented before the filing of his original application. 

THE DRAWINGS are required when the nature of the in- 
vention admits theai. Tney must be signed by the inventor or his 
attorney and by two witnesses, and must exhibit every feature 
of the invention, and when connected with some previous de- 
vice, its connection with or application thereto. Three sets of pat- 
ent drawings are published, oner?x9!^ inches for office use, certified 
copies, etc.; one a quarter the size for illustrating the volume 
sent to courts, and a small one for the OihLial Gazette. All 
drawings should be well executed, and must be on pure white 
paper of the thickness of three sheet Bristol bciard, with smooth 
surface, and drawn in India ink, and with pea oali'. The s:/.e 
of the sheets must be exactly 10x15 inches, and one inch from 
the edges a single marginal line must be drawn, and within these 
margins all signatures and drawings must be included. A space 
at the top of each page of not less than 1^ inches must be left 
for the title, name, number and date. This top must be one of 
the shorter sides of the page. All lines must be clean, clear and 
solid, and not too line or crowded. Surface shading should be 
open; se '-tional shaduig should be by obliciue parallel lines about 
1-30 inch apart. As few lines as possibles' . uilii be used. Letters 
and figures of reference must be caret ulij' formed, and should 
avoid mingling with the lines of the drawing and be of sufficient 
size to bear reduction to % their size. Drawings must be signed 
l)y the inventoi at the lower right, and by witnesses at the 
lower left hand corner of the Sheet. The title should be written 
in pencil on the back, and is inserted by the officials in uniform 
style. When drawings are so long as to require to go (ni the 
sheet lengthwise, the top is kept to tlie right with signatures at 
left. All views on a sheet must stand in the same direction. 
Drawings should be rolled, not folded, for sending to the office, 
and no stamp, advertisement or address will be permitted on the 
face of a drawing. Reissue applications must be accompanied 
by new drawings the same as in original applications, and the 
inventor's name must appear upon them when granted after 



28 • THE WESTERN WORLD 



Jialy 8, 18T0, and the drawings must be upon the same scale as the 
orig-iual ones, or larger, unless otherwise especially authorized 
by t'le Commissioner. All lines of drawings must be black, and 
the scale must be large enough to shoAv ihe mechanism without 
crowding. More than one sheet can be used when necessary, but 
this should be avoided. Drawings not well executed and in con- 
lormity with the foregoing will be returned to the applicant, or 
if he prefer, the department Avill make the proper corrections. 
The office will also make drawings, at cost, as rapidly as possible 
when so desired, when the applicant cannot otherwise conven- 
iently get them. 

MODELS are not required or admitied unless found to be 
necessary or useful by the primary e.xaminex-, and a written 
statement to that effect is filed by him. \v hen required the 
examination is suspended till the model is furnished. Appeals 
can be made from the decision of the primary examiner to the 
Commissioner. The model should clearly exhibit every feat u.re 
of the machine, but should include as little not pertinent to the 
invention as possible, unless a working model be desirable. It 
must be neatly made, substantial and .durable, metal being the 
material preferred; but if the invention has essential y to do 
with a material, it must be of that material. It must not 
exceed a toot in any of its dimensions, except by especial per- 
mission. If made of wood, it must be painted or varnished, and 
glue must not be used, it being desired that the connection of 
the parts be capable of resisting heat and moisture. The name 
of the inventor should be permanently fixea on the model. Ap- 
plications will not be examined where a niod^l is necessary unt.l 
a proper one is furnished. Unless for especial reasons, models 
are subject to the removal of the applicant when the application 
has been rejected more than two years, and upon the filing of a 
formal abandonment of an application, signed by the applicant 
in person, before two j-ears have expired, the model may be 
returned. Mode's belonging to patented cases are pe mitted to 
leave the office only in charge of a sworn employe especially 
authorized by the Commissioner, with the written approval of 
the Secretary of the Interior. Models in contested cases may be 
returned to the applicants, and when not claimed in a reasonable 
time may be disposed of at the discretion of the claimant. 
Models not required are returned. 

SPECIMENS.— When a patent is sought upon some form or 
composition of matter, specimens of it and its ingredients are 
required in sufficient quantity for experiment and preservation 
where not perishable. 

EXAMINATIONS are made in regular order, all applica- 
tions being classified. Inventions esteemed important to the 
public service may be taken up out of their order at the request 
of any head of department of the government. 

REJECTIONS, ETC.— Applicants are notified of rejections, 
and the reasons for the same fully and exactly given, with such 
information and references as may enable him to judge of the 
advisabilitj' of further pivsecuting his application, or of chang- 
ing his specifications. 1 f he persist with or without changing the 
specifications the case will be re-examined, and if again rejected, 
the reasons therefor will be again fully given. Notice of ad- 
verse decisions on preliminary or intermediate questions without 
rejection of any claim is also given to applicant with reasons, 
and if he dispute the proprietj" of such decision it will be recon- 
sidered. 

AMENDMENTS may be made before or after the first re- 
jection, and as t'fte.i as new reasons for rejection aie ottered. 
In case of such amendments the applicant m st clearly show all 
patentable points Avhicli the invention presents in view of the 
references cited or objections made, and must pc^int out how the 
amendments cover such objections or references. The right to 
amend is usually denied when such action has been taken on all 
claims as entitle the applicant to an appeal to the Board of Ex- 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 29 



aminers in Chief. Good reasons for presenting- subsequent 
amendments must be shown as well as reasons for not making- 
them earlier, Jf consideration of them is refused, an appeal to 
the Commissioner may be made, the error of the Examiner bemg* 
specifically pointed out. Amendments for inacciu-acy and cler- 
ical faults may be made or required. Nothing not a part of the 
original invention can be covered by an amendment. The appli- 
cation once complete, the specifications will not be returned 
under any conditions, but copies will be furnished at a fixed 
charore. 

DESIGrNS are patentable by citizens or aliens, after proceed- 
ings as in inventions and payment of dues, for 'S]4, " or 14 years, as 
may be desired by the applicant. The specification must exhibit 
the name and residence of the applicant, name of design and 
article for which it is created, description of the design as it ap- 
pears in the drawing, using letters and figui-es to indicate the parts, 
claims and signatures of inventor and two witnesses. A model 
may be required if a drawing or photograph does not sufficiently 
represent it. The drawings and photographs must conform to 
the requirements in the case of inventions, but where photographs 
are u-ed, 10 extra copies must be furnished. 

IF AN INVENTOR DIE, application may in all cases be 
made by his legal representatives, and patent will issue to them 
for the'heneiit of his estate. 

IF AN INVENTOR BELIEVED in good faith, at the time 
of making application, that he was the originator of the article, 
compound, design or improvement, etc., he may receive a patent, 
even though, without his knowledge, the invention was or had 
been in use in foreign countries prior to his invention, provided 
it had not l)epn patented or described in any printed publication. 

JOINT INVENTORS receive joint patents ; neither chu ob- 
tain it separate one. Inventors of different parts of a device or 
different improvements therein cannot, when independent of 
each ttther, get a joint patent. If one party furnish the capital 
and another make the invention a joint application cannot be 
made, but the patent may issue to them jointly or to either if 
proi)er assignment be m -de 

PATENTS FROM FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS are 
not an obstacle to the acquirement of a ])atent by t he inventor in 
the United States, vinlcss the invention h<is been in pul^lic use iu 
this country for more than two years prior to the application, 
but such patent will expire at the time the foreign patent, having- 
the shortest life, expires. No patent will remain in force more 
than 17 years. 

RE-ISSTJE is granted to the holders of the original patent 
when the same is inoperative through defect of any kind arising 
from ace dental or other causes, free from fraud f)r intention to 
deceive. In case of patents dated prior to July 8th, 1870, the ap- 
plication can be made bj* the assignees, but in patents junior to 
that date the application must be made and specification SA\'orn 
to by the inventors, if living. The application must, be accom- 
panied by an absti-act showing the complete chain of title, snd if 
made by the inventor, when assigned, by a written consent t roni 
the owners ; by a statement of defects or insufficiencies in the 
original specification which render the i»atent inojierative, and 
poihtiaig out such claims as were in excess of the rights of the in- 
ventor ; by a statement explanatory of how such errors came to 
be made and by an oath that the errors were not made with 
fraudulent intent. If the examiner declare the statement insuffi- 
cient, an appeal lies to the Commissioner. New matter cann« >t be 
introduced into the re-issue specifications, nor can the model or 
drawings he amended except each L)\ the other. When there is 
neither model or drawing, amendment may be made ui)on satis- 
factory proof that the matter offered was a part of the original 
invention and omitted by inadvertence, accident orei-ror. Several 
patents mtiy issue for separate parts of the device patented, if so 
requested by the patentee, a fee being charged for each. Each 



30 THE WESTERN WORLD 



division so made forms a subject of separate specification of the 
part or parts claimed therein, and the drawings or model should 
represent only such portion. Unless otherwise directed by the 
commissioner all such di vij^ions of a re-issue issue at the same time, 
and delay or controversy in one will delay all. An original claim 
reproduced in the amended specification is subject to re-examin- 
ation, and the aijplication to rev sioa and restriction as in orijrinal 
cases. The application for re-issue must be accompanied by a 
surrenfler of the original patent or an aflidavit of its loss and a cei'- 
tified copy. If re-issue is denied the original will be returned. 
Any points which might have leg'itimately been claimed in the 
orig-inal patent,but were neglected without fraudulent intention, 
may be covered by a re-issue, but cannot be made the subject of a 
separate patent. 

PRIORITY OF INVENTION between different claimants 
to an invention is determined bv proceedings termed interference, 
and is not barred by the isisue of a ])atent. It may arise between 
original applicants, original applicants and holders of patent in 
force, original applicants and applicants forre issue, two or more 
applicants for re-issue, a re-issue applicant and unexpired patent 
and re-issue appliennts of unex^^ired patents. 

THE PATENT issues when on due examination it appears 
that the applicant is entitled to one. He is notified of the allow- 
ance prior to the issue, and must remit the final fee, when the 
Eatent will be delivered or mailed to him on date of issue or to 
is attorney, as the latter may direct, but to no one else unless 
especially requested. When the fee is paid and date and number 
given the case, a withdrawal is not permitted for any reason ex- 
cept fraud, a mistake on the part of the patent ofiice, interfer- 
ence or illegality. 

DATE, DURATION AND FORM OF PATENTS.- 
Patents bear date not later than b monihs after date of passing on 
application and allowance, if final fe(^ is paid. On failure to pay 
in the i^me named the patent is withheld. Patents cannot be 
antedated. They contain a recital of the invention in brief, in- 
dicating its nature and purpose, and grant to the patentee and 
his legal representatives exclusive right to make, use and sell the 
invention in the United States and Territories for 17 years, or so 
long, if patented abroad, as the shortest of the foreign patents 
is in force, not to exceed 17 years. Design patents run c^, 7 and 
14 years as stated, a copy of specifications and drawings forms 
part of the patent. 

CORRECTIONS in patents, of errors made by the Patent 
Oihce, will be made on due application, and if sufficient to 
warrant a reissue, such will be made. No charge is made for such 
corrections or re-issue, but mistakes made by the patentee, or 
not through any fault of the office unless forming grounds for a 
reissue, will not be corrected after delivery of patent. 

PATENTS ABANDONED, FORFEITED, ETC.— Appli- 
cations not completed for examination in 2 years after filing 
petition, or not prosecuted in proper manner in 2 years after no- 
tice of action, therein, or in regard to which a written declara- 
tion of abandonment has been filed, are held to be abandoned, and 
the same cannot be renewed unless the failure to pi'osecute be 
shown to have been unavoidable. If an abandoned application 
1)0 i-cnewed, new specifications, oath, fees and drawings are re- 
quired, but the old model, if suitable, may be used. Failure to 
pay the final fee within the time fixed works a forfeiture of 
patent. When so forfeited any one interested may file a new 
application any time within 2 years. 

DISCLAIMER in wi'iting may be filed upon payment of the 
prescribed fee, whenever the original patentee has, by uninten- 
tional error, claimed more than he was entitled to, disclaiming 
such parts, and his patent is valid for what portion is justly his 
if such part is a material portion of the thing patented. Such 
disclaimer TOaif be filed by any one interested in the patent, such 
interest being duly set forth therein, but pending actions are un- 



GUIDE AND HAND-liOOK. 31 



affected by it. One witness is requirecl, and the dieclaimer must 
be recoi'ded in the patent oflBce. It must be distinguished fx'om 
disclaimers filed in original or reissue applications, or to avoid 
prole )nti:ed interference cases, 

CAVEATS are notices to the Patent Office of claims to in- 
vention to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same 
invention upon application filed during the life of the caveat 
without proper notice to the filer of the same. A caveat may 
be filed by any inventor who is a citizen of the United states, or 
has been a resident lor i year and swears to his intention to 
bjcome a citizen, and wants time to pcrfocD his invention, upon 
payment of the yjr -per fee. Thu caveat sets lorth ttie principle 
and purpose of the iuvcuiion, and asks protection until the same 
shall be perfected. They are preserved in secret and are valid for 
1 year fx-ora date of filing. It must cover only one invention, con- 
tain a specification and oath, and, if possible, a dniwuig, but the 
description need not be so precise as ui an application fur patent. 
The caveat may be re .ewed. If an application f;<r a patent be 
filed by any other person during the life of the caveat for an in- 
vention interfering with that set forth in the caveat, and said 
application shall be found patentable before the expiration of the 
caveat, the application will be suspended, n^tiee given the 
caveator and an interference granted, if the latter files a com- 
plete application within the prescribed time. The last named 
application must be fileii within 3 months from the date mdoi-sed 
on the notice afore-mentioned. No notice is given the caveator 
of actions pending at the time of filing the caveat, or of uirplica- 
tions filed after it hiis expired. Caveats may be reuewe i from 
time to time, a new fee being i)aid each time. It gives no rights 
or protection except the notice of interfering applications. It 
is not assignable, although the invention covered is assignable, 
caveat papers cannot be removed from the olfice, but copies will 
be issued, f »)r which a charge is made. All new matter requires 
a separate caveat. 

ALIENATION of any patent or interest therein may be 
made in writing, and may cover all or any specified part of the 
Union. Tue riglits accruing under a patent may be granted ia 
writing to any person to make and use the invention in the 
United States, or any specified part thereof, or to grant the right 
in turn to others, and may exclude the patentee therefrom. A 
patent may be mortgaged in writing. License to use the patent 
may also be granted orally or in writing. An assignment, grant, 
conveyance or nxirtgage, unless recorded in the ])atent office 
within 3 months from date of execution, is void against subse- 

?uent purchasei's, mortgagees, etc., for a valuable consideration, 
nstruments wiiich amount to a license, mortgage, convej'- 
ance, assignment, grant or lien, or affect the title to the patent, 
'may be recorded, and no others. Conditional assignments 
(recorded) are regarded as absolute until canceled by consent of 
both parties or the decree of a competent court. When it is desired 
that the patent shall issue to an assignee, the tissignment must be 
recorded at the patent office not later than the date of payment 
of the tinal fee. 

FEES are, as a rule, payable in advance upon application for 
each action. They are as follows : 

On filing each application^or design patent for 3}^ years. .SIC 00 

On issuing same no further cliarge. 

On filing each original application for design patent for 

seven years 15 00 

On filing each original application for design patent for 

fourteen years 30 00 

On filing each caveat 10 00 

On filing each original application for patent 15 UO 

On filing each itrg-inal application for invention or dis- 
covery 20 00 

On filing a disclaimer 10 00 



62 THE WESTERN WORLD 



On filing each application for re-issue S30 00 

On filing- each application for division of a reissue 30 00 

On filing- every application for extension of a patent 50 liO 

On the grant of every extension 50 00 

On filing- an appeal from a primal^ examiner to the exam- 
iners in chief 10 00 

On filing appeal to the commissioners from examiners in 

chief 20 00 

For certified copies of patents or other instruments, except 

copies of printed patents sold by the office for every luO 

words 10 

For certified copies of printed patents sold by the office, 10 

cents tor every 100 words, less the price actually paid 

for such copies without certification. 
For certified copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of 

making- them. 

For recording an assig;nraent of 300 words or less 1 GO 

For recording an assignment of more than 300 and not 

more than 1,000 words 2 00 

For recording everj' assignment of more than 1,000 words. . 3 00 
For uncertified copies of the specifications and accompan- 

ing drawings of all patents which are in print : 

Single copies 25 

Twenty copies or more, whether of one or several patents, 

per copy 10 

For uncertified copies of the specifications and drawings of 

pate ts not in print, the reasonable cost of making the 

same. 
For copies of matter in any foreign language, per 100 words, 

or fraction thereof 30 

For translations, per 100 words, or fraction thereof 50 

For assistance to attorneys and others in examination of 

records, one hour or less 50 

Each additional hour, or fraction thereof 50 

For assistance to attorneys in examination of patents and 

other works in the Scientific Librarj', one hour or less. . 1 00 
Each additional hour, or fi'action thereof 1 00 

MISCELLANEOUS.— All business must be done in writing. 

All letters mvist be addressed to the "Commissioner of Patents." 

All chai'ges on matter sent to the Patent Office must be pre- 
paid or the same will not be received. 

The personal presence of applicants at the Patent Office is un- 
necessary. 

A separate letter ^ould be written on each subject of inquiry 
or application. 

Assignments for record, final fees and orders for copies or 
abstx-acts must each be in a separate letter. 

Letters concerning applications should give name of applicant 
and invention, serial number and date of the application. 

Letters relating to a patent should give name of patentee and 
article patented, and number and date of patent. 

After patent is granted models, specifications are open to pub- 
lic inspection. 

Any person of good moral character, duly empowered by power 
of attorney, may act as attornej-, but a power of attorney- exe- 
cuted to a firm must specify names, and the power must be tiled 
at the Patent Office before the authority of the attorney will be 
recognized. 

Orders for copies of assignments must give book and page of 
record and name of inventor, or an extra charge will be made. 

Xo one is p<'rmitted to make copies or tracings from the files 
or ifcords of the l*atent Olfice. 

rlio weekly issue of patents is made on Thursday, and the 
patents bear date on the 3d Tuesday thereafter. 

All money sent is at the risk of the sender. Money paid by 
mistake, in excess, when not required, will be returned, but no 



GUIDE A>JD HAND-BOOK. 33 



return will be ma'lc to tho?o changing- their intention and wishing" 
to withdraw npplieatioiis etc. 

COPYRIGHTS may be obtained by any citizen or resident 
of tlie United States who is the author, inventor, designer or 
owner of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, 
engraving-, cXit, print (unless a trade-mark or label), photograph 
(or negative of same), painting, drawing, chromo, statuary, 
statue, or any model or design intended to t»e perfected as a work 
of art. The title or description must be deposited with the 
Librarian of Congress hefove the publication, of the work. A copy- 
right is granted for tweiit3--eight years, arid may be renewed 
for fourteen years. It may be assigned, the assignment to be 
recorded in the Library of Congress. The fee to the government 
i3?i. 

TRADE-MARKS used in commerce with any foreign 
country, or with any Indian tribe, may be registered by the owner 
in the Patent Cilice for the period of thirty years, and are 
protected by the act of Congress of March 3, 1881. Trade-marks 
registered under prior unconstitutional acts may be re-registered 
without the payment of any additional Government fee. Ti-ade- 
marks may be assigned, and the deed should be recorded in the 
Patent Office within sixty daj's after its execution. The Govern- 
ment fee is S25. 

LABELS include any device, picture, word or words, figure or 
figures (not a trade-mark) applied to articles of manufacture to 
indicate the contents of a package, the name of the manufact- 
urer or place of manufacture, the quality of the goods, direc- 
tions for use, etc., and may be registered in the Patent Office. 
The teriu of the grant is for twenty-eight years. The Govern- 
ment fee is ?6. If application is made for registration as a label 
when the application should be for a trade-mark, the registration 
will be refused and the fee paid lost. 

APPLICATIONS FOR TRADE-MARK OR I.ABEL 
should give names, residenceand ])'ace of bu,vin>ss ot' the owners 
of the trade-mark or label (if owned by a company a statement 
that the same is or is not incorpoi'ated); a fac-simile of the mark 
or label ; a statement of the class of merchandise to which it has 
been applied, and the particular description or kind of goods 
comprised in such'class ; a description of the particular manner 
in which the mark or label has been applied, whether direct to 
the article, or to wrappers or to packages or oiher vess^-ls con- 
taining the article, and whether applied in colors or not. The 
owner of a mark or label is not confined to any particular man- 
ner of applying the mark or lab^ 1, although it is necessary to 
state in what manner it has been usually applied and how long 
the mark or label has been used on the particular class of goods, 
and if used on goods in commerce with foreign nations or Indian 
tribes, with what nation or tribe it has been so used should be 
stated. 

CANADIAN PATENTS may be taken out at any time 
within a year after issued here. Model is required and must not 
exceed one foot by eighteen inches in size. The terra of the 
patent is five, ten or fifteen years, at the option of the applicant, 
and may be taken at first for a short terra, and afterwards ex- 
tended to the longer term. The Government fee for five years is 
$20; for ten years, SW; and for fifteen years, $60. The proced- 
ure and laws are saucti the same as in the United States. 



34 THE WESTERN WORLD 



PENSIONS. 

PENSIONS ARE GRANTED to all soldiers and sailors 
disabled by wounds or disease-incuried in the line of duty in tne 
military or naval service of the United States. Where the sol- 
dier or sailor has died of such wounds or disease so contracted, 
his widow is entitled to a pension till she remarry. If she be 
dead or remarry, the pension goes to the children under lb years 
old of the soldier or sailor. If there are neither widow nor chil- 
dren under 16 years old the deceased soldier's or sailor s mother, 
if dependent wholly or in part upon him for support, takes tne 
pension, and when there are neither widow, children, nor mother 
sisters under 16 years old dependent on the deceased are entitled 
to pension. Injuries or disease hereafter received in the service 
as St 'ted also entitle to pension. ^ . * * ^ i Aic^ 

THE AMOUNT OF PENSION allowed is for total disa- 
bility to ollicers, commissioned or uou-commissioned, privates, 
musicians and marines as follows : 

Lieutenant-Colonel or higher rank, per month ^ 1^ m 

Major, per month ^^ "^ 

Captain, per month "" "" 

First- Lieutenant, per month \km 

Second Lieutenant, per month. ........ .... io w 

Non-commissioned officers, musicians and privates, per 



month . 



00 



In the naval service the amount of pension allowed is as fol- 
lows: 

Captains, commanders, surgeons, paymasters and chief en- 
gineers, ranking by law with commander, lieutenants- 
commanding and masters-commanding, per month. ij^U W 
Lieutenants, surgeons, paymasters, chief engineers, rank- 
ing with lieutenant by law and passed assistant sur- 

geons, per month •.•••• ^o w 

Professors of mathematics, masters, assistant-surgeons, 

assistant-paymasters and chaplains, per month «U UU 

First assistant-engineers and pilots, per month . . lo uu 

Passed midshipmen, captains and paymasters, clerks, sec- 
ond and third assistant-engineers, masters, mates, and 

all Avarrant officers, per month w "" 

Petty officers, seamen, etc., per month » w 

BUT ONE FULL PENSION is allowed, and is the prop- 
ertv of the person having precedent right in the order above 
stated. When it goes to children or sisters it must be equally 

^^PENSIONS^ BEGIN at the date of discharge from service 
in invalid cases, if application be made within a year thereatter, 
otherwise at the date of application. Pensions to widows, etc., 
begin with the death of the husband, etc. +-^„ ^* 

PROOF OF RIGHT TO PENSION. -The declaration of 
the right of the claimant, including evidence of identity, must 
be sworn to before a court of record or some officer of such court 

'^In support of \he allegations in the claimant's declaration, tes- 
timony must be produced and the following rules obse.-ved: 

1 The claimant's identity must be proved by two witnesses, 
certified by a judicial officer to be respectable and credible, who 
are present and witness the signature of the declarant, and who 
state, upon oath or affirmation, their belief , either Irom peisonal 
acquaintance or for other reasons given, that he or she is the Iden- 
tical person he or she represents himself or herself to be. 



GUIDE AKD HAND-BOOK. 36 



2. Every applicant for an invalid pension must, if in his 
power, produce the certificate of the captain, or ut s(;uie other 
commissioned officer under whom he served, distinctly statinjf 
the time and place of the said applicant's having been wounded 
or otherwise disabled and the nature of the disability; and that 
the said disability arose while he was in the service of the United 
States and in the line of his duty. 

3. If It be impracticable to obtain such certificate, by the rea- 
son of the death or removal of said officers, it must be so stated 
under oath bj^ the applicant, and his averment of the fact proved 
bj' persons of known respectability, Avho must state paiticularly 
all the knowledge they may possess in relation to such death or 
removal; then secondary evidence can be received. In such case 
the applicant must produce the testimony of at least two cred- 
ible witnesses (who were in a condition to know the facts about 
which they testify), whose good character must be vouched for 
Xiy a judicial officer, or by some one known to the department. 
The witnesses must give a minute narrative of the facts in rela- 
tion to the matter, and must show how they obtained a knowl- 
edge of the facts to which they testify. 

4. The usual certificate of disability for discharge should show 
the origin, character, and degree of the claimant's disability; 
but when that is wanting or defective, the applicant will be re- 
quired to be examined \^y some surgeon regularly appointed, 
unless clearly impracticable. 

5. The habits of the applicant, and his occupation since he left 
the service, should be shown by at least two credible witnesses. 

If the applicant claims a pension as the widow of a deceased 
officer or soldier, she must prove the legality of her marriage, the 
death of her husband, and that she is still a widt)w. She must also 
furnish the names and ages of the decedent's childr«'n under 16 
years of age at her husband's death, and the place of their resi- 
dence. On remarriage her pension ceases, and the child or children 
of the deceased officer or soldier, if any be living, under the age 
of 16 years, are entitled to the same in her stead, from the date of 
such remarriage, on the requisite proof, under a new declaration. 
Proof of the marriage of the parents and of the age of claimants 
will be required in all applications in behalf of minor children. 
The legality of the marriage, in either case, may be ascertained 
by the certificate of the clergyman who performed the marriage 
ceremony, or bj' the testimony of respectable persons ha\'ing' 
knowldge of the fact, in default of record evidence, which last 
must always be furnished, or its absence shown. The ages and 
number of children maj- be ascertained by the deposition of the 
mother, accomp nied by the testimony of respectable persons 
having knowledge of them, or by transcripts from the parish or 
town registers duly authenticated. 

A mother, to be entitled to a pension, as having been wholly or 
partlj' dependent on a deceased officer or soldier, must prove that 
the latter contributed to her support for a certain period, show- 
ing specifically in what manner and to what extent. 

If the claimant be a dependent sister, like proof will be re- 
quired of the marriage of her parents and of her relationship to 
the deceased. 

Guardians of minor claimants must, in all cases, produce evi- 
dence of their authority as such, under the seal of the court from 
which their appointment is obtained. 

Ai)plicants of the last four classes enumerated at the head of the 
chapter, who have in any manner aided or abetted the rebellion 
against the United States Government, are not entitled to the 
benefits of this act. 

Invalid applicants who are minors may apply in their own be- 
half, without the intervention of a guardian. 

Attorneys for claimants must have proi^er authority from 
those in whose behalf thej^ appear. Powei-s of attorney must be 
signed in the presence of two witnesses and acknowledged before 



36 THE WESTERN WORLD 



a duly qualified officer, whose official character must be certified 
under seal. 

In all cases the post-office address of the claimant must be dis- 
tinctly stated, over his or her proper signature. 

In filing- additional evidence, correspondents should always 
give the number of the claim as well as the name of the claimant. 

Pensions are also drawn by invalid soldiers of the war of 1812 
and the Mexican war, and their unmarried widows, unless barred 
bv acts construed as agamst the government in the war of 1861- 
18'65. 

ALL) INFORMATION relative to pensions and the means 
of procuring them, together with a copy of the pension laws and 
all necessary blanks and directions for proceedings, are fur- 
nished free on application to the Commissioner of Pensions, at 
Washington, D. 0., or to any pension agent. 



POSTAL RATES AND RULES. 

(XEW.) 

DIRECTIONS FOR MAILING. -All mail matter must be 
directed to a postoffice, otherwise it will not be forwarded. Di- 
rections should be as full as possible. If name and address of 
sender is on the envelope or package, same will be returned if not 
delivered without passing thi'ouu-h the Dead Letter Otfice. 

FIRST CLASS MATTER includes lettei-s and all matter 
partly' or wholly in wr ting, sealed or unsealed, and all other 
matter sealed, or in any waj' fastened against easy inspection. 
The rate on this class of matter is 3 cents for each ounce or 
fraction of an ounce, and there Is no limit to the weight of pack- 
age Avhich may be mailed. 

SECOND CLASS MATTER includes newspapers and 
periodicals when sent by publisher or news-agents, and are 
mailable at 1 cent per pound or fraction thereof. They may be 
marked except by written or printed word without increase of 
postage. Newspapers and periodicals sent by persons other than 
the publisher or a news agent must be stamped at the rate of 1 
cent for every four ounces or fraction thereof. No limit to 
weitrht. 

THIRD CLASS MATTER includes printed matter in un- 
sealed envelopes only (it is not sufficient that the envelope be 
notched, it must be unsealed), and is mailable at the rate of 1 
cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof. This class includes 
books, circulars, chromos, engravings, music, hand-bills, proof 
sheets, lithographs, pamphlets, magazines, papers, manuscript 
(accompanying proof sheets), oi-any reproduction upon paper by 
any process but hand or type-writiner not in the nature of per- 
sonal correspondence. The weight cannot exceed 4 pounds, ex- 
cept the article mailed be a single book. 

FOURTH CLASS MATTER includes all mailable matter 
not included in the above, so mailed as to be easily examined. 
It must be paid for at the rate of 1 cent per ounce or fraction of 
an ounce, and the weight of each package is limited to four 
pounds 

POSTAL CARDS are first-class matter. They must not 
have anj-thing Avritten or printed on the address side except the 
directions, and must not have anything pasted or attached to 
them. 

PERMISSIBLE WRITING.-On third and fourth class 
matter the following writing onlj' is permitted: Name and ad- 
dress of sender preceded by the word "from," and list of 
articles contained in the cover, and a dedication or inscription on 



GUIDE AND HAND-EOOK, 37 



the flj' leaf or back of book or pamphlet. A passage may also be 
marked in a book, goods marked for ideiititication, and the 
name of the one uddrei^sed or sender, with date, written in circular. 
Any other writing will be liable at letter rates, and to a fine of 
$10 for each offense. Printed matter inclosed with fourth class 
matter is sub.icvt to foiiith class rates. 

A SPECIAL. STAMP of the value of 10 cents is issued, 
"Which, when attached to a letter, in addition to the lawful post- 
age thereon, entitles the letter to immediate delivery at any 
place containing 4,000 population or over, according to the Fed- 
eral census, within the carrier limit of any free-delivery olfice, 
or within one mile of the postoffice, or any other postoffice 
coming within the provisions of this law, which may. in like 
manner, be designated as a special delivery office. Such speciallj'- 
stamped letters shiill be delivered betAveen 7 o'clock a. m. an i 
midnight, and a book is provided in which the person to whom 
the letter is addressed shall acknowledge its receipt. 

RATES TO CANADA are the same in all respects as in the 
United States, but merchandise is rigidly excluded, except sam- 
ples of goods tor sale to weight of 8 ounces charged for at 10 
cents each. 

RATES TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES in the Universal 
Postal Union 5 cents for each half ounce or traction thereof for 
letters, and 2 cents for postal cards. Registration fee 1( cents. 
Printed matter and samples 1 cent for each 2 ovmces or fraction 
thereof. Merchandise rigidly excluded. The Postal Union in- 
cludes all considerable powers and many lesser ones, and others 
are joining constantly. Countries out of the Union have especial 
rates which will be given bv any postmaster. 

UNMAILABLE MATTER.— Obscene books, letters, pa- 

{3ers, pictuies and postal cards, lottery circulars and letters, 
iquids,gunpowder and other explosives, live reptiles, animals and 
insects (except queen bees), poisons, and any article liable to in- 
jure the mails or those handling them, are unmailable. 

LETTERS REFORWARDED.— First-class matter will be 
forwarded from one office to an<ither at the request of the one to 
whom it is addressed Avithout charge. Other classes of matter 
have to be paid for atrain. 

GENERAL INFORMATION.-Postmasters are not 
obliged to take mutilated money, or to take more than 2.5 cents 
in coppers or nickels. They are forbidden to give credit for 
stamps Packaffes of mutilated curroncj' may be registered to 
the Treasurer of the United States free. Money orders must be 
paid for in cash. Any other payment is forbidden under pen- 
altj-. Spoiled postal cards ai-e not redeemable by postraastei-s. 
postoffice employes ra- st not change an incorrect address, even 
thou'jh they know the right one. 

POSTAL NOTES are issued at all money-order offices for 
sums le.-s than S'^ pa.vable to bearer at any time Avithin 3 months 
from the last day of ;:he month of issue. The fee for a postal 
note is three cents. The person who presents a postal note for 
payment is required to receipt it. A postal note may also be re- 
paid at the office of issue to the bearer at any time within three 
mouths from the last day of the month of isaue. L(iSt or de- 
stroyed postal notes are not duplicated, and notes not paid in the 
time above specified are invalid, and a return of the money can 
only lie secured by an application for a duplicate at the issuing 
office and the pavmont of a feo of :? cents. 

POSTAL MONEY ORDERS are issued for any amount up 
to SlOO, and otter security aiut convenience in the transmission of 
small sums. Safety is secured by leaving nut of the order the 
name of the person for whom the monej' is intended. An advice 
or notification, containing full particulars of the order, is trans- 
mitted without delay by the issuing i^ostmaster to the postmaster 
at the office of payment. The latter is thus furnished, before the 
order itself is presented, with information which will enable him 
to prevent its payment to any person not entitled thereto, pro- 



38 THE WESTERN WORLD 

vided the remitter cowpUes with the regulation of the Department 
which prohibits him from sending- the same mf ormation ni a let- 
ter inclosed with his money-order. After once paying- a money- 
order by whomsoever presented, the post oflfice department wiJl 
not t)e liable to any further claim therefor. Under no circum- 
stances can payment of an order be demanded on the day y.t 
its issiio. The fees or charges for domestic money-orders is as 

folio \V:>:— 

For orders not exceeding SIO ••• Scents. 

For orders exceeding $10 and not exceeding $15 10 cents. 

For orders exceeding 815 and not exceeding $30 15 cenp. 

For orders exceeding $80 and not exceeding $40 20 cents. 

For orders exceeding $40 and not exceeding $50 25 cents. 

For orders exceeding $50 and not exceeding $bO 30 cents. 

For orders exceeding $(30 and not exceeding $T0 . 3o cents. 

For orders exceeding $70 and not exceeding $^;0 40 ce:'ts. 

For orders exceeding $t50 and not exceeding $iOO 45 cents. 

When a larger sum than $100 is required, additional orders to 
make it up must be obtained. But postmasters are instructed 
to refuse to issue in one day, to the same remitter and in favor of 
the same payee, more than three money-orders payable at the 
same post office. Money orders may l)e endorsed directing pay- 
ment to any person ; and it is the duty of the postmaster upon 
whom the order is drawn to pay the amount thereof to the per- 
son thus designated, provided the postmaster is satisfied that such 
indorsement is genuine, and that the second party shall, it re- 
quired, prove his identity, and shall give correct information as 
to the name and address of the person who originally obtained 
the order. More than one indorsement is prohibited by law, and 
will render and order invalid and not payable. The signature to 
the receipt on the face of the order should be that of the person 
who presents and receives payment of the same. Orders may be 
repaid by the issuing office within a year after issue. Lost orders 
on proper application and indemnity are duplicated if the orig- 
inal is unp-aid and the latter then becomes invalid. 

FOREIGN MONEY ORDERS —Money may be trans- 
mitted by i)ostal order between the United 'States and Switzer- 
land, Great Rritiiin and Ireland, Germany, France, Italy, Canada 
and Newfoundland, Jamaica, New South Wales, Victoria, Isew 
Zealand, Queensland, the Cape Colony, the Windward Islands, 
Belgium, Portugal, Tasmania, and the Hawaiian Kingdom. The 
fees are: 

For suras not exceeding $10 15 cents. 

Over $10 and not exceeding $20 30 cents. 

Over $20 and not exceeding $30 45 cents. 

Over $10 and not exceeding !ii:40 60 cents- 
Over $40 and not exceeding $50 'i'5 cents. 

REGISTERED MATTER.— First, third and fourth class 
matter nuiy be registered at all post offices on payment of a fee 
of 10 cents for each letter or parcel in addition to the postage, 
and the fee is the same whether the matter be addressed to 
domestic or foreign post offices. Registered letters are protected 
with great care, and delivered to the person to whom they are 
addressed, and a receipt from him returned to the sender. A 
receipt is also given by the postmaster at the time of reg- 
istering. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 39 



THE GOVERNMENT OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

The government of the United States is formed of three dis- 
tinct branches, the Legislative, Executive and Judicial. 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT comi^'^fses the 
Senate and House of Keprescntatives and makes all laws. Each 
state has two representatives iu the ^enatv, elected for G years by 
the state legislatures. The lunnber of congressmen from each 
stiite is governed by its population, but each state has at least 
one. They are elected for two years by the voters of the con- 
gressional districts into which the states are divided. One-third 
of the senators go out of office every two years. The pa 5^ of 
both senators and congressmen is $5,000 per year, with mileage 
(at 20 cents per miles) and other extras. The Speaker of the 
Hous«^ gets bH,O0O. The Vice-President of the United States is 
President of the Senate, and receives $10,000 per year. Senatoi-s 
must be 32 years old, nine years citizens of the United States 
and live in the states they represent. A congressman must be 25 
years old, seven years a citizen of the United States and live in 
the district he represents. Congress now comprises 76 senators 
and 32;') representatives. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT enforces the laws 
made. The executive power is vested in the President of 
the United States, who is elected for four years by electors 
chosen in each state by the voters thereof. The number of 
electors for each state is equal to the number of its con- 
gressmen, and United States senators, or two moi-e than the 
number of its congiossmen. The electors (now numbering 
in all 401) cast their ballots, the same are sealed, and opened 
by the President of the Senate in the presence of the two 
Houses of Congress. When two candidates receive the same 
number of electoral votes the election is thrown into the 
House of Representatives, which elects a president. The Presi- 
dent must be born in the United States, have lived in the same for 
14 years and be 35 years old. His pay is $50,(.i00 per year. He is 
commander in chief of the army and navy, and appoints cabinet, 
judicial and executive officers, the appointments being coulirmed 
by the Senate. The qualifications for Vice-President are the 
same as for President. The Cabinet comprises the Secretaries of 
State, Treasiu-y, War, Navy and Interior, and the Postmaster and 
Attorney- Generals, each of whom receives S8,000 per year. 

THE JUDICIARY comprises, 1st. A Supreme Court sitting 
at "Washington composed of a chief justice (salary $10,500 per 
year) and eight associate judires at $10,(.KX)per j-^ear. They are 
appointed by the President, and hold otfice for life, unless re- 
moved for malfeasance. 2nd. Nine Circuit Ct)urts, having 
jurisdiction over one or more states. 3d. Fiftj'-eight district 
courts. Appeals he from the district to the circuit courts, and 
from the latter to the Supreme Court. 4th. Court of Claims, 
whei-e suits against the United States must be brought. 

THE STATES are governments within a government, and 
all powers not expressly granted to the general government 
remain in the states 

THE TERRITORIES are governed by officers appointed 
by the Presitl'-nt of the United States. 

THE REVENUE of the United States is derived from 
custom and internal revenue taxes on liquors and tobacco, and 
the sale of laud. 



40 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



PAY OF UNITED STATES 
OFFICERS. 



ARMY AND NAVY OFFICERS rank in the order given 
below and receive the salaries opposite each rank : 
armV. 



General §13,500 

Lie\itenant General 11,000 

Major General 7,500 

Brig-adier General 5,500 

Colonel 3,500 

Lietenant Colonel 3,000 

Major 2,500 

Captain 2,000 

Reg-in>ental Adjutant . . . 1,800 

First i^ievitenaiit I,6ii0 

Second Lieutenant 1,100 



NAVY. 

A dmiral S:3,r00 

Vice Admiral 9,000 

Rear Admiral 6,000 

Commodore 5,000 

Captain 4,500 

Commander 3,500 

Lieutenant Commander. 2,800 

Lieutenant 2,400 

Master 1,800 

Ensijrn 1,200 

Midshipman 1,000 



MINISTERS ABROAD receive pay as follows : 



To Eng-land .$17,500 

" Germany 17,500 

" France 17,500 

" Russia 17,500 

" Austria 12,000 

" China 12,000 

" Brazil 12,000 

" Mexico 12,000 

" Italy 12.000 

" Japan 12,000 

" Spain 12,0.0 

" f^hili 10,000 

" Peru 10,0r0 

" Central America 10,0(30 

** Argentine Confed... 7,500 

HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS are compensated as below: 



To Hawaiian Isles S' 

" Belg-ium ' 

" Hayti 1 

" Columbia ", 

" Turkey ', 

" Venezuela '< 

" Sweden. 7 

" Netherlands 1 

" Switzerland ... t 

" Portugal t 

" Bolivia. 5. 

" Denmark 5, 

" Paraguay 5, 

" Liberia 4, 



,500 
,500 
,500 
.500 
,500 
,500 
,500 
,500 
,0(X) 
,000 
,000 
,000 
0*00 
,000 



Director Geolog. Surv'ys. S6,O0O 

Supt. Coast Surveys 6,or0 

Treasurer 6,000 

Supt. Census 5,000 

Supt. Naval Observatory. 5,000 
Supt. Bureau Engraver. 4,500 

Public Printer 4,500 

Director Mint 4,500 

Register Treasury 4,000 

POSTAL DEPARTMENT.— Three Assistant Postmaster 

Generals, $3,500 each ; Chief • lerk, S2,200. Postmasters are paid 
as follows, except at New York, where salary is $8,000 : 



Supt. Signal Service Sl-^^OO 

Commr. Land Office 4,000 

Commr. Customs 4,000 

Commr. Pensions 3,*00 

Comradr. Marine Corps... 3,500 

Commr. Agriculture 3,000 

Commr. Indian Affairs... 3,000 
Commr. Education 3,000 



First Class S3,000 to $4,000 

Second Class. . . . $2,00J to ;lt>3,0L0 



Third Class.. 
Fourth Class. 



.$1.00''toS2,000 
.less tluai S!,000 



Postmasters of the first, second and third classes are appointed 
by the President, all others by the Postmaster General. 



TJ. S. ARIIY RATION.— The folloAvingis a list of the Com- 
ponents of the ^4r»n/ Hatioii ns esral)lished by existing law, the 
General Regulations, and the oiders of the War Department, viz: 

12 oz. of pork or bacon, or 20 oz. of fresh beef, or 22 oz. of salt 
beef. 



GUIDE AKD HAND-BOOK 41 



18 oz. of soft bread or flour, or 16 oz. of hard-bread, or 20 oz. 
of corn -meal. 
And, 

15 lbs. of beans or peas, or 10 lbs. of rice or hominy. 
10 lbs. of green coffee, or 8 lbs. of roasted (or roasted and 

ground) coffee, or 2 lbs. of tea. 
15 lbs. of sugar. 
4 quarts of vinegar. 
1}4 lbs. of adamantine or star candles. 
§ I 4 lbs. of soap. 
^ I 4 lbs. of salt. 
^ 4 oz. of pepper. 

A, I A nd to troops in the field, when necessary, 4 lbs. of yeast- 
I powder to 100 rations of flour. 

SUjBSTITTJTIVE issues.— Fresh mutton may be issued 
in lieu of and at the same rate as fresh beef, when the cost of the 
former does not exceed that, of the latter. 

14 oz. of dried fish, or 18 oz. of pickled or fresh fish may be 
issued in lieu of the meat component of a ration. 

Molasses or syrup may be issued in lieu of su^ar at the rate of 
2 gallons of molasses or syrup in lieu of 15 lbs. of sugar. 

Three pints of liquid coffee to each man may be issued daily 
in lieu of sugar and coffee components to the ration to troops 
traveling upon cars or having no facilities for cooking coffee, the 
cost thereof not to exceed 21 cents per day. 

The following issues may be made to troops traveling or in 
the field when it is impracticable to cook rations. 

( In lieu of the usual meat j T5 lbs. canned fresh beef, or 
«• portion of the ration. | 75 lbs. canned corned beef. 

g I f 33 one-pound cans baked 

.= I beans; or 

I In lieu of the dry vegetable ^0 txv-c>pound cans baked 
g portion of the ration. jg ^hVee-pound cans backed 

beans; or 
5 one-gallon cans baked 

beans ^ or 
25 pounds cheese. 
Similar issues may be made when in the interest of economy 
or a supply of the articles is on hand in excess of the probable 
wants of troops traveling or in the field. 



TJ. S. ENSIG-NS AND FLAGS.-ENSiGN.-i7mr7 or ITniM- 
ten-nineteeuths of its length. Field. Thirteen horizontal f-tripc.s 
of equal breadth, alternatcl}- red and white, beginning with red. 
Union. A blue field in the upper quarter, next the head. 4of the 
length of the ensign and seven stripes in depth, M'ith white stai'S, 
ranged in equidistant horizontal and vertical lines, eqimi in num- 
ber to the nimiber of states of the Union. Jack. Like the 
Union of an Ensitrn. 

CUSTOMS OR REVENUE FLAG.— Head or HoM— ten- 
sixteenths of its length. FicUI. Sixteen perpendicular' stripes, 
alternately red and white, beginning with red at the head. 
Unio)i. Composed of the Coat of Arms of the United States in 
dark blue on a w^hite field, in the upper quarter nexl; the head, 
eight-sixteenths of the length of the flag, or to the first edge of 
the fifth red stripe from the head, and extending down the uead 
half way. 



42 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



COINS OF THE UNITED STATES, 



WEIGHT. 

Double Eagle=$20,gold 516 grs, 
Eagle = 10, *' 258 " 

.Half Eagle = 5, " 129 " 
Quart'!" Eag-le= 2^^ " 64.5" 

Three Dollars " 77.4" 

One Dollar " 2-3.y"' 

Trade Dollar silver 420 "■ 

OneDoUar " 412}^" 

F. S. gold and silver coins are 9-10 fine. The coinage of the 
silver dollar of 413^ grains, the tire and three-cent silver pieces, 
and the bronze two-cent pieces was discontinued under the Coin- 
age Act of 1873. The act of Februarj' 28, 1878, again authorized 
the Coinage of the silver dollar of 4123^ grains, and restored its 
legal tender character. 



WEIGHT, 

Hal f Dollar silver . . 192.9 grs. 

Quarter Doll.... " .. 9 >.45 " 

Twenty Cents. . " .. 77.16 " 

Dime " . . 38.-58 " 

Five Cents .cop'r-nick'l 77.16 " 
Three Cents " 30 

One Cent bronze 48 " 



THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF MONEY circulating or other- 
wise iield in the United States is estimated at S 1.545,588,140, of 
whic'ri ^446,68 i, 016 is Legal Tender notes; $333,473,693 National 
Bank Notes, .S6l2, 732,487 gold and gold certiflcates, and $193,821,110 
silver uud silver certiflcates, fractional currency, etc, 

COINAGE OP GOLD AND SILVER.-1793-1880. 



Years. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Minor. 


Prior to 1835 

1835 to 18,53, in cl 

18)3 to 1873, incl 

1874 


815,780,160.00 
221,011,4^)0.00 
580,114.258.50 
50,442,690.00 
33,5J3,965.00 
38,178,962.-50 
44,078,199.00 
.53,798,980.00 
40.986,912.27 
56,157,735.00 


$39,690,079.90 ) 
39,-523,292.00 V 
6>,928,5]2,70j 
5,983,601.30 
10,070,368.00 
19,126,502.-50 
*28,->t9,935.00 
+28,290,825.-50 
27.227,882..^ 
37,942,437.50 


$11,919,888.55 
411,925.00 


1875 


230,375 00 


1876 


260 350 00 


1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 


63,125.00 

30,694.00 

97,798.00 

269,971.50 


Total 


Sl,133,103,322.00 


$292,333,436.90 


$13,283,167.05 






INDIAN MOUND. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



43 



VALUE OF FOREIGN COIN IN TJ. S. MONEY. -The 

irst sectioa of the act of March 8, 1S73, provides "that the value 
)f foreign coin, as eiprcssed in the money of account of the 
[Jnited States, shall be that of the pure metal of such coin of 
standard value," and that " the values of the standard coins in 
circulation of the various nations of the world shall be estimated 
mnually by the Director of the Mint, and be proclaimed on the 
arst day of Januarj- by the Secretary of the Treasury. The esti- 
mates of values contained in the following table are those made 
by the Director of the Mint. Jan. 1. 1885. 



Country. 


}»Ionetary Unit. 


Standard. 


Argren. Rep 

\usiria 


Pes'o fuerte . 

Florin 


Gold 


Sliver 

Gold and Silver.. 


Bolivia 


Dollar 


Gold and Silver. 




Milreis of 1,000 reis. 
Dollar 


Gold 


British Am 


Gold 


{og-ota 


Peso ... 

Dollar 


Gold 

Silver 


hili 


Peso. 

Peso . . . 


Gold 


Cuba 


Gold 






Gold 


Ecuador 


Dollar 

l*oundof lOOpiast's 
Franc 


Silver 


Eg-ypt 


Gold 


France 


Gold and Silver.. 


CJt. Britain 

Grreece 


Pound sterling ... . 


<-Jold 

Gold and Silver. . 


Crerman E. 


Mark 


Gold 


India 




Italy 

Tapan . 


Lira' 

Ye 1 


Gold and Silver.. 
Gold 


Liberia 

Mexico 


Dollar 

Dolhir 


Gold 

Silver 


Netherlands 




Silver 


Norway 


Crown 


Gold .. 


Paraguay. 


Peso . . 


Gold 


Peru 


Sol 

Peso 

Mil., 1,000 r's 

R'bl., lOOco 

Dollar 


Silver 


Porto Rico 


Gold 


Portugal 


G old 


Russia 


Silver .... 


Sandwich Islands. 


Gold 


Spain 


Peseta of 100 c'ntim 


Gold and Silver.. 
Gold . 


Switzerland 

rripoli 


Franc 

Mah.,20pi's 

Pi's., 16 car 


Gold and Silver.. 
Silver 


Piuiis 


Silver . 


Turkev .. . 


I'iaster 


Gold 


Columbia 


Peso 

Patacon. 


Siher 


L^ruguay 


Gold 









Value. 

D. c. M. 

1 00 
39 3 
Hi 3 
79 5 
54 6 
10 
98 5 
91 8 
91 2 
93 2 
26 8 
■;9 5 
4 97 4 
19 3 
4 86 6i 
19 3 
23 H 

;.7 8 

19 3 
85 8 
100 
8S 4 
40 2 

;.:; 8 

1 

79 5 
C 9 J 5 

1 8 
C3 6 
10 
19 3 
26 8 
19 3 
717 
118 
4 4 
91 8 
94 9 



The above rates are the true or commercial xmlues, proclaimed 
by the Secretary of the Treasury, and are taken at the custom 
houses in estimating the vahies of all foreign merchandise made 
out in any of said currencies. They should not be confounded 
with the Mint values. 



LEGAL HOLIDAYS.— In all the states and territories of the 
United States the following are legal holidays : ChrMmas (Dec. 
25th), Uh Jw/i/, and T/ufN/i.vf/ir/jjy (usually last Thursday in Nov.); 
New Year's is a legal holiday iu all the states and territories ex- 



44 



THE WESTER]^^ WORLD 



cept Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Massachu- 
setts, New Hampshire. North Carolina, South Carolina and Rhode 
Island. Decoration Ban (May ai), is a legal holiday in Colorado, 
iMaine, Vermont, Connecticut, Mi. liig-an. New Hampshire, New 
Jersey, Khode Island, New York, Pennsylvania and District ol 
Columbia. WaahingtoiVs Blrthdaij (Feb. 22) is a legal holiday iu 
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, 
Maine, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, Oregon and Ten- 
nessee. In Louisiana Shrove Tue^dmu Anniversary of Battle of 
JSew Orleans (Jan. 8), Lincoln's Birthdwj (Feb. 12), Firemen's An7ii- 
versary (March 4,) and Good Friday are 1. gal holidays. In Texas 
the Anniversary of Texan Independence (March 2.) and Battle of 
San Jacinto (April 2\.) ixre legal holidays. In Georgia Mermvnal 
Day (April 2 ); in Mobile, Montgomery and Selma, Ala.. Shrove 
Tuesday, and in Florida, Minnesota and Pe;nisylvania Good Friday 
are legal holidays. General Election days are ordered as holidays 
in California, Maine, Missouri, ^e\v Jersey, New York, Oregon, 
South Carolina and Wisconsin. 



WW 

m ■ 






1^ :^ 



Sll^VKK SPaiNGS, FLORIDA. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



45 



PUBLIC DEBT OF THE TTNITED STATES, in each 

year since 1790. (Uliiciai.) 



$75,463,476 PS 


1839 


Jan. 1 $11,98.3,7.37 53 


77,227,'.'24 6(5 


1840 


" 5.125,077 63 


80,35:i,C34 04 


1841 


" 6,737,398 00 


78,427,404 77 


1842 


" 15,028,486 37 


80,747,587 38 


1843 


Julyl 27,20.3,4.50 69 

" 24,748,188 23 


83.763,172 07 


1844 


82,064,479 33 


1845 


" 17,093,794 80 


79,228,529 13 


1846 


" 16,7.50,926 33 

" 38,956.(23 38 

" 48,526,3-9 37 


78 408,669 77 


1847 


82,976.294 ?5 


1848 


83,038,050 80 


1849 


Dec. 1 64,704,693 71 


.. 80,712,632 25 


1850 


" 64.228,;?38 37 


77,054,686 : 


1851 


Nov.30 62,.560,395 26 


86,427,120 88 


1852 


Dec. 20 6M31.693 13 


82,312,150 iO 


18.53 


July 1 67,340,628 78 


75,723.2 66 


1851 

18.55 


. . . . " 47 242 206 05 


69,218,398 64 


Nov. 17 39,9(i9,731 05 


65,196,317 97 


1856 


" 15 30,963,909 64 


57,023,1^2 09 


1857 


Julyl 29,' 60,386 90 


53,173,217 53 


1858 


" 44,910,777 66 


48,005,587 76 


1859 


" 58,754.699 33 


45.209,737 90 


1860 


" 64,769,703 08 


55,962,827 57 


1861 


" 90,867.828 68 

" 514,211,371 93 


81,487,846 24 


1862 


99 833 660 ^ 5 


1863 


" 1,098,793,181 37 

" 1,740 690,489 49 


127.334,933 74 


1864 


123,491,965 16 


1865 


" 2,682,593,026 53 


103,466,(33 83 


1866 


" 2,783,42.5,879 21 


95,^29,648 28 


1867 


" 2,693,199,215 13 


94,015,566 15 


1868 


" 2,636,-320,964 67 

" 2,489,002.480 58 

. " 2 386 3.58 .599 74 




1860 


. 93,546,67() 98 


1870 


90,875,877 27 


1871 
1872 


Jan. 1 2,332,067,793 75 


. 9(\269,777 77 


" 2,24,3,838.411 14 

" J',163.2;i2,;]38 13 


Jan. 1 83,788,432 71 


1873 


" 81, 054,05! • <'9 


1874 


" 2,159,31.5.826 17 


" 73,987,357 20 


18'. 5 


" 2,143,598,:;(I2 03 


" 67,4"5,04-^ 87 


1876 


" 2,119,a32.i95 27 


" 58,421,4 13 67 


1877 


" 2,092,921.241 81 


" 48,5«5,406 50 


1878 


" 2,045,955,442 79 


" 39,1?3,191 68 


1879 


" 2,028,648,111 09 


*' 24,322,23.5 18 


1880 


" 2,011,798.-504 87 


7,001,032 >-8 


1881 


Julyll,819,6.V\].^j0 0O 


" 4,760,081 08 


1882 


" 1,675.023,474 00 


" 351, 28(4 05 


1883 


" 1,-5,38,781.8:^5 00 


" 291,(»SC) (15 


1S»\: 


" 1,4.38..5I2,995 00 


1.878,22:J :5 


1885 


Jan. 1 1,418,548,371 00 


" 4,857,660 46 







In the last nineteen amounts the cash in the Treasury is de- 
ducted from the agg-reg-ate debt, and bonds issued in aid of the 
Pacific Railroads are not included ; these amounted, on the first 
day of January, 1885, to $107,870,475, including interest paid by 
the United States. 



MASON AND DIXON'S LINE is a popular term used to 
signif3' the dividing line between the free and slave states. It 
originated from the fact that the line between Pennsylvania 
and Maryland and Virginia was surveyed by Charles Mason 
and Jeremiah Dixon. Its more general application is due to John 
Randolph, of Roanoke. 



48 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE at all Presi- 
dential Elections since the Kevolutiou are given in the 
following- tables. Until 1804 each elector voted for two candi- 
dates for President ; the one recei\ing the highest number of 
votes was elected President ; and the next highest, Vice-Presi- 
dent, provided he received a major"ty of the votes. New York, 
North Carolina and Rhode Island did not vote at the first election: 





Party. 


ANDIDATES. 


Vote. 


>^ 


Popular. 


1 

o 
o 

0) 


1780 








69 
34 
9 
6 
6 
4 
3 
2 
3 
1 
2 






John Adams 














R. H. Harrison 








John Rutledge 
















George Clinton 














John Milton. 
















Benjamin Lincoln 








Edward Telfair 




1 
4 

133 




Federalist 

Fedei-alist 

depublican 






17qQ 


George Washington 






John Adams 




77 
50 










Thomas Jefferson 




4. 










I 




Federalist 

Republican 

Federalist 

Republican 


Vacancies 




3 


17% 


John Adams 




71 




Thomas Jefferson 




68 




Thomas PincKney 





59 




Aaron Burr 

Samuel A dams . . ... 




30 






15 






Oliver Ellsworth 




11 






George Clinton 


7 








5 










3 






George Washington . 




3 










2 






S Johnson . 









Republican 

i^epublican 

Federalist 


Charles C. Pinckney 




1 


180(1 


Thomas Jefferson 




73 








73 




John Adams 




65 




Federalist 


Charles C Pinckney 




64 








1 




Republican 

Federalist 


TJie election being a tie, was 
fhroirn into Coiigiess, and 
Jefferson chosen, with Burr as 
Vice. 

( Thomas Jefferson for P. I 
'( George Clinton for V.P. f 
j Chas. C. Pinckney for P. ) 
( Ruf us King f or V . P . f 




163 


iri04 




14 









GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK, 



47 



Party. 



1808 



1812 



1816 



1820 



1834 



1832 



1836 



Republican 
Federalist.. 

Republican 
Federalist.. 

Republican 
Federalist.. 

Republican 
Opposition . 

Republican 

Republican 
Coalition .. 



Democratic... 
Nat, Republic. 



Whig. 



CANDIDAT£S. 



Vote. 



Popular 



Democratic. 

Nat. Rep 

Independent 
Anti-Mason.. 

Democratic, 



iJames Madison for P. ( 
'/ George Clinton for V, P. j 
i Chas. C. Pincknev for P | 
"( Rufus King for V. P. j 

j James Madison for P. ) 
( Elbridge Gerry for V,P. f 
j De Witt Clinton lor P | 
( Jared IngersoU for V, P. f 

j James Monroe for P. I 

) D, D, Tompkins for V.P. f 

{Rufus King- for P. 
John E. Howard for V.P, 
and Scattering. 

f James Monroe for P, ) 

1 D. D. Tompkins for V.P. f 

{John Q. Adams for P, 
Richard Stockton for > 
V. P, and Scattering. \ 

{ Andrew Jackson for P. ) 
i Wm. H, Crawford for P. V 
i Henry Clay for P. ) 

John C. Calhoun for V.P, 1 
Nathaniel Macon for " 
< Andrew Jackson for " [ 

Martin Van Buren for " 
L Henry Clay lor "J 

j John Q Adams for P. / 
I Nathan Sanford for V.P. f 

Election thrown into Ilovse, 
and Adams chosen, with Cal- 
houn as Vice. 

( Andrew Jackson for P. > 
( John C. Calhoun for V.P. f 
( J. Q. Adams for P, / 

'( Richard Rush for V. P, f 

i Andrew Jackson for P. ) 
'( MartinVan Buren foi'V.P j 
j Henry Clay for P. | 

1 John Sargent for V.P, f 
j John Floyd for P. i 

I Henry Lee for V P. f 

( William Wirt for P. [ 

( AmosEllmaker for V. P. ) 

( Martin Van Buren for P. { 
■( R. M. Johnson for V. P. j 

r Wm. H. Harrison for P. 

Hugh L, White for P. 
I Daniel Webster for P. 
-I W P. Mangum for P. 

Francis Granger for V.P. 
I John Tyler for V. P. 
L William Smith for V. P. 



155,872 
46,58 



105,321 



647,231 

509,097 

687,502 
530,189 



761,549 



736,656 



48 



THE WESTEKN "WORLD 



Party. 



Candidates. 



Vote. 



Popular. 



1840 



18M 



1848 



Whig. 



Democratic. 
Liberty 

Democratic. 

Whig 

Liberty 

Whig 

Democratic . 
Free Soil 



1852 Democratic . 

Whig 

Free Democ 



1856 



1860 



18&4 



Democratic 

Republican 

American 

Kepublican. . 

Democratic 

Cons. Union 

Ind. Democrat. 



Republican , 
Democratic. 



Election of Vice-President 
thrown into Congress and 
Johtison chosen. 

j Wm. H. Harrison for P. * 
( John Tyler for V. P. ( 

r Martin Van Buren for P. 1 
J R. M Johnson for V. P I 
1 S. W. Tazewell for V. P. 
I James K. Polk for V. P. J 
James G. Birney for P 



S James K. Polk for P. ) 
' George M. Dallas forV.P. f 
(Henry Clay for P. ( 
/ T. Frelinghuysen f orV. P f 
James G. Birney for P 



( Zachary Taylor for P. ) 
/ Millard Fillmore for V. P. f 
( Lewis Cass for P. \ 

'i Wm. O. Butler for V. P. [ 
\ Martin Van Buren for P. I 
■/ Charles F. Adams for V. P [ 

j Franklin Pierce for P ) 

I Wm. R. King for V.P.... f 
\ Winfield Scott for P .... I 
"/ Wra. A. Graham for V.P. f 

i John P. Hale for P / 

'( Geo. W. Julian for V. P. . f 

(James Buchanan for P.. } 
'l J.C.Breckeuridge " V.P. f 
( John C Fremont for P. . I 
■( Wra. L. Dayton for V. P. f 
j Millard Fillmore for P. . . i 
(A.J. Donelson for V.P.) 

(A. Lincoln for P I 

( Hanibal Hamlin for V. P. ( 
( J.C.Breckenridge for P • I 
"* Joseph Lane for V. P . . f 

i John Bell for P ) 

"/ Edward Everett for V.P. ( 
\ Stephen A. Douglasfor P. | 
■( H. V. Johnson for V. P.. j 

(A. Lincoln for P | 

/ A. Johnson for V.P, ... f 
i Geo. B. McClellan for P. . I 
( G. H. Pendleton for V.P. ( 

Alahama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Missii<^ 
sippi. North Carolina, Ten- 
nessee, Texas and Virginia, 
did not vote. 



1,3T5,01'; 
1,133,'; 02 

7,059 

1,337,243 

1,299,068 
63,300 

1,360,101 

1,220,544 

291,263 

1,601,474 

1,386,578 

J 56,149 

1,838,169 

1,341 ,2C4 

874,534 

1,866,352 
845,763 
589,581 

1,375,157 

2,216,067 

1,808,725 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



49 



Party. 



Candidates. 



Vote. 



Popular. 



1868 



18T2 



187G 



1884 



Republican , 
Democratic. 



Republican 

Dem. and Liber. 



Democratic 

Temperance . . . 



Republican 
Democratic 
Greenback. 
Prohibition 

Republican 
Democratic 
Greenback. 

Democratic 
Republican 
Greenback . 
Prohibition 



jU. S. Grant for P ) 

1S. Colfax for V. P. .\ 

i Horatio Seymour for P. . I 
1 F. P. Blair, Jr., tor V. P. f 

Mississipjn, Texas and Vir- 
ginia did not vote. 

jU. S. Grant for P ( 

(H. Wilson forV. P f 

S Horace Greeley for P — I 
IB. G. Brown for V. P... j 

Vote of Georgia for Greeley, 
and of Arkansas and Louis- 
iana for Grant rejected. 

i Charles O'Connor for P. . I 
1g. W. Julian for V. P. j 

j J. Black for P / 

I A. H. Colquitt for V. P.. i 

Votes opposed to Grant scat- 
tered in Electoral College. 



iR. B. Hayes f or P { 

"i Wm. A.Wheeler for V.P 

JS. J. Tilden for P 

1 T. A. Hendricks for V.P. f 

j Peter Cooper for P 

1 C. Caryfor V. P 

j Green Clay Smith for P. 



i James A. Garfield for P 
■/C. A. Arthur for V. P.. 
J W. S. Hancock forP... 
I W. H Engrlish for V. P 
(J. B. Weaver for P.... 
■/ B. J. Chambers for V. P 

jS. G. Cleveland for P.. . 
1 T. A. Hendrick" for V. P 
1 J. G. Blaine for P... 
) J. A. Log^anfor V. P 
\ B. F. Butler for P . 



J P. St. John for P. 



3,015,071 
2,709,613 



3,597,070 
2,834,079 



29,408 
5,608 



4,033,950 

4,284,885 
81,740 
9,52: 

4,449,053 

4,442,035 

307,306 

4,838,319 

4,844.061 

208,5.53 

150,3a5 



50 THE WESTERN WORLD 



PORTRAITS ON UNITED STATES CURRENCY 
AND POSTAGE STAMPS, and on legal tender (United t?tates 
notes): $1, Washington; $2, Jetfei-son; So, Jackson; $10, Webster; 
$20. Hamilton; $50, Franklin; SlOO, Lincoln; $500, Gen. Mansfield; 
$1,000, De Witt Clinton; $5,000, Madison; $10,000, Jackson. On 
silver cei"tificates: $10, Robert Morris; $20, Commodore Decatur; 
$50, Edward Ev^erett; $100, James Monroe; $500, Charles Sumner, 
and $1,000, W. L. Marcy. On gold notes: $-0, Garfield; $50, Silas 
Wright; $100, Thomas H. Benton; $500, A. Lincoln; $1,000, Alex- 
ander Hamilton, $5,000, James Madison; $10,000, A ndrew Jackson. 
On postag'e stamps: 10 cent, Jefferson; 6 cent, Lincoln; 5 cent, 
Garfield; 4 cent, Jackson; 2 cent, Washington; 1 cent, Franklin. 



WARS OF THE UNITED STATES -COST AND 
NUMBER TROOPS: 

No. Troo%>s. Cost. 

Revolution 395,364 $ 135,205,604 

Warotl812 449,671 109,159,303 

Mexican War 101,282 101,235,000 

Civil War (Number Federal Troops) 2,859,132 6,189,929,908 



UNION SOLDIERS LOST IN CIVIL "WAR. -The fol- 
lovvuig table shows the number of soldiers who lost their lives 
in the Union armies during the rebellion, and the general causes 
of their death. The figures are official: 

Officers. Men. Aggregate. 

Killed or died of wounds 6,365 103,673 1 10,0:38 

Died of disease 2,795 221,791 224,586 

Drowned 106 4,838 4,944 

Other accidental deaths. 142 3,972 4,114 

Murdered 37 587 624 

Killed after capture 14 86 100 

Committed suicide 26 365 391 

Executed. 267 267 

Executed by enemy 4 60 64 

Died from sunstroke 5 308 313 

Other known causes 60 1,962 2,022 

Causes not stated 28 12,093 12,121 

Total 9,584 349,912 359,496 

Number of deserters, 199,105; number taken prisoner, 212,842; 
number died in prison, 28,258. 



NUMBER OF CONFEDERATES LOST.-Died of wounds 
or disease, 131,643 ; deserted, 94,362 ; killed in action, 49,482 ; taken 
prisoner (including final surrender of all armies at end of war), 
476,169 ; died in prison, 26,774, 



THE FIRST MONEY COINED by authority of the 
United States consisted of copper cents, which were issued in 
1793. In 1794 silver dollars were coined, and in 1795 gold eagles. 
In 1835 bi-anch mints were established at New Orleans, Charlotte, 
N, C., and at Dahlonega, Ga. Another was established at San 
Fi-ancisco in 1854, and another at Carson City, Nev., in 1870. 



COAL FIELDS OF THE "WORLD: 

United States 200,266 square miles. 

Europe 34,000 

Great Britain 6,195 

British America 5i,300 " 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 51 



PBODXJCTS, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS.-The value of 
products, etc., of the United States are estimated as below: 

Total value of products of industry $10,000,000,000 

Average annual coal production 78,161,744 

Average annual value exports merchandise 791,633,259 

Average annual value imports merchandise 62~,5«9,714 

Average annual value exiiorts of cotton 12,322.428 

Average annual value imports cotton ma'factures. 31,949,892 

Total impoi-ts year ending June 30. 1885 577,476,085 

" exports " " " " " 741,893,683 

Exports of gold " " " " " 8,477,892 

silvo: " " " " " 33,753,633 



AREA AMERICAN COAL FIELDS: 

Sq. miles. 

Massachusetts I Anthrioite ^rt 

Rhode Island ( Anthracite dUU 

Pennsylvania " 470 

Oregon ... " 100 

Pennsylvania Bituminous 12,656 

Marjdand " .550 

West Virginia " 15,000 

Virginia " 22.5 

North Carolina " 45 

Tennessee " 3,700 

Georgia " 170 

Alabama " 4,300 

Kentucky " 13,700 

Ohio " 7,100 

Indiana • " 6,700 

Ilhnois " 30,000 

Michigan " 13.000 

iowa I " 24,000 

Missouri " 21,000 

Nebraska " i,m) 

Kansas " 12,0.0 

Arkansas " 12,000 

Indian Territory " 10,000 

Texas " 3,000 

Oregon " 500 

Washington Territory " 750 

West of Rocky Mountains — " 5,000 

Total 200,266 

To which may be added as recent formations Tertiary 

Coals, Lignites, etc., mostly near Rocky Mountains — 200,000 



THE NUMBER OF INDIANS in the United States is 
estnnated at 360,000. 

NICKNAMES OF CITIES of the United States are as 
follows: Baltimore; "Monumental City"; Boston, "Hub of the 
Universe," or " Modern Athene "; Brooklyn, " City of Churches "; 
Buffalo, "Queen City of the Lakes"; Chicago, "Garden City"; 
Cincinnati, "Queen City"; Cleveland, "Forest City"; Detroit, 
" City of the Straits "; Indianapolis, " Railroad City "; Kansas 
City, "City of Bluffs"; Keokuk, la., "Gate City"; Louisville, 
"Falls City"; Lowell, "City of Spindles"; Milwaukee, "Cream 
Citj' "; Niishville, " City of Rocks "; New Haven, " City of Elms "; 
New Orleans, "Crescent City"; Nevv' York, "Empire City," or 
" Gotham "; Philadelphia, " City of Brotherly Love," or " Quaker 
City"; Pittsburgh, "Iron City"; Portland, Me,, "Forest City"; 
Rochester, "Flour City"; Springfield, 111., "Flower City"; St. 
Louis, "Mound City"; Washington, "City of Magnificent Dis- 
tances." 



5a 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



DISTANCES FROM NEW YORK to various cities of the 
Union and other parts of the world, with the latest corrections, 
will be found below: 



Miles. 

Adrian, Mich 775 

Akron, Ohio 6!0 

Albany, N. Y 143 

Alexandria, Va 238 

Algiers, La 1,556 

Allegheny, Pa 434 

Allentown, Pa 92 

Alton, III 1,068 

Annapolis, Md 222 

Ann Arbor, Mich 7i6 

Atchison, Kan 1,368 

Atlanta, Ga 1,018 

Auburn, N. Y 328 

Augusta, Me 407 

Augusta, Ga 887 

Aurora, 111 951 

Baltimore, Md 188 

Bangor, Me 482 

Bath, Me 382 

Baton Rouge, La 1,320 

Belfast, Me 424 

Belief ontaine, Ohio 6"8 

Binghamton, N. Y 215 

Blackstone, Mass 272 

Bloomington, 111 1,037 

Boston, Mass 236 

Bristol, R. I 215 

Bucyi-us, Ohio 632 

Buffalo,N.Y.., 4:i3 

Bui'lington, N.J 74 

Burlington, Iowa 1,122 

Burlington, Vt 280 

Cambridge, Mass 239 

Camden, N. J 91 

Canandaigua, N. Y 377 

Carson City, Nevada 2,800 

Chambersburg, Pa 246 

Charleston, S. C 874 

Charlestown, Mass 235 

Chattanooga, Tenn 982 

Chicago, III 911 

Chillicothe, Ohio . 645 

Cincinnati, Ohio 754 

Circleville, Ohio 640 

Cleveland, Ohio 581 

Columbia, S. C 744 

Columbus, Ohio 624 

Concord, N H 308 

Covington, Ky 755 

Cumberland, Md.. 364 

Davenport, Iowa 1,093 

Dayton, Ohio 804 

Denver Citj% Col 1,998 

Des Moines, Iowa 1,251 

Detroit, Mich 679 

Dover, N. H 304 

Dubuque, Iowa 1,100 

Dunkirk. N. Y 460 

Elmir^, N. Y 274 

Erie, Pa 508 

Evansville, Ind 1,026 

Fall River, Mass 180 



Miles. 

Fitchburg, Mass 218 

Fort Kearney, Neb 1,598 

Fort Wayne, Ind 763 

Fredericksburg, Va 296 

Galena, 111 1,083 

Galesburg, 111 1,076 

Galveston, Tex 1,900 

Georgetown. D. C 2:i8 

Hamilton, Ohio 766 

Harrisburg, Pa 1^2 

Hartford, Conn 112 

Hudson, N. Y 115 

Indianapolis Ind 838 

Jackson, Miss 1,498 

Jefferson City, Mo 1,210 

Kalamazoo, Mich 822 

Kansas City, Mo 1,367 

Kingstown, N. Y 88 

Lafayette, Ind 903 

Lansing, Mich 785 

Lawrence, Mass 262 

Leavenworth, Kan 1,388 

Lexington, Ky 841 

Lexington, Mo 1,354 

Little Rock, Ark 1,430 

Lockport, NY 507 

Louisville, Ky 904 

Lowell, Mass 261 

Lynchburg, Va 40 1 

Macon, Ga 1,121 

Madison, Wis 1,049 

Memphis, Tenn 1,289 

Milledgeville. Ga 1,110 

Milwaukee, Wis 996 

Mobile, Ala 1,370 

Montgomerj% Ala. 1,193 

Montpelier, Vt 454 

Nashua, N. H 275 

Nashville, Tenn 1,088 

New Albany, Ind 90T 

New Bedford. Mass 181 

New Brunswick. N.J 32 

Newburgh, N. Y 53 

New Haven, Conn 76 

New Orleans, La 1,550 

Newport, Ky 744 

Newport, R. 1 102 

Norwalk, Conn 45 

Omaha, Neb 1,455 

Oswego, N. Y 237 

Philadelphia 89 

Pittsburg, Pa 445 

Pittsfield, Mass 161 

Portland, Me 341 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y 76 

Providence. R. I 189 

Richmond, Va 343 

Rochester, NY 37t 

Sacramento, Cal 3,183 

St. Louis, Mo 1,066 

St. Paul, Minn 1,322 

Salt Lake City, Utah 2,476 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 53 



Miles. Miles. 



San Antonio, Tex 1,953 

San Francisco, Cal 3,273 

Savannah, Ga 9i3 

Sprinj^field, 111 1,033 

Spring-field, Mass 139 

Syracuse, N. Y 293 

Tone Haute, Ind 899 

Toledo, O 706 



Trenton, N.J 58 

Troy,N. Y 151 

Utica, N. Y 240 

Vickshurg, Miss 1,287 

Washinf?ton, D. C 228 

Wheeling, W. Va 511 

Wilmington, Del 118 

Woi-cester, Mass 193 



BY WATER. 

Place. Country. Miles. 

Alexandria Egypt 5,095 

Amsterdam .Holland 3,530 

Bermudas West Indies — 680 

Bombay India 11,575 

Bordeaux France 3,334 

Brussels Belg-ium 3,418 

Cape of Good Hope Africa 6,8i0 

Cape Horn South America 7.000 

( onstantinople Turkey 5,156 

Copenhagen . . Denmark 3,650 

Calcutta India 12,510 

Canton China 14,115 

Gibralter Spain 3,290 

Glasg-ow Scotland 2,934 

Halifax Nova Scotia 563 

Havana Cuba 1,275 

Lima Peru 11 ,313 

Lisbon Portugal 3,184 

London England 3,376 

Liverpool England 3,080 

Madras British India 11,864 

Naples Italy 4,327 

Pekin China 15,325 

Pernambuco Brazil 4,926 

St.John Newfoundland 786 

St. Petersburg Russia 4,437 

Sandwich Islands 7,1.59 

San Francisco California 18,843 

Shanghai China 14,510 

Stockholm Sweden 4,075 

Valparaiso Chili 4,813 

Vera Cruz Mexico 2,185 

Vienna Austria 4,095 

Yokohama Japan 7,529 



THE REVENTJE RECEIPTS for 1885 will be about SHO,- 
000,000, and will be distribued about as follows: Alabama, S35 000; 
Arizona, S2,750; Arkansas, S90,000; California, S3,300,000; Colorado; 
$200,000; Connecticut, $425,000; Dakota, $10,000: Delaware, $200,000, 
Florida, $173,000; Georgia, $375,000; Idaho, $2,500; Illinois. $25,000,- 
000; Indiana, $5,600,000; Iowa, $2,750,000; Kansas, $167,000: Ken- 
tucky, $15,000,000; Louisiana, $560,000: Maine, 50,000; Maryland, 
$3,150,000; Massachusetts, $2,400,000; Michigan, $1,500,000; Minne- 
sota, $500,000; Mississippi, $50,000; Missouri, $6,500,000: Montana, 
$125,000; Nebraska, $1,500,000; Nevada, $5,000: New Hampshire, 
$375,000; New Jersey, $3,475,000; New Mexico, $70,000; New York, 
$13,500,000; North Carolina, $1,600,000; Ohio, $13,500,000; Oregon, 
$'25,000; Pennsylvania, $7,500,000; Rhode Island, $130,000; South 
Carolina, $93,000; Tennessee, $1,250,000; Texas, $225,000; Utah, 
$4,500; Vermont, $;^,000; Virginia, $3,000,000; Washington, $7,000; 
West Virginia, $550,000; Wisconsin, $3,000,000; Wyoming, $1,500. 



54 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



DISTANCES FROM WASHINGTON to various points 
in an aii' line: 

Miles. 

Manilla, Phil. Islands 9,360 

Mecca, Arabia 6,598 

Muscat, Arabia 7,600 

Monrovia. Liberia 3,645 

Morocco. Morocco 3,305 

Mourzouk, Fezzan 5,525 

Mozambique, Moz 7,348 

Ottawa, Canada 462 

Panama, New Granada... 1,825 

Parana, A. C 4,733 

Port au Prince, Hayti — 1,425 

Paris, France 3,485 

Pekin, China 8,783 

Quebec, Canada 601 

Quito, Ecuador 2,531 

Kio Janeiro, Brazil 4,280 

Rome, Italy 4,365 

St. Petersburg, Russia. . . . 4,296 

Stockholm, Sweden 4,055 

Shanghai, China 8,600 

Singapore, Malay 11,300 

St. Johns, N.F 1,340 

San Domingo, S. D 4.300 

San Juan, Nicaragua. . .. 1,740 

San Salvador, A. C 1,650 

Santiago, Chili 4,970 

Spanish Town, Jamaica.. 1,446 

Sidney, C.B.I 975 

Sydney, Australia 8,963 

St. Paul de Loanda 5.578 

Timbuctoo, Soudan 3,395 

Tripoli, Tripoli 4,425 

Tunis, Tunis 4,240 

Toronto, Canada 343 

Venice, Italy 3,835 

"Vienna, Austria 4,115 

Valparaiso, Chih 4,934 

Vera Cruz, Mexico 1,680 

Warsaw, Poland 4,010 

Yeddo, Japan 7,630 

Zanzibar, Zanzibar 7,078 



Miles. 

Alexandria, Egypt 5,275 

Amsterdam, Holland 3,555 

Athens, Greece 5,005 

Aukland,N.Z 8,290 

Algiers, Algeria 3,425 

Berlin, Prussia 3,847 

Berne, Switzerland 3,730 

Brussels, Belgium 3,5'5 

Batavia, Ja va 11,118 

Bombay, Hindostan 8,548 

Buenos Ay res, A. C 5,013 

Bremen, Pr 3,500 

Constantinople, Turkey.. 4,880 
Copenhagen, Denmark . . 3,895 

Calcutta, Hindostan 9,348 

Canton, China 9,000 

Cairo, Egypt 5,848 

Cape Town, Cape Colony. 6,684 

Cape of Good Hope 7,380 

Caraccas, Venezuela 1,058 

Charlotte Town, P. B. I. . 820 

Dublin, Ireland 3,076 

Delhi, Hindostan 8,368 

Edinburgh, Scotland 3,275 

Frederickton, N. B 670 

Gibraltar, Spain 3,150 

Glasgow, Scotland 3,215 

Halifax, N. S 780 

Hamburg, Germany 3,570 

Havana, Cuba 1,139 

Honolulu, S. 1 4,513 

Jerusalem, Palestine 5,495 

Jamestown, St. Helena... 7,150 

Lima, Peru 3,515 

Lisbon, Portugal 3,190 

Liverpool, England 3,228 

London, England 3,315 

City of Mexico, Mex 1,867 

Montevideo, Uruguay — 5,003 

Montreal, Canada 471 

Madrid, Spain 3,485 

Moscow, Russia. 4,466 



THE MORTALITY OF CITIES in the United States is as 
follows, the number following each city indicating the number 
of deaths per year to the 1,000 of population: New York, 26; Phila- 
delphia, 20; Chicago, 22; St. Louis, 20; Baltimore. 23; Cincinnati, 
20; Louisville, 21; San Francisco, 19; Atlanta, 19; Washington, 22; 
Pittsburgh, 22; New Orleans, 23; Brooklyn, 23; Boston, 22; 
Savannah, 29; Charleston, 28; New Haven, 18; Salt Lake City, 20; 
Providence, 20; Memphis, 28; Jacksonville, 26; Richmond, 25; 
Cleveland, 21; Newark, 21; Milwaukee, 21; Mobile, 23; Nashville^ 
22; St. Paul, 25; Minneapolis, 25. 



EXPENDITURES IN THE UNITED STATES are 

approximately as follows: For liquoi-, S930,000,000; for bread, 
$525,000,000; for meat, $312,000,000; for iron and other metals, 
$365,000,000; for woolen goods, $224,000,000; for cotton goods, 
$198,000,000; for lumber, $2:35,000,000; for boots and shoes, $197,000,- 
000; for sugar and molasses, $55,000,000; for educational purposes* 
$96,000,000. 



(iUlDJfi AJNJJ MAJNJJ-iiUOIi.. 



THE ORIGIN OF THE DOLLAR dates from July 6, 1735, 
prior to which the Eng'lieh pound was used in the colonies. The 
weight was fixed in August of the following- 3-ear, and was based 
on that of the old Spanish dollar. The first dollar ever issued 
by any government was coined at Joachimsthall, in Bohemia. 



IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1820-1884. 

Previous to 1820 no record of immigrants was kept, but the 
whole number landed from the close of the Revolution to that 
date, is put at about 270,000. 



Year. 


Immi- 


Year. 


Immi- 


Year. 


Immi- 


Year. 


Immi- 




grants. 




grants. 




grants. 




grants. 


1820 .. . 


8,385 


1837... 


... 79,340 


1854... 


...437,833 


1871... 


...321,350 


1831 . . 


.. . 9,137 


183S .. 
1839... 


... 38,914 
. . 68,069 


1855. 


200 877 


1873... 
1873. . . 


..404 806 


1823... 


.... H,911 


1856. . . 


...195.857 


....4.59,803 


1823... 


.... 6,354 


1840... 


... 84,066 


1857... 


...246,945 


1874. . 


....313,3^9 


1824... 


.... 7,912 


1841. . 


... 80,289 


1858... 


...119,501 


1875. . 


... 227,408 


1825... 


....10,199 


1843. . 


...104,565 


1859... 


...118,615 


1876... 


...169,986 


1826... 


....10,837 


1843... 


... 52,496 


1860. . 


.. 150,337 


1877. . 


....141,857 


1827... 


....18,875 


1844. . . 


... 78,615 


1861... 


... 89,734 


1878... 


....138,469 


1828... 


....27,382 


1845. . 


...114,371 


l.><63... 


.. 89,007 


1879. . . 


...177,836 


1829 . . 


....23,520 


1846. . . 


...154,416 


1863. . . 


...174,534 


1880... 


...457,257 


1830... 


....23,333 


1847. . . 


...234,968 


1864.... 


. . . 193,195 


1881... 


...669,431 


1831... 


....23,633 


1848. . . 


...226,527 


1865... 


...347,453 


1882. . . 


...788,993 


1833... 


....60,482 


1849. . . 


...297,034 


1866... 


...167,757 


1883. . 


...603,333 


1833... 


....58,640 


1850. . . 


...369,980 


1867. .. 


..298,967 


1884. . . 


...518,593 


1834... 


....&5,365 


1851... 


. . .379,466 


1868... 


...383,189 






1835... 


....45,374 


1853. . . 


...371,603 


1869. . . 


...353,768 


Total . 


.13,719,095 


1836... 


....76,242 


1853... 


...368,645 


1870. . . . 


...387,303 







NATIONALITY OF IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED 
STATES.— Up to 1884 the countries named each contributed im- 
migrants as follows: 



England 

Ireland 

Scotland 

Wales 

Great Britain, not speci- 
fied 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Denmark 

France 

Germany £ 

China 



946,872 Greece 712 

216,876 Italy 79,673 

168,113 Netherland 48,428 

21,643 Poland 19,218 

Portugal 11,104 

564,914 Russia 41,213 

73,493 Spain 29,694 

25,671 Sweden and Norway... 698,114 

51,605 Switzerland 89,807 

344,716 Turkey 1,108 

,509,128 

274,381 Total 8,915,503 



NATURAL WONDERS OF THE UNITED STATES.- 

Yosemite Valley, California, 57 miles from Coulterville. A valley 
from 8 to ten miles long, and about one mile wide. Has vei-y 
steep slopes about 3,500 ft. high; has a perpendicular precipice 
3,089 ft. high; a rock almost perpendicular, 3.270 ft. high; and 
waterfalls from 700 to 1,000. Niamf't^ Falls— A sheet of water 
three-quarters of a mile wide, with a fall of 175 ft. Natural 
Bridge over Cedar Creek in Virginia; Mammoth Cave in Ken- 
tucky; Yelloicstone National Park in Montana; Peaks of Otter in 
Virginia; Grand Menans Land in Maine; Mount Desert in Maine; 
the Palisades of the Hudnon river; Great Salt Lake in Utah; Hot 
Springs in Arkansas; the Royal Gorge, the Mount of the Holy 
Cross, the Garden of the Gods in Colorado. 



00 



TMJi W lij» i JiiiViN W U±tljJJ 



CHURCH MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED STATES. 

(Official.) 





i 


i 


£ 


Denomina- 


i 


<s 


tions. 


3 


s 

£3 


a 




o 


i§ 


S 


Advent. 2d.. 


800 


600 


70 000 


Adv 7th Day 


640 


114 


15,570 


Baptist 


36,060 


16,596 


2,296,327 


Bap.Anti-M. 
" Freewill. 


900 


400 


40,000 


l,m 


1,213 


78,012 


" 7th Day.. 


94 


110 


8,539 


" SixPrin. 


20 


12 


2,000 


Christian . . . 


5,100 


3,782 


591,821 


Congreg'n'l. 


y,804 


3,713 


381,697 


Dunkards 








Brethren . 


250 


200 


100,000 


Epis. Prot.. 


3,000 


3,432 


338,383 


Epis. Ref... 




100 


9,448 


Evang. Ass. 


1,576 


1,545 


117,027 


Friends 


892 


200 


60,0(10 


Jews 


260 


202 


13,633 


Lutheran . . . 


5,5^3 


3,132 


950,868 


Mennonite. . 


300 


350 


50,000 


Method. Ep. 


17,935 


24,658 


1,724,420 


Method. Ep. 








(South) . . . 


4,942 


11,703 


860,687 


Method. Ep. 








African . . . 


381 


1,738 


387,566 


Method. Ep. 








Afr. Zion. 


629 


1,800 


300,000 


Method. Ep. 








Colored... 


388 


638 


112,938 



Denomina- 
tions. 



Meth. Free... 

Meth. Cong... 

Meth. Prim. . . 

Meth. Prot... 

Meth. Welsh 
Calvinistic. . 

Meth. Wesley. 

Moravian 

Mormon 

New Jerus'lm 
(Swed'brgn) 

Presbyterian . 

Presb. (South) 
Cum'bl'd 

Presb. Ref .... 

Presb. United 

Ref 'd. Church 
(Dutch) 

Ref. Church.. 

Rom. Catholic 

Shaker 

Unitar'n Con- 
gregational. 

United Breth. 
in Christ 

Universalist .. 

WinebrenVs. 



s 


s 














3 


a 


o 


S 


107 


260 


^00 


225 


14 


52 


573 


1,385 


1,134 


600 


148 


401) 


84 


94 


654 


3,906 


98 


89 


5,858 


5,218 


2,010 


1,081 


2,457 


1,386 


167 


148 


826 


719 


509 


545 


1,405 


748 


6,241 ; 6,5461 


18 


68 


335 


394 


4,524 


2,196 


9n6 


729 


400 


350 



12,318 

13,750 

3,369 

135,000 

118,979 

17,087 

9,491 

110,377 

3,994 

600,695 

123,806 

111,863 

17,273 

84,573 

80,167 

155,857 

s901,324 

2,400 

17,960 

157,835 
27,429 
30,000 



THE GREAT CANALS OP THE "WORLD.-The Im- 
perial Canal of China is over 1,000 miles long. In the year of 1861 
was completed the greatest undertaking of the kind on the Euro- 
pean continent, the Canal of Langedoc, or the Canal du Midi, to 
connect the Atlantic with the Mediterranean; its length is 148 
miles, it has more than 100 locks and about 50 aqueducts, and its 
highest part is no less than 600 feet above the sea; it is navigable 
for vessels of upward of 600 tons. The largest ship canal in 
Europe is the great North Holland Canal, completed in 1825—125 
feet wide at the water surface, 31 feet wide at the bottom, and 
has a depth of 20 feet ; it extends from Amsterdam to the Helder, 
51 miles. The Caledonia Canal, in Scotland, has a total length of 
60 miles, including three lakes. The Suez Canal is 88 miles long, 
of which 66 miles are actual canal. The Eine Canal is SiOJ^ miles 
long; the Ohio Canal, Cleveland to Portsmouth, 332; the Miami 
and Erie, Cincinnati to Toledo, 291, the Wabash and Erie (aban- 
doned) Evans\'ille to the Ohio line, 374. 



HEIGHT OF GREAT MOUNTAIN PEAKS.— Pike's 

Peak, N. A., 14,000 ft,; Mt. Cervin, Europe, 14,835 ft.; Mt. Iztacci- 
huatl, N. A., 15,705 ft.; Mt Kasbok, Europe, 16,500 ft. Mt. St. 
Elias, N. A., 17,850 ft.; Mt. Chimborazo, S. A., 21,422 ft.; Mt. 
Chumulari, Asia, 23,946 ft.; Mt. Kiiitchinjunga, Asia, 28,178 ft.; 
Mt. Everest, Asia, 29,002 ft.; Mt. Dhawalagheri, Asia, 28,826 ft.; 
Mt. Aconcagua, S. A., 22,422 ft.; Mt. Elbruz, Europe, 18,514 ft.; 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



57 



Popocatapetl Vol., N A.. 17,540 ft.; Mt. Blanc, Europe, 15,732 ft.: 
Mt. Rosa, Europe, 15,150 ft.; Mt. Fairweather N. A., 24,500 ft.; 
Mt. LeGeant, Europe, J3,800 ft. 




WINTER IN THE SOUTH. 

• ™^, FIRST IRON FURNACE in America was at Fall- 
ing Ci-eek, a tew miles below Richmond, Va., but on the opposite 
side ot the James. The worlds were begun in 1619, but in 1622 were 
destroyed in an Indian msissacre. Thej- were never renewed, and 
tne next attempt to manufacture iron was made by Gov. 
bpotts wood, near the present site of Fredericksburg, about 1726. 
To this the plantntion of George Washington's father, Augustine, 
contributed much ore. 



OO THE WESTERN WORLD 

THE 

]^ATIO]^S OF THE AYOELD, 

Their Areas, Populations, Characteristics, Governments and Rulers. 

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC— Area, 1,619,500 sq. miles; pop., 
al;)«>ut 3,000.000; abounds in fertile plains, called pampas, with rich 
alluvial soil four or five feet thick, formed bj' decay of vegeta- 
tion; consists of 1-4 provinces; Buenos Ayres is the most im- 
portant, pop. 500,000; capital city, Buenos Ayres, 200,000 pop.; 
country sparsely populated. Population of Buenos Aj'res largely 
European, and immigration has increased enormously of late 
years. Eminently a pastoral country, with about 18,000,000 cattle, 
140,000,000 sheep; exports largely wool, hides and tallow. Twelve 
lines of steamers run to Europe, the passage occupying 29 days; 
miles of railway, 1,800; telegraph, 8,000; Atlantic cable com- 
municates Avith London. Revenue, 1883, 831,236,749, derived from 
import and export duties; expenditure, §32,694,490; national debt, 
$1^,672,500. The government is a federal republic, modeled on 
the constitution of the United States, except that the rainistrj^ is 
responsible to Congress. The laws are the same for all, native or 
foreign; immigrants may naturalize or maintain their foreign 
nationality. National Congress consists of a Senate and House of 
Deputies; the executive power is entirely in the hands of the 
pi-esident, who is held responsible for the acts of that department. 
The president. Gen. Julio. A. Roca, was elected J880 for seven 
years, with a salar3^ of S20,000. 



AUSTRIA.— Empire, called since 1867 Austro-Hungary;area, 
240,000 sq. miles; pop., 1880, 37,741.413: comprises five countries, 
each bearing the name of kingdom ; largest citj^ and capital, 
Vienna, pop., 1880, 720,105. Population embraces several distinct 
races, the most numerous being the German, numbering 9,000,000; 
Slavic races, 16,500,000— Poles, Croats, Servians, Czechs, Moravians, 
etc.; Magyars, or Hungarians, 5,500,000; Wallachians, 3,000,000; 
Jews, 1,100,000; Italians, 515,000; Gypsies, 140,^00. Two-thirds of 
people Roman Catholics. Education compulsory on all children 
from 6 to 12; there are 92 gymnasia, or higher schools, and 6 
universities, Avhile Hungary has 142 gymnasia and one university. 
Agriculture chief pursuit; about 30,1 engaged in trade or manu- 
factures. The productive land of Austria is estimated at 89jc of 
its ai*ea; Hungary, 84/t. The great crop is grain, annual yield of over 
400,000,000 bushels. Principal sea-port, Tiieste, on the Adriatic. 
Total imports, 1882, 3:336,000,000; exports, $376,000,000. The legisla- 
tive body, or Reichsrath, consists of a House of Lords nominated 
by the emperor, consistmg partly of life members and partlj' of 
hereditary nobles; and a House of Representatives, 353 members, 
elected hy all citizens who possess a small property qualification. 
Hungary has a Reichstag, consisting of a House of Magnates for 
high officers and peers of the kingdom, and a House of Repre- 
sentatives elected for three years. The sovereign (the Austro- 
Hungarian emperor) is styled king in Hungary. Austria pays 70.'? 
and Hungary 30/^^ toward the expenses of the empire. The budget 
of 1883 summed up: receipts, $380,000,000; expenditures about the 
same; public debt of empire, $1,097,978,118. The army, on a 



GUIDE AND HANDBOOK. 59 



peace footing-, consisted in J883 of 284,071 men and 16,635 officers; 
military service compulsory for ten years. The navy in 18S3 con- 
sisted o"f C8 vessels (11 ironclads, 30 steam vessels), with 320 guns. 
The empei-or is Franz Joseph I; born 1830; crowned December 
2, 1848. 



BELGIUM.— Kingdom ; ai'ea, 11,378 sq. miles; pop., 1880, 
5,519,844; capital, Brussels, 164,598. Most of the people Roman 
Catholics; 10,000 Protestants and 3,0(J0 Jews. Revenue, 1884, 
S63,227,8ai; expenditures, 865,374,150; public debt, 1884, §3:37,371,090. 
Imports, 1882, |326,179,280; exports, §260,054,000. Army, peace 
fooling, 4(),383. Railways in operation, I8e3, 2,634 miles, two- 
thirds owned and managed by the government; miles of tele- 
graph, 1882, 3,213. The great interests are agriculture and manu- 
facturing. Belgium a great workshop. Education promoted by 
government. King Leopold II, born 1835, called to throne De- 
cember 10, 1865. 



BOLIVIA.— Republic; named in honor of Bolivar; area, 536,200 
sq. miles; pop. estimated 2,400,0^0, including Indians; divided into 9 
departments, each having a distnict governor. The goverment is 

fiopular in form, three legislative chambers being elected for 
our years, eight years and for life. The president is elected for 
life by a majority of the collective legislature. President, 
Nicolas Campero, inaugurated June 30, 1880. The administra- 
tion belongs wholly to the ministry, which is responsible to the 
Senate. Religion is free, the Roman Catholic being the prevailing 
form. Public debt, 1881, §21,925,000; revenue, §2,527,515, 1883; one- 
fifth was derived fj-om customs, one-fifth from Indian tribute 
and one-tenth from the sale of guano; expenditure, §3,o0<».528. 
Imports, 1881, §6,150,000; exports, §9,381,973. Bolivia abounds in 
high plateaus suited to wheat, has much valuable timber; low- 
lands clothed with tropical forests and swampy; climate varied; 
coffee, cotton, sugar-cane, garden vegetables and fruits, staples. 
Western Bolivia contains the highest mountains of the two 
.Americas, with frequent volcanoes. The Cordillera culminate in 
the peak of Sorata, 24,800 feet high. The silver mines of Potosi, 
famous for I'ichness, have j-ieldedover §1,600,000,000 since 1.545. 
Roads bad; railroads almost unknown, great natural difficulties 
in the way of their construction. 



BRAZIL.— Empire; area, 3,287,964 sq. miles; pop. estimated at 
12,500,l00; largest of the Sovith American countries; dit^covered by 
Spaniards in 1500; a Portuguese possession, passed under Spanish 
rule, but reverting to Portugal in 1640. The legislative power is 
vested in a Senate of 58 members elected for life and a Chamber 
of Deputies, 122 members, chosen for four years bj^ direct suf- 
frage. The executive power is vested in the emperor (now Don 
Pedro II, Alcantara, born 1825, called to throne 1831) and his 
ministers and secretaries of state. Divided into twenty provinces, 
comprising 642 municipalities, each having a council chosen 
directlv by citizens. Public debt about §431 ,.584,400, of which 
S85,000,"000 is ])aper money; revenue, J884, §66.524,700, more than 
one-half custom duties, and one-sixth from export duties; the 
expenditure in 1884 was §75,727,168. The army consists of 11,;333 
men, raised to 32,000 on a war footing; the naval force embraces 
35 steam vessels, with 123 guns and 5,704 seamen. Free public 
schools suiiported by state exist; in some provinces instruction 
compulsory. Roman Catholic religion established; other forms 
tolerated if practised privately; dissenters enjoy civil rights. 
There are 23 lines of steam vessels, besides the North American 
Line, between Brazil and New York. The imports, 1884. §90,354,- 
860; exports, chiefly coffee, hides and sugar, §108,354,900. By a 
decree of 1867 the Amazon opened to tiie trading ships of all 
nations. In 1874 submarine telegraph cable was completed from 



60 THE WSSTEKIN WORLD 



Europe. Roads bad ; railways rapidly extending by state and 
private enterpi-ise; miles of railway, over 2,000. 



CANADA, DOMINION OF. —Confederate g-overnment, em- 
bracing Hritish North American Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, 
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British Columbia, North- 
west Territory, Vancouver's Island, and Prince Edward Island. 
Has a representative Parliament, meeting annually at Ottawa, 
the capital ; senators, 77 in number, nominated for life, by sum- 
mons of Governor-General ; House of Commons, 206 members, 
elected by the people for five years ; right of suffrage subject 
to property qualification. The Governor-General, appointed, 
1883, is the Marquis of l.ansdowne. salary, $50,0C0. Debt, 1883, 
$202,159,104. Revenue, 18S3, S35,7v4,f350, derived from customs, ex- 
cise, public works, includmg railways and canals and postoflQce. 
Expenditure, 1883, $28,730,157. Population, 1881, 4,352,080. In- 
dian population, 99,650. Miles railway, 1885, 9,066; miles under 
construction, 2, "499. 



CHILI.— Republic; area, 124,084 square miles; population esti- 
mated 2,5'j0,0u0, including about 50,000 Indians; a mountainous 
country subject to earthquakes ; has almost every variety of 
climate, its long, narrow territory extending from the hot deserts 
near the equator to the cold and wet region within twelve degrees 
of the Antarctic Circle. One-quarter of the country is near the 
level of the sea, while the great Andes range of mountains rise to 
a mean elevation of ll,8:i0 feet, the highest peak (Aconcagua) 
being 22,427 feet ; originally a Spanish settlement : became in- 
dependent in 1810-'17. Legislative power is in a National Con- 
gress composed of 37 members, elected for six years, and a 
Chamber of Deputies. 109 members, for three years. Suffrage 
universal to citizens able to read and write and paying a small 
annual tax. The executive power resides in a President, elected 
for fiv^e years, a council of state and five cabinet ministers, hav- 
ing salaries of $6,000 each. President Domingo Santa Maria, 
elected 1881, salary $18,000. Debt in 1884, $87,644,520. Revenue, 
1884, $44,160,120, one halt' from customs and monopolies. Ex- 
penditure, $16,536,550. Exports, $11,374,126, 1882. Imports, $.53,- 
502,214. Agriculture flourishes. About 80^ of entire surface 
desert, pasture or forests, with only 20^ arable land. Wheat the 
most important product, crop averages over 10,000,000 bu. Rich 
in gold, silver and copper. Army, 1883, 13,926 men. Navy, 22 steam 
ves.sels, manned by 2,225 men. Education largely aided by gov- 
ernment, which supports 810 schools through the country, besides 
lyceums and the University of Chili, with 700 students, 37 profes- 
sors, and free instruction. Roman Catholic religion recognized 
by constitution, but public profession of other forms tolerated. 



CHINA.— Empire; area, 4,560,107 sq. miles; pop. 375,000,000 (esti- 
mated) ; has of late years opened diplomatic and commei'cial in- 
tercourse with other nations. It includes Tibet, Mongolia and 
Manchuria, besides China proper; the country abounds in nu- 
merous rivers, forming the chief highways of the empire. The 
government despotic. Emperor absolute; present Emperor 
Kwang Su, born 1871, called to throne 1875. Civilization the 
most ancient in the world ; comparatively unknown to Europe 
and America; the exclusiveness slowly giving way. The em- 
pire now sends ministers to the United States, England, France, 
Germany, Russia, Spain, the West Indies and Japan. Foui-teen 
of its numerous ports open to foreign trade. Imports, 1882, 
$116,572,842; exports, $101,005,269. Silk and tea make up three- 
fourths of the exports, while opium and cotton goods constitute 
two-thirds of the imports. Revenues estimated at $121,5(10,000. 
Public debt unknown. One foreign loan of $9,750,000 at 8^, re- 



GUIDE AND HAND- BOOK. 61 



cently contracted, and guaranteed by the customs receipts. 
Army, 270,000 men, organized after the European custom. On 
paper 800,000 Chinese and 271,000 Manchoos. The navy embraces 
56 vessels. Miles of raili'oad, 6, 



COLOMBIA (the United States of ).— Republic; includes a 
large part of New Granada ; area 320,035 sq . miles ; pop. 3,300,000 
whites : 10,000 Indians. Present political organization dates from 
1863. Largest city, Bogota (capital), pop. 50,000. Panama 20,000 pop. 
Legislative power vested in a senate of 27 members, and a rep- 
resentative chamber of 61, elected by general sutTrage. The 
executive power is exercised by a president chosen for two years 
by the people of the different states, and by four ministers. 
President, E. Nunez, elected, 1884. Revenue, 1883, S6,244,000, two- 
thirds from customs. Expenditure, $6,744,000, 1883. Debt, $21.- 
589,527, 1883. Imports, 1883, $16,032,500. Exports, $5,625,000. Cof- 
fee, cotton, tobacco and cinchona bark chief exports. Agricult- 
ure the leading industry. Two railways in operation. Panama 
line across the Isthmus, 46 miles, belong the principal one. Tele- 
graphs, 1,820 miles. No navy. Army 3,000 men. Education 
recently much improved, in hands of the state which requires 
compulsory instruction; general public subsidizes the states 
to maintain schools. Religious freedom prevails. No state 
church. Predominant religion Roman Catholic. 



COSTA RICA.— Republic; area,21,495 sq.miles; pop. (estimated 
215,000, mostly Spanish descent. Contains six provinces. Gov- 
ernment V'Csted in a President elected for 4 years, two vice-presi- 
dents and four ministers. President, Prospero Fernandez, elected 
1882. The legislative power is in a congress of deputies chosen 
for 4 years. Revenue, 1883, $1,607,425, one-third from monopoly 
of tobacco and brand v by the government, the rest from customs 
and various taxes. Expenditure, $2,504,130. Debt, $16,950,000. 
Exports, 1880, $4,134,920, coffee alone, $3,728,000. Imports, 
$3,140,961, chiefly manufactures. Standing army, 900. Militia, 
16,370 men, all between age of 15 and 30. iState religion Roman 
Catholic. Religious liberty guaranteed by the constitution. Soil 
extremely fertile. Vast forests of mahogany, ebony. Brazil- 
wood, and India-rubber trees. Climate fostei-s almost all fruits 
of the tropic and temperate zones, about 1,100 square miles un- 
der cultivation. Railways, 105 miles ; telegraphs, 451 miles. 



CUBA.— A colony of Spain, area, 72,000 sq. miles; population 
estimated, 1,750,000, half blacks and enfranchised slaves. Island 
governed by a Captain-General, appointed by the Spanish crown. 
Staple is sugar, of which 450,000 to 600,000 tons are annually ex- 
ported, two-thirds to the United States, besides 4,000,000 to 5,000,- 
000 gallons of molasses. 



DENMARK.— Area, 14,-5.53 sq. miles; population, 1880,2,096,400. 
Constitutional kingdom. Climate is like that of Scotland. Mean 
annual temperature 47 deg. at Copenhagen. Constitution vests 
the legislative power in the Rigsdag, consisting of a Folkething, 
102 mermbers, and a Landsthing, 66 members. Folkething elected 
for three years bv universal suffrage, Landsthing for eight years 
by electoral districts, except 12 members nominated for lile by 
the King. King, Christian IX, born 1818. Called to throne, 1863. 
Seven ministers. Receipts, $13,674,025; $8,300,000 from indirect and 
$2,300,000 from direct taxes. Expenditure, $14,808,805; debt, 1883, 
$64,786,910. Army (recruited by conscription), a5,727 men; reserve, 
15,258. Navy, 1882, included 33 steam vessels, 230 guns and 29 sail 
vessels. Imports, 1881. $64,744,310; exports, $51,576,810, chiefly 
grain and provisions. There are l,10j miles of railway, two- 
thirds operated by the state. Government telej^raph. 2,283 miles. 



63 THE WESTERN WORLD 



Established church Lutheran, Protestant; Roman Catholics 
tolerated in Scandinavia. Lutherans, 1883, 1,777,000: Jews, 4,o0li; 
Baptists, 3,200; Mormons, 2,200; Koman Catholics, 1,800. Education 
compulsory. 



ECUADOR.— Republic, traversed by the equator, from which 
it takes its name; area, 248,312 sq. miles; population, 1,500,000, in- 
cluding Indians; capital, Quito, population, 80,000; Guaj'aquil, prin- 
cipal seaport, 26,0u0. Quito is the loftiest inhabited city, 9,500 
feet above the sea. Country traversed by the two vast mountain 
ranges of the Cordilleras, reaching to a height of 18,000 feet; 
many volcanoes and mountains divided by magnificent valleys. 
Cotopaxi and Chimborazo famous peaks. Government vested'in 
a President, chosen by 900 electors appointed by popular vote. 
President, J. M. P. Caamayno, elected, 1883; Vice-President, 
who is Minister of the Interior, and three other cabinet otficers. 
The Congress consists of a Senate of sixteen, and a House of 
thirty members, chosen by popular sutfrage. Army 1,200 men. 
Navy three small steamers. Revenues, 1883 (half from customs), 
S3,0o0,000 ; expenditures, $3,688,000. Debt, 1883, $16,125,000. Roads 
almost unknown, mostly mere mUle tracks. All transportation 
is on the backs of mules or by hand. Miles of railway, 75. Prin- 
cipal export, cacao, $4,539,641, out of a total of $7,193,645; im- 
ports, $6,000,000. Religion, Roman Catholic. Education is "in the 
nands of the clergy, with about 600 schools, one university and 
several colleges. 



EGYPT.— Dependency of Turkey; area, 1,152,948 sq. miles; 
population 18,000,000 (estimated), including JNubia and Soudan. 
Imports, 1881, $35,554,340; exports, $68,423,150. Executive power 
absolute, in hands of the Khedive, a prince tributary to the 
Sultan. Largest city Cairo, 349,883 inhabitants. Revenue, 1881 
(estimated), $52,621,350; expenditures, $51,930,400. Debt, $508,625,- 
840. Army, 15,000 men; navy, 14 vessels. Railways in 1882, 943 
miles; telegraphs, 5,260 males. 



FRANCE.— 204,030 sq. miles; population 1881, 37,682,048. Leg- 
islative power vested in a Corps LegisJatif, consisting of a Senate 
of 300 membei-s, 225 of whom are chosen for 9 years by the de- 
partments and the colonies, and 75 for life by the National Assem- 
bly; and a Chamber of Deputies, now 532 members, elected by 
universal sutfrage, one deputy to each 100,000 inhabitants. Sal- 
ary of Senators and Deputies, $1,800. Every Frenchman of 21 
years has the right to vote, and there were in 1876, 9,948,070 legal 
votei'S, Executive power is vested in a President, elected for 
seven years by a joint assembly of the Senate and the Chamber 
of Deputies; salary, $120,000 and $32,480 for household expenses; 
has power to dissolve Chamber of Deputies upon the advice of 
the Senate. President, F. P. Jules Grevy, elected 1879. The min- 
istry consists of nine members, responsible to the Chambers for 
conduct of the government. President responsible only in case 
of high treason. France is divided into 87 departments, subdi- 
vided into 362 " arrondisements," 2,865 "cantons," and about 36,- 
000 " communes." The President appoints a prefect for each de- 
partment, who is head of the police, issues local decrees, superin- 
tends tax collection and represents the government as general 
agent, assisted by a council elected by the people. Funded debt, 
$4,750,337,109; floating debt, $65,000,000. Revenue, 1883, «713,718,.598; 
expenditure, $712,542,421. Imports, 1883, $1,028,496 400; exports, 
$752,21.5,000. Miles of railway Jan. 1, 1883, 18,023. Revenues de- 
rived chiefly from excise and stamp taxes. Army, 503,000 men in 
peace and 19,057 officers, costs about $115,000,000 per annum. 
Every Frenchman of 20 years owes five years active service with 
slight exemptions. Navy, 302 vessels, 1,758 officers, and about 
60,000 marines. Roman Catholic Church most powerful. Pro- 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 63 



vision is made for public instruction, every commune having to 
muiutuia primary schools. Education neither gratuitous nor 
compulsory. Half the people engaged. in agriculture, and the 
multitude of small landed proprietors is great; l),UtX),000 land 
owners; value of land under tillage varies from $105 to ^'623 per 
acre. 



GERMANY.— Empire area ; 208,624 square miles ; pop., 1880, 
45,194.172. It is a union of 25 sovereign states, consisting of 4 
kingdoms, grand duchies, 5 duchies. 7 principalities, and 3 free 
towns. Alsace-Lorraine, ceded by France, 1870-71, forms a 26th 
member, but is governed bj' imperial authority. Germany is a 
constitutional monarch}', the Emperor (Wilhelm I, born 1799; 
crowned 1871) exercising imperial power in the name of the 25 
confederate states. The Bundesrath, or federal council, has 59 
members appointed for each session by the government of the 
several states. The Reichstag, or House of Kepresentatives, has 
397 members, elected for 3 years by universal sutfrage— every 
German of 21 years being an elector. The sessions of the legisla- 
ture are annual, and every law must receive a majority of the 
whole number of members of both houses, and the sanction of 
.e Emperor. Revenue, 1884, §147,704,835; half from customs, 
one-third excise on sugai', salt, tobacco, spirits and malt, and re- 
mainder from various sources. Expenditure, §147,695,846 ; §90,- 
600.000 for army. Debt, §99,000,000 funded, §38,000,000 floating. 
Army on peace footing, 445,462 men. Military service compulsory 
upon every German capable of bearing arms. Navy 86 vessels, 965 
officers and 15,000 men. Education compulsorj' ; number schools, 
60,000. There are 360 gymnasia for preparatory training for tbe uni- 
versities; of the latter there are 21, with 1,913 professors. Popula- 
tion embraces about 27,000,000 Protestants, 15,000,000 Roman Catho- 
lics, and 500,000 Jews. Imports, 1883, §822,719,125; exports, §833,874,- 
365; miles railroad, 21,693 ; ll.OOOmiles worked by the government. 
Miles of telegraph lines, 41,411. Postal and telegraphic depart- 
ments managed by the government. 



GREAT BRITAIN.— Kingdom, embraces England, "Wales, 
Scotland, Ireland and the Channel Islands, area 121,571 sq. miles: 
pop., 1881, 35,:i-t6.633 ; has also immense landed possessions in all 
pai'ts of the globe ; its colonies in Asia, chiefly British India, em- 
brace over 250,000,1(00 inhabitants, in America over 5,000,000, and 
in Australia 2,700,000. Legislative power is in Parliament, which 
holds for 7 years unless sooner dissolved by royal proclamation. 
The House of Lords (537 members in 1880) consists of 5 peers of 
the Queen's familj*. 2 archbishops and 24 bishops, 201 dukes, mar- 
quises, earls and viscounts, 261 barons, 16 Scottish and 28 Irish 
representative peers ; all of these but the last named hold for 
life. The House of Commons consists of 658 members elected by 
limited suffrage, of whom 40 constitute a quorum to do business; 
members of Parliament receive no salary. Executive govern- 
ment nominallj' in the Crown, is practically in the Cabinet, con- 
sisting of 13 members, whose tenure of office is dependent upon 
their measures commanding a majority in the House of Com- 
mons. At the head of the Cabinet is the First Lord of the Treas- 
ury, known as the Premier or Pi-ime Minister ; he dispenses the 
patronage of the Crown, his colleagues being appointed at his 
recommendation. Revenue, 1884, §436,025,920; expenditure. 
§434.997,820, of which §157,000,000 was for the army and navy, 
Publ-icdebt, 1884, §3,732.110,820. Imports, 1884, §2,134,457,895; ex- 
ports, §1,527.185,350. Army, 1883, 181,971 men, 7,199 officers, 136,778 
militia and 102,810 volunteers. Navj', 246 vessels. Miles railroad, 
1883, 18,457; telegraph, 37,103 miles, owned and operated by the 
government. Expenditure for elementary schools, §20,000,000 in 
1883. England abounds in iron, tin and coal mines, the product of 
pig irou amounting to about §80,000,000 per annum, and of coal 



64 THE WESTERN WORLD 



about $230,000,000. Textile industries are of enormous extent, 
emplojang- nearly 1,000,000 hands ; the metal manufacturers come 
next, employing 650,000 hands. Agriculture excellent. The land 
held by a small number of proprietors. Established church 
Episcopal, in Scotland, Presbyterian. In Ireland no church is 
now established by law. A free-trade country. Queen, Victoria 
I, born 1819 ; crowned, 1837. 



GREECE.— Kingdom; area, 20,018 sq. miles; pop. 1879, 1 979,423. 
Governed by George I, born 1815, elected king 1863. Legislative 
power vested in a Parliament of a single chamber of 187 deputies, 
elected for4 years by universal suffrage. Revenue, 1884, $16,340,- 
000, a third from customs. Expenditure S14,967,f00. Debt S90,- 
496,660,1884. Imports, 1881, S19,586,270; exports §12,091,160, prin- 
cipally raisins, currants and olive oil. Army 29 368 men, capable 
of increase to 200,000 in war. Navy has 11 steamers and 10 
sailing vessels. Commercial marine 5,001 vessels. Greece has 
only 73^ miles of railway, from Athens to the "°^-aeus, and 2,916 
miles of telegraph. Post-olfices, 415. 



GUATEMALA.-Republic ; area, 44,800 sq. miles ; pop., 1872, 
1,197,054, of which 360,608 were whites and 830,146 Indians ; rev- 
enue in 1883, $6,725,000, one-third imports ; expenditures. $6,625,- 
000 ; debt, $8,203,060 ; imports, 1884, $2,63n,i00 ; exports, $3,716,240, 
1884, principally coffee. Miles of railway, 105 ; and ones is com- 
menced traversing the republic from the Caribbean Sea to the 
Pacific. Miles of telegraph, 1,100, operated by the government. 
Public instruction is cared for by the government; array 2,180 
men ; no navy. Capital, Gautemala, 59,000 inhabitants, finest city 
in Central America. Executive power vested in a president and 
cabinet of 4 ministers. Legislative power is in a National 
Assembly. 

GtriANA.— Climate hot. Principal products, sugar, rum and 
molasses and fine woods. BritishGuiana~86,00Osq. miles, with 248,110 
inhabitants in 1879— is divided into Essequibo. Demerara,and ller- 
bicc ; has a governor appointed by the British Crown ; capital, 
Georgetown; pop. 36,562. Imports, 1879, $10,325,225; exports, 
$13,577,675. French Guiana, area 48,000 sq. miles; pop., 1877, 36,';fK^; 
capital, Cayenne, on the island of the same name,which is a French 
penal settlement. Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, lies between Brit- 
ish and French ; area 45,000 sq. miles ; pop. 68,255, four-fifths of 
whom are negroes ; capital, Paramaribo. 



HAYTI.— republic; area estimated 8,000 sq. miles; pop. 550,000, 
nine-tenths negroes, the rest chiefly mulattoes. Language 
French. State religion Catholic. Legislative power is in an 
assembly and a president, chosen for four years. President, Gen. 
Salomon. Revenue, 1882, $5,875,000, three-fourths from duties on 
imports and exports. Expenditure, $5,689,000; debt, $14,000,000. 
Army 6,828 men ; navy 2 steam corvettes with 8 guns. Imports, 
1881, $7,283,621; exports, $6,240,460, chiefly coffee, cotton and 
cocoa. 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. -Kingdom ruled by Kalakaua I. 

Area, 6,000 sq. miles; pop. 42,000. Sugar chief product. 



HONDTJRAS.— Republic ; area, 58,168 sq. miles ; pop. 876,410. 
Governed by a president (Luis Bogran, elected 1883), a sinerle 
minister, and an assemblj^ of 37 representatives. Revenue, 1882, 
$1,120,000, a third from customs and about a third from monopo- 
lies. Expenditure nearly same. Debt, $31,000,000. Exports, 



GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 65 



$1,305,000. Array about 1,500 men. One line of railway 56 miles 
long; 1,000 miles of telegraph. Education prominent. 



ITALY.— King-dom ; area, 114,380 sq. miles; pop., 1881, 
28,459.451, :i(),(5r)«,()79 Catholicci. Divided into 69 provinces. (h,v. 
ernmeut a constitutional monarchy, with a senate of L*T0 mem- 
bers appointed for life, and a chamber of 508 deputies elected by 
general sutlrage. Absolute freedom of the press prevails. The 
government supports education, which is compulsory and free. 
Agriculture, silk, ccjtton, woolen and straw manufactures chief 
pursuits. Italy abounds in populous cities, of which Naples, 
450,804, is the largest, and Home, the capital, has 303 383. Revenue, 
1883, S307,545,UO0 ; eAi)enditure, S311, 135,315; debt, S3,3C 1,903,485; 
imports, 1883, S:i76,17:i,130 ; exports, $'- 39,733,259, of which silk 
made §56,000,000. Standing army, 750.765 ; militia, 553,005 ; navy, 
72 vessels with 339 guns; 5,324 miles of railway in 1882, and 16,753 
miles of telegraph. Umberto I, King, born, 1844; crowned, 1818. 



JAPAN.— Empire, ruled by a Mikado,aided by a great council, 
and without a legislative body; area, 146,613 sq. miles; pop., 1882, 
36,700,118 Revenue, 1883, $03,319,140, four-fifths from land tax; 
expenditures, $62,648,390; debt, $270,545,f'21. Army 3<3,777 men in 
1882, navy 27 steam vessels with 5,551 men. Imports, 1683, $29,168,- 
041 ; exports, $37,235,775, one-half raw silk. Railroads, 220 miles; 
telegraphs, 4,733 miles; postolflces, 5,094. Mikado, Mutsu Hito, 
born, 1852 ; crowued 1867. 



MEXICO.— Republic; area, 741,5Q8 sq. miles; pop., 1877, 9.389,- 
461; divided into 27 states, besides Lower California and thefedei'al 
district; governed by a president elected for 4 years (President, 
Porfir'O Diaz, elected 1883) ,a senate of 5(5 memberschosen for6 years 
and a house of deputies of 3;31 members for 2 ye^rs. The chief 
justice of the supreme court, elected for years, is vice-v>resident. 
Each state has local constitution, with elective governors and 
legislatures. Language, Spanish; Catholic religion predominates, 
though all are equally protected ; 4,000 public schools; railways 
rapidly extending, about 3,200 miles in opei-ation The country is 
rich in agriculture and mineral wealth, vast table-lands, varying 
from 3,000 to 5,000 feet in elevation, producing almost every 
variety of grain and vegetables, while in the warmer regions 
oranges and other tropical fruits grow profusely. Coffee and 
cotton are largely cultivated. The northern states are full of vast 
herds of cattle and sheep. Manufactures are i)oorly developed; 
commerce increasing. Imports, $30,27 1,0(X); exports, $40,875,000. 
Navigable rivers rare. Revenue, 1884, $36,060,000, $12,500,000 was 
from custom duties; expenditure, $33,316,630; public debt, $144,700,- 
000 to $395,.500,000. Army, 22,330 men ; the navy, 8 small gunboats. 
Capital Mexico, built in 1521, on Lake Tezcoco, 7,435 feet above 
the sea level; pop., about 250,000. 



NETHERLANDS.— Kingdom; area, 12,727 sq. miles; pop., 
1880, 4,060,580, nearly all natives of Holland. Revenue, 188:3, 
$44,464,919; expenditure, $55,966,396; debt, 1883, $376,908,rjOO. Army, 
1883, 65,113 men ; navy, 1880, 165 vessels, 503 guns and 5,197 men. 
Imports, 188;}, $39(),8 13,039; exports, $300,824,984. Railways, 1883, 
1,390 miles, half managed by the state ; telegraphs, 2,582 miles. 
Post-oliices, 1,300. King, William III, born 18i7; crowned 1849. 



NICARAGUA.— Republic; area, 58,000 sq. miles: pop., 300,000 
(estimated), one-half Indians; largely covered with forests of 
mahogany, rosewook and dye-woods. Country distracted by 
internal dissensions. Governed by a president elected for 4 years, 
a cabinet of 4 ministers, a senate of 10 members and an assembly 



66 THE WESTERN WORLD 



of 11 representatives. Revenue, 1883, $1,624,180; expenditure, 
rather more; debt of SM28,274. Exports, $4,022,000; imports, 
$3,362,000. Principal exports, cofifee, elastic gum and gold and 
silver bullion. President, Adam Cordenas, elected 1883. 



P All AGrU AY.— Republic; area, 91,980 sq. miles; pop. in 1876, 
293,844; has no cities and almost without civilization. Language 
is chiefly Indian, mixed with a little Spanish. Government, 
though nominally republican, under control of urazil. The 
country owes $236,000,000. Revenue, 1882, $450,000; expenses, 
$313,429. Imports, 1882, $1,278,000; exports, $1,812,000. Army, .500 
men. Railway, 45 miles; telegraph lines, same length. President, 
treneral B. Caballero, elected 1882. 



PERSIA.— Ruled by Shah, with obsolute power over all 
subjects within the limits of the Mohammedan religion. Through 
his direction the executive powers are exercised by a Ministry 
of seven departments. Shah, Nassr-ed-Din, crowned 1848. The 
whole revenue of the country is at his disposal. 



PERU.— Republic; area, 432,297 sq. miles; pop. in 1876, 3,050,000. 
Governed, under a consntution, by a president chosen for 4 jears 
(Gen. Caceres), a senate of 44, and a house of representatives of 110 
members. Revenue, 1879, $66,90u,000; expenditures, $68,600,00(1; debt, 
$241,340,684. The revenue is chiefly derived from the sale of 
guano and the nitrate of soda. Imports, 1879, 024,000,000; exports, 
$31,000,000; army, 4,670 men, 1,000 gendarmes and 1,200 vigilantes. 
There were 1,750 completed miles of railway and 600 more in con- 
struction in 1879. Silver largely mined, annual product $4,000,000. 
Soil fertile, producing cotton, sugar, grapes and olives, while the 
forests abound in the cinchona-tree, which yields the precious 
Peruvian bark, or quinine. Capital, Lima; population in 1876, 
101,488. 



PORTTTGAL.— Kingdom; area, 34,-595 square miles; popula- 
tion, 1878,4,348,551. The legislative power is in a cortes with a 
chamber of 100 peers, appointed for life by the king, and a cham- 
ber of deputies, 149, elected by the people. Revenue, 1884, $34,661,- 
150; expenditure, $35,051,907; debt, ]883, $490,828,642. Imports, 1882, 
$26,950,000, exports, $18,998,000. Army, 1883, 33,994; navy, 44 ves- 
sels, with 156 guns and 3,470 men. Railways in 1879, 750 miles; 
telegraphs, 2,300 miles ; postofl&ces, 903; king, Luis I, born 1838, 
crowned 1861. 



RTTSSIA.- Empire; area, 8,138,.541sq. mile; population, 98,356,- 
100. Revenue, 1883, $450,375,365; expenditure, $459,063,204; debt, 
1885, $3,754,866,210. Army, 1883, 780,081 men ; navy, 389 men-of-war 
with 561 guns. Imports, 1882, $224,100.000 ; exports, $460,150,000. 
Railways in 1882, 15,885; telegraphs, 69,412 miles. Postoffices, 4,521. 
Emperor, Alexander III., absolute, born 1845 ; ci'owned, 1881. 



SAN SALVADOR.— Republic; area, 7,226 sq. miles; popula- 
tion in 1878, 482,422. Governed by a president elected for four 
years, a ministry of 5 members and a congress of 12 senators and 
24 deputies, .elected for 2 years. Suffrage is universal, except for 
servants and persons without legal occupation. Education mod- 
erate. Roman Catholic religion recognized, others protected. 
Army, l,0o0 men. Revenue, 1883, $4,060,300; expenditure, $4,200,- 
000; debt, $2,078,855 ; imports, 1883. $3,017,210; exports, $5.22J,720, 
one-half indigo, and one-third coffee. President, Rafael Z. Laso, 
elected 1876. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 67 



SWITZERLAND.— Republic; area, 15,908 sq. miles; popula 
lation, 1880, 2,831,787. Lesrislative body consists of a national 
council of 141 members, or 1 to every 20,000 inhabitants, elected 
for three years, and of a council of states of U members, two for 
each canton. The executive power is in a federal council, chosen 
for three years by the federal assembly, and in a president of the 
Swiss confederation, elected for one year by the federal assembly 
from the members of the federal council. Revenue, 1883, S8,6H7,- 
060; expenditure, $8,556,940; debt, $6,120,780. Army (all men 
between 22 and 32), 119,440, besides the landwehr, comprising all 
between 33 and 44, 91,595 in 1880. Railways, 1,735 miles ; telegraphs, 
4,020 miles, Postoffices, 2,874. President, Dr. K. Schenk, elected 
1885. 

SIAM.— The legislative power exercised by King, in conjunc- 
tion with Supreme Council of State and Council of Ministers. 
The royal dignity hereditary. King Chulalonkorn I. succeeded 
to the throne in 1868. 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY. -Kingdom ; King, Oscar IT, 
born 1829, crowned 1872. United under one dynasty. Sweden, 
170,927 sq. miles ; population, 1881, 4,565,668. Revenue, $21,894,760 ; 
expenditure, $21,638,480 ; debt, 1883, $66,372,410 ; army, 40,548 men ; 
navy, 42 stearaers and 97 small vessels, with 218 guns. Imports, 
1881, $79,180,640; exports, $62,260,040. Railways, 3,637 miles, one- 
third operated by the state ; telegraphs, 18,421 miles ; postoffices, 
1,800. Norway, 122,823 sq. miles ; population, 1876, 1,806,J>00. Rev- 
enue, 1883, $11,770,000; expenditure, $10,930,000; debt, 1883, $28,791 ,- 
240; imports, 1882, $44,576,390; exports, $34,154,415; army, 18,750 
men ; navj', If'Sl, 29 steamers and 88 small vessels, with 154 guns. 
Railways, 972 miles, telegraphs, 5,672 miles, operated by the gov- 
ernment. Postoffices in 1581, 938. 



SPAIN.— Kingdom; area, 193,171 sq. miles; population, 1877, 
16,333,293. Legislative power in the Cortes, a senate and a chamber 
of deputies, elected for 5 years by indirect suffrage. Revenue, 
1803, $176,066,280; expenditure, $176,046,280; debt, 1884, $1,190,000,- 
000; imports, 1882, $122,088,079; exports, $127,661,841; army, 152,895 
men ; navy, 124 vessels and 552 guns. Railways, 1882, 5,600 miles ; 
telegraphs, 10,417 miles, Postoffices. 2,655. King, Alfonso XII, 
born 1857, crowned 1874. 



SANTO DOMINGO.— Republic; forms the larger portion oi 
the island of Haj'ti, lying east of the republic of that name; area, 
20,591 sq. miles; population, 1876, 250,000 (estimated), pi-incipally 
mixed Spaniards, Indians and negroes. Language, Spanish. 
Established religion, Roman Catholic. Government vested in a 
president elected for 6 years, who appoints a council of 4 min- 
isters, a senate of 9 members, also chosen for 6 years, and a 
house of 15 members. Revenue, 1882, $1,500,000; expenditure, 
$1,381,000; debt, $3,780,060. Imports, $31,761,316; exports, $1,691,075, 
chiefly tobacco and sugar. Soil fertile ; climate mild and salubri- 
ous. Civilization backward. Education neglected. No roads; 
transportation on the backs of horses and mules. Army, 4,000 
men ; navy, 5 small vessels, with 44 guns. Capital, Santo 
Domingo, pop. 6,000. President, General Bellini, elected 1884. 



TURKEY.— Monarchy ; area, 9a5,110 sq. miles; pop. in 
Europe, 8,866,500; in Asia, 18,000,000 (estimated). Governed 
by a sultan, Abdul Hamid 11, born 1842, crowned 1876, who is 
irresponsible, convoking and dissolving the general assembly at 
his pleasure. The ministers are responsible to the chamber of 
deputies ; the senate are nominated for life by the sultan, and 



68 THE WESTERN WOULD 



the deputies elected by secret ballot, one to every 150,000 maleg. 
Ke venue, 868,430,000: expenditures, $70,495,000. Debt, 1883, $538,- 
186,170. Imports (estimated), $107,000,000; exports, $99,000,000. 
Army (compulsory service for 20 years), 160,417 men; navy, 116 
steam vessels, 50 sail vessels, and 1,600 guns. Hallways, 889 miles ; 
telegraphs, 17,950 miles. 



TJRTTaTJ AY.— Republic, area, 72,151 sq. miles, pop. 525,000 
(estimated). Governed by a president (Maximo Santos, elected 
1882), a ministry of 4 and a legislature of 13 senators and 40 repre- 
sentatives. Revenue, 1883, $9,920,000, three-fourths from cus- 
toms. Expenditures, $9,925,000 ; debt, 1883, $61,579,204. Imports, 
1882, $20.918,884 ; exports, $22,229,512 ; 6,000,000 hides. Army, 4,500 
men. 418 miles of railway in operation, and 1,405 miles of tele- 
graph. There are 294 postoffices. Capital, Montevidio ; pop., 
1877, 91,167. 

VENEZTJELA.— Republic,f ormed after the dissolution of the 
republic of Colombia, 1864 ; area, 439,119 sq. miles; population esti- 
mated at 2,500,000. The confederation Includes 20 states, besides 
the federal district, each having its own distinct government, and 
electing delegates to the congress, v,^hich meets annually at Cara- 
cas, the capital citv, pop. 50,000. The president is elected for 3 
years. Revenue, 1883, $5,801,000, four-fifths from customs and ton- 
nage duties ; expenditure, $5,320,405 ; public debt, 1883, $31,010,000. 
Imports, 14,800,000, 1882; exports, $15,300,000, chiefly coffee and 
cocoa. One railway, 94 miles long. Army, 3,(X)0 men. Presi- 
dent, Joaquin Crespo, elected 1884. 



LENGTH OF THE CHIEF RIVERS OF THE WORLD 

AND THEIR LOCATION. 
Name and Country. Length. 

Rhine, Europe 960 

Ohio, N. A 665 

Snake, N. A 1,050 

Colorado 1,060 

Columbia,N. A 1,200 

Dnieper, Europe 1,230 

Don, Europe 1,300 

Amur, Asia 1,500 

San Francisco, S. A 1,550 

Orinoco, S. A 1,550 

Saskachewan, N. A 1,600 

Red, N.A 1,600 

Danube, Europe 1,725 

RioGrande,N. A 1,800 

Madeira,S.A 2,000 

Mekong,Asia 2,000 

Arkansas,N.A 2,000 

St. Lawrence; N.A 2,200 

Mackenzie,N. A 2;300 

Congo, Africa 2,400 

Volga, Europe .« 2,400 

Lena, Asia 2,700 

Hoang-ho, Asia 2,800 

Niger, Africa 3,000 

Obi, Asia 3,000 

Missouri,N.A 3,000 

Mississippi, N . A 3,160 

Yank-tse-kiang, Asia 3,200 

Yenisei, Asia 3,400 

Amazon,S A 3,750 

NUe.Africa 5,100 



GUIDE AND H.^.D-BOOK. 



CITIES OF THE WORLD, 



CONTAINING 100.000 INHABITANTS OR MORE. 

[Compiled from the latest official reports or estimated from 
reliahle data.] 



UNITED STATES. 



Baltimore, Md 

Boston, Mass 

Brooklyn, N.Y 

Buffalo, N.Y 

Chicago, 111 

Cincinnati, O 

Cleveland, O 

Detroit, Mich 

Jersej'City, N. J.... 

Louisville, Ky 

Milwaukee, Wis 

Newark, N. J 

New Orleans, La 

New York, N. Y.... 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Pittsburg, Pa 

Pro\'idence, R. I 

St. Louis, Mo 

San Francisco, Cal. . . 
Washington, D. C... 

CANADA. 



Montreal 

MEXICO. 

Guadalajara 
Mexico 



SOUTH A3IERICA. 



Bahia.. 

Buenos Ayres . 

Lima 

Montevideo — 
Pernambuco .. 
Rio de Janeiro 

Santiago 

Valparaiso 



Hangtscheu-f u 

Hanjang 

a33,313 Hankow 

369,832 Hutscheu 

566.089 H utscheu-fu 

149,500 H wangj uen 

503, 185 Jangtschau 

255,809 Jongping 

155,9-16 Kirin 

116,340 Leinkong 

120,7-!2 Mukden 

• 125,758 Nangkin 

125,000 Ningpo 

136,508 Pauting-fu 

316.090 Peking 

1,206.577 Schaklung 

847,170 Schaohing ... 

156,389 Shanghai 

104,857 Siangtan 1 

350,518 Singan-f u 1 

333,959 Sutschau 

147,293 Tai juen-f u 

Taiwan-fu 

Tengtschau-f u 

Tientsin 

140,747 Tschangtjiakheu 

Tschantschau-fu 1 

Tschaujang 

Tschi-fu 

101,000 Tschingkiang 

236,500 Tschingtu-f u 

Tschungking-fu 

Tsinan-f u 

Tungkung 

128,929 Tungtscho 

177,787 Urumtsi 

101,488 Victoria 

100,000 Weihein 

116,671 Wutschang 

374,973 Yuentschung 

139,807 

100,000 COREA. 



400,000 
100,000 
600,000 
300,000 
100,000 
120,000 
360,000 
200,000 
130,000 
250,000 
170,000 
450,900 
120,CKDO 
122,000 
500,000 
100,000 
500,000 
378,000 
,000,000 
,000,000 
500,000 
250,000 
235,000 
330,000 
9^0, 00 
300,000 
.000.000 
200,000 
120,««) 
140,000 
800,000 
600,000 
300,000 
120,000 
100,000 
150,000 
102,000 
250,000 
300,000 
100,000 



AFRICA. 



Abookeer . . . 
Alexandria . 

Cairo 

Fez 

Porto Novo. 
Tunis 



Saoul 100,000 



130,000 

165,752 INDIA. 

327,463 



100,000 
100,000 
125.000 



CHINA. 



Canton 1,500,000 

Fatschan 400,000 

Foochow 600,000 



Agra 149 

Ahmedabad 126 

Allahabad 143 

Amiitsur 143, 

Bangalore 142 

Bangkok 600 

Bareilly 102 

Baroda 112 

Benares 175, 



108 

873 
693 
381 
513 
000 
983 
OPT 
188 



70 



THE ^-ilSTERN \/rOIlLD 



Bombay 

Calcutta 

Cawnpore 

Colombo (Cej-lon).. 

Delhi 

Dhar 

Dhrangdra 

Gwalior 

Hourah 

Hyderabad 

Jondpore 

Kescho 

Liihore 

Lucknow 

Madras 

>Uindalah.. 

Patria 

Puna 

Kaiig-oon 

Singapore 

Sainag-ar 

fcurat 



644,405 
683,329 
122,710 
111,942 
160.553 
100,000 
101,000 
200,000 
100,000 
200,U(JO 
150,000 
15(|,C00 
128,441 
284,779 
397,553 
100,009 
158,900 
118,886 
132,004 
103,000 
132,681 
107,149 



G faz 

L«s. oaberg . 
Pr^ ^ue. . . 
Trieste... 
Vienna. . . 



BELGIUM, 



Antwerp . 
Brussels.. 
Ghent.... 
Lieg-e . . . 



DENMARK. 



INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 



Batavia . . 
Manila . . . 
Surabaja. 

JAPAN. 



Hakodate . . . . 
Kagoshima . . 
Kanagawa... 

Kioto 

Nag-oya 

Osaka 

Tokio 



104,729 
160,000 
100,000 



Copenhagen 

FRANCE. 

Bordeaux 

Le Havre 

Lille 

Lyon 

Marseilles 

Nantes 

Paris 

Reims 

Houbaix 

Rouen 

Saint-Etienne. 
Toulouse 



112,494 

200,000 GERMANY. 

108,263 

229,810 

ia5,715 

284,105 

694,283 



PERSIA. 



TUbris... 
Teheran. 



RUSSIA IN ASIA. 



Taschkent. 
Tims 



TURKEY IN ASIA. 



Beirut . . . 
Damascus. 
Smyrna. . . 



120,000 
300,000 



100,000 
104,024 



100,000 
150,0' !0 
150,000 



TURKISTAN. 



Altona 

Barmen 

Berlin 

Bremen 

Breslau 

Chemnitz 

Danzig- 

Dresden 

Dlisseldorf 

Elberf eld 

Frankfort 

Hamburg 

Hanover 

Cologne 

Konigsberg 

Leipzig 

Magdeburg 

Miinchen (Munich). 

Nuremberg 

Stettin 

Strasbui'g 

Stuttgart 



Jarkand 100,000 GREAT BRITAIN. 



AUSTRALIA. 

Melbourne 252,000 

Sydney 137,381 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Budapest 365,051 



Aberdeen — 

Belfast 

Birmingham. 
Blackburn... 

Bolton 

Bradford . . . . 

Brighton 

Bristol .. 



100,000 
109,726 
162,323 
144,844 
1,103,857 



169,112 
162,498 
131,431 
123,131 



273,727 



221,305 
105,867 
178,144 
376,613 
360,099 
124,319 
2,269,023 
ll'O 000 
100,000 
105,906 
123,813 
140,289 



100,000 
100,000 
1,122,330 
112,453 
272,912 
100,000 
108,551 
220,818 
100,000 
100,000 
136,819 
289,859 
122,843 
144,773 
149,009 
148,081 
100,000 
230,023 
100,000 
100,000 
104,471 
117,303 



105,818 
207,671 
400,757 
104,012 
105,422 
183,032 
128,407 
206,503 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 71 



Dublin 249,486 PORTUGAL . 

' Dundee ]40,4C3 

Edinburgh 23^0T5 Lisbon 246,343 

Glasgow 555.289 Porto 105,838 

Kingston upon Hull 154,250 

Leeds 309, 126 ROUM ANI A . 

liGicGstcr • • . 1^2 351 

Liverpool 552^,423 Bucharest 221,000 

London 3,&32,441 Jussy 100,000 

Manchester 393,676 

Newcastle on Tyne. . 145,228 RUSSIA. 

Nottingham 186,656 

Oldham 111,34;^ Charkow 101,1T5 

Portsmouth 137,953 Chersson 128,379 

Preston 100,000 Kasan 100,000 

Salford 176,233 Kijew 127,251 

Slieffield 284,410 Kischenew 112, 137 

Sunderland 116,262 Moscow . 748,000 

Wolverhampton... 164,303 Odessa ]93,.513 

Riga 168,844 

ITALY . St. Petersburg 927,467 

Warsaw 383,973 

Bologna 123,270 

Catania 100,410 SPAIN. 

Florence 169,001 „ , o.n-.r^ 

Genoa 179,515 ^^.^/Tl^^^a ?49,1C6 

Livorno 100,000 Madrid 39<,690 

Messina 126,497 Malaga llo,882 

Mihm 321,839 ^urcia ]0),000 

Naples 494,314 Sev,iie 1.33,938 

Palermo 244,991 Valencia 143,Sd6 

TSSn : : : ' : : : • : : : : : : : : i2:i2 s^^den and nor- 

Venice 133,826 WAl . 

___,^--r„-oT ATVT-rwc. Christiania 122,036 

NETHERLANDS. Stockholm 17635 

Amsterdam 328,047 tttRKET 

'sGravenhage{Hague) 123,499 

Rotterdam 157,27 . Constantinople 60,0000 



TJ. S. INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES. -Latest Revi- 
sion. 

Ale, per bbl. of 31 gallons ^100 

Banks and bankers, on capital and deposits. By Act of 

March 3, 1883, " to reduce internal revenue taxation," 

etc., all taxes on capital and deposits of banks and 

bankers were i-epealed after March 3, 1883. 

Banks and bankers, on average amount of circulation, 

each month ^^v of 1$« 

Banks, on average amount of circulation, beyond 90^ of 

the capital, an additional tax each month e of lj« 

Banks, persons, firms, associations, etc., on amount of 
notes of any person, firm, iissociatioii (other than a 
national banking association), corporation, state bank, 
or state banking association, town, city, or municipal 

corporation, used and paid out as circulation lOj? 

Banks, persons, fii-ms, associations (other than national 
bank associations), and every corporation, state bank 
or state banking association, on the amount of their 
own notes used for circulation and paid out by them. 10;^ 

Beer, per bbl. of 31 gallons : $ 1 00 

Brandy, per gallon 90 

Brewers, manufacturing 500 bbls. or more, annually 100 00 

——manufacturing less than 500 bbls. annually 50 00 



72 THE WESTERN WORLD 



Cig-ars, manuf acturprs of, special tax S6 00 

Cigrars of all descriptions, made of tobacco or anj'- sub- 
stitute, per 1,000 3 00 

Cig-arettes, not weig-hing more than 3 lbs. per 1,000, per 

1,000 50 

Cig-arettes weight exceeding 3 lbs. per 1,000, per 1,000. . . 3 00 
Cig-ars or Cigarettes, imported, in addition to import 
duty to pay same as above. 

liiquors, fermented, per bbl 100 

liiquors, distilled, per gallon 90 

Liquor dealers (wholesale), special tax 100 00 

Malt liquor dealers (wholesale) -. . . 50 00 

T-iiquor dealers (retail), special tax 25 00 

Malt liquor dealers (retail) 20 00 

Manufacturers of stills ... 50 00 

Manufacturers of stills, for each still or worm made. . . 20 00 
Matches. All taxes on matches, wax tapers, and cigar 
lights were repealed after July 1, 1883, by act of March 
3, 1S83. 
Rectifiers, special tax, less than 500 bbls. $100 ; above 500 

b'.ls 200 00 

Snuff, or snuff flour, manufactured of tobacco, or any 

substitute, per lb, 8 

Spirits, distilled, per proof gallon 90 

Stamps, for distilled spirits for export, wholesale liquor 
dealers, special bonded warehouse, distillery ware- 
house, and rectified spirits, each 10 

Stamps, on bank checks, drafts, etc. Tax repealed after 
July 1, 18a3. 

Tobacco, all kinds, per lb. after May 1, 1883 8 

Tobacco, dealers in manufactured, after May 1, 18'3 2 40 

Tobacco, manufacturers of. after May 1, 1883 6 00 

Tobacco, dealers in leaf, wholesale, after May 1, 1883 . . 12 00 
Tobacco, dealers in lenf, retail, after May 1, 1883... $250, 
and 30 cents per dollar on sales above $500 per animm. 
But farmers and producers maj^ sell tobacco of their 
own raising to consumers to an amount not exceed- 
ing $100 annually. 
Tobacco Peddlers, traveling with more than two horses, 

mules, etc., after May 1, 1883 3100 

Tobacco Peddlers, traveling with two horses, mules, or 

other a nimais, after May 1, 1883 15 00 

Tobacco Peddlers, traveling with one horse, mule, or 

other animal, after May I, 1883 7 20 

Tobacco Peddlers, traveling on foot, or by public con- 
veyance, after May 1, 1883 3 60 

Tobacco, Snuff, and cigars, for export, stamps for, each, 

after May 1, 1883 10 

Whisky, per proof gallon : 90 

Wines and champagne (imitation) not made from grapes 
grown in the United States, and liquors not made 
from grapes, currants, rhubarb, or berries, grown in 
the United States, but rectified or mixed with distilled 
spirits, or by infusion of any matter in spirits, to be 
sold as wine or substitute for it, per dozen bottles of 

more than a pint and not more than a quart. 2 40 

Imitation Wines, containing not more than one pint, 

per dozen bottles, .,,,,. 1 20 



GUIDE AJ?D HAND-BOOK. 



73 




GLIMPSES OF COLORADO. 



74 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



LIST OF 



COUNTIES AO COUNTY SEATS 

IN THE UNITED STATES. 



ALABAMA. 

County. County Seat. 

Autauga Prattvilie. 

Baldwin Daphne. 

Barbour Clayton. 

Bibb Centre ville. 

Blount Blountsville. 

Bullock Uni'n Springs. 

Butler Greenville. 

Calhoun Jacksonville. 

Chambers La Faj'ette. 

Cherokee Centre. 

Chilton Clanton. 

Choctaw Butler. 

Clarke Grove Hill, 

Clay Ashland. 

Cleburne Ed wardsville. 

Coffee Elba. 

Colbert Tuscumbia. 

Conecuh Evergreen. 

Coosa Rockrord. 

Covington Andalusia. 

Crenshaw Rutledg-e. 

Cullman Cullman. 

Dale .. Ozark. 

Dallas Selma. 

De Kalb Fort Payne. 

Elmore Wetumpka. 

Escambia Pollard . 

Etowah ,. Gadsden. 

Fayette Fayette. 

Franklin Bel Green. 

Geneva Geneva. 

Greene .Eutaw. 

Hale Greensborough 

Henry Abbeville. 

Jackson Scottsboro. 

Jefferson Birmingham. 

Lamar Vernon. 

Lauderdale Floi-ence. 

Lawrence Moulton. 

Lee Opelika. 

Limestone Athens. 

Lowndes Haynesville. 

Macon Tuskegee. 

Madison Huntsville. 

Marengo Linden. 

Clarion Pikeville. 

Marshall Guntersville. 

Mobile ..Mobile. 

Monroe Monroe ville. 



County. County Scat. 

Montgomery Montgomery. 

Morgan Summerville. 

Pe**ry Marion. 

Pickens Carrollton. 

Pike Tro}-. 

Randolph Wedowee. 

Russell Seale. 

St. Clair Ashville. 

Shelby Columbiana. 

Sumter Livingston. 

Talladega Talladega. 

Tallapoosa Dadeville. 

Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa. 

Walker Jaspar. 

Washington . . .St. Stephen. 

Wilcox Camden. 

Winston Houston 

ARIZONA. 

Apache St. Johns. 

Cochise Tombstone. 

Gila Globe. 

Graham Safford, 

Maricopa Phcenix. 

Mohave Mineral Park. 

Pima Tucson. 

Pinal Florence. 

Ya vapia. Prescott. 

Yuma Yuma. 

ARKANSAS. 

Arkansas De Witt. 

Ashley Hamburg. 

Baxter M'nt'n Home. 

Benton Benton ville. 

Boone Harrison. 

Bradley AVarren. 

Calhoun Hampton . 

Carroll Berry ville. 

Chicot Lake Village. 

Clarke Arkadelphia. 

Clay Boydsville . 

Cleburne Heber. 

Columbia Magnolia. 

Conway Lewisburgh. 

Ci-aighead Jonesboro. 

Crawford Van Buren. 

Crittenden Marion. 

Cross Wittsburgh. 

Dallas Princeton. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



75 



County, Countij Scat. 

Desha Arkansas City, 

Dorsey Toledo. 

Drew Monticello. 

Faulkner Conway. 

Franklin Ozark. 

Fulton Salem. 

Garland Hot Springs. 

Grant Sheridan. 

Greene G ainesville. 

Hempstead Washington. 

Hot Springs. . . .Malvern June. 

Howard Centre Point. 

Independence . . . Bates ville. 

Izard Melbourne. 

Jackson Jacksonport. 

Jelterson Pine Bluff. 

Johnson Clarksville. 

La Fayette Lewisville. 

Lawrence Powhatan. 

Lee Marianna. 

Lincoln . Star City. 

Little River Richmond. 

Logan Paris. 

Lonoke Lonoke. 

Madison Hunts ville. 

Iklarion YellviUe. 

iNliller Texarkana. 

Mississippi Osceola. 

Monroe Clai'endon. 

Montgomery — Mount Ida. 

Nevada Pi-escott. 

Newton Jasper, 

Ouachita Camden. 

Perry Perry vdle. 

Phillips Helena. 

Pike Murf reesboro . 

Poinsett Harrisburgh. 

Polk Dallas. 

Pope Dover. 

Prairie Des .\rk. 

Pulaski Little Rock. 

Randolph Pocahontas. 

St. Francis Forest City. 

Saline Benton. 

Scott Waldron. 

Searcv Marshall, 

Sebastian Fort Smith, 

Sevier Lockesburgh, 

Sharp Evening Shade 

Stone ^ Mou'tain View 

Union El Dorado . 

Tan Bviren Clinton. 

■Washington Fayett ville. 

AVh ite Searcy. 

"Woodruff Augusta. 

Yell Dardanelle. 

CALIFORNIA. 

Alameda Oakland. 

Alpine .Markleeville. 

Amador Jackson. 

Butte Oroville. 

Calaveras San Andreas. 

Colusa Colusa, 

Contra Costa Martinez. 



County. County Seat. 

Del Norte Crescent City. 

El Dorado Placerville. 

Fresno Fresno Cit j% 

Humboldt.. Eureka. 

Inyo Independence 

Kern Bakersfield. 

Lake Lakeport. 

Lassen Susanville. 

Los Angeles Los Angeles. 

Marion San Rafael . 

Mariposa Mariposa. 

Mendocino Ukiah. 

Merced Merced. 

Modoc Alturas. 

Mono Bridgeport. 

Monterey Salinas. 

Napa Napa City, 

Nevada Nevada City. 

Placer Auburn. 

Plumas Quincy. 

Sacramento.. . .Sacramento, 

San Benito Hoi lister. 

San Bernardino. .S. Bernardino. 

San Diego San Diego. 

San Francisco. . .San Francisco. 

San Joaquin Stockton. 

San Luis Obispo,. S. Luis Obispo. 

San Mateo Redwood City. 

Santa Barbara.. Santa Barbara 

Santa Clara San Jose. 

Santa Cruz Santa Cruz. 

Shasta Shasta, 

Sierra DownievlUe. 

Siskiyou — . . Yreka. 

Solano Fairfield. 

Sonoma Santa Rosa. 

Stanislaus Modesto. 

Sutter Yuba City, 

Tehama Red Bluff. 

Trinity Weaverville. 

Tulare Yisalia. 

Tuolumne Sonora. 

Ventura San Buenaventura. 

Yolo Woodland. 

Yuba Marysville. 

COLORADO. 

Arapahoe Denver. 

Bent West Los Animas. 

Boulder Boulder. 

Chaffee Buena Vista. 

Clear Creek Georgetown. 

Conejos Conejos. 

Costilla San Luis. 

Custer Rosita. 

Delta Delta. 

Dolores Rico. 

Douglas Castle Rock. 

Eagle Red Cliff. 

Elbert Kiowa. 

El Paso Colorado Springs. 

Fremont Canon City. 

Garfield Carbonate. 

Gilpin Central City. 

Grand Hot Sulphur Springs 



76 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



County. County Seat. 

Gunnison Gunnison. 

Hinsdale Lake City. 

Huerfano Walsenburgh . 

Jefferson Golden. 

Late L'='adville. 

La Plata Parrot. 

Larimer Fort Collins. 

Las Animas Trinidad. 

Mesa Grand Jvmction. 

Montrose Montrose. 

Ouray Ouray. 

Park Fairplay. 

Pitkin Aspen. 

Pueblo Pueblo. 

Rio G rande Del Norte. 

Routt Hahn's Peak. 

San Mis"uel Teliuride. 

Saguache Saguache . 

San Juan Silverton. 

Summit Breckenridge. 

Weld Greeley. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Fairfield Bridgeport. 

Hartford Hartford . 

Litchfield Litchfield. 

Middlesex Haddam. 

New Haven New Haven. 

New London New London. 

Tolland Tolland. 

Windham Brooklyn. 

DAKOTA. 

Allred Unorganized. 

Aurora Plankington. 

Barnes Valley City. 

Beadle Huron. 

Benson Minnewaken. 

Billings Unorganized. 

Bon Homme Bon Homme. 

Boreman Unorganized. 

Bottineau Unorganized. 

Bowman Unorganized. 

Brookings Brookings. 

Brown Columbia. 

Brule Chamberlain. 

Buffalo Unorganized. 

Buf ord Unorganized. 

Burleigh Bismarck. 

Butte Minnesela. 

Burdick Unorganized. 

Campbell Unorganized. 

Cass Fargo. 

Cava! ier Unorganized. 

Charles Mix Wheeler. 

Choteau Unorganized. 

Clark Clark. 

Clay Vermillion. 

Codington ... : . . Waterto wn. 

Custer Custer. 

Davison Mitchell. 

Day Webster. 

Delano Unorganized. 

De Smet Unorganized. 



County. County Seat. 

Deuel Gary. 

Dewey Unorganized. 

Dickej^ Ellendale. 

Douglas Grand View. 

Dunn Unorganized. 

Edmunds Uoorganized. 

Emmons . — Williamsport. 

Ewing Unorga,nized. 

Faulk La Foon. 

Fall Kiver Unorganized. 

Flannery Unorganized. 

Foster Unorganized. 

Grand Forks Grand Forks. 

G rant Big Stone City. 

Gregory Unorganized. 

G riggs Cooperstown. 

Hamlin Spaulding. 

Hand Miller. 

Harvey Unoi'ganized. 

Hanson Alexandria. 

Harding Unorganized. 

Howard Unorganized. 

Hettinger Unorganized. 

Hughes Pierre. 

Hyde Highmore. 

Hutchinson Olivet. 

Jackson Unorganized. 

Jerauld Elmer. 

Kidder Steele. 

Kingsbury De Smet. 

Lake Madison. 

La Moure La Moure. 

Lawrence Dead wood. 

Lincoln Canton. 

Logan Unorganized. 

Lugenbeel ITnorganized.' 

Lyman Unorganized. 

MoCook Salem. 

McLean Unorganized. 

MoHenry Unorganized. 

Mcintosh Unorganized. 

McPherson Unorganizp>d. 

McKenzie Unorganized. 

Mandan Unorganized. 

Mercer Unorganized. 

Meyer Unorganized. 

Miner Howard. 

Minnehaha Sioux Falls. 

Moody Flandreau. 

Morton Mandan. 

Mountraille Unorganized . 

Nowlin Unorganized. 

Nelson Lakota • 

Nickeus Unorganized. 

Pembina Pembina. 

Pennington Rapid City. 

Prrttt Unorganized. 

Potter Unorganized. 

Pyatt Unorganized. 

Prcsho Unorganized. 

Ramsay DevlTs Lake. 

Ransom Lisbon. 

Renville Unorganized. 

Richland Wahpeton. 

Reinhart Unoi'ganizcd. 

Rolette Unorganized. 



GUIDE AND HAJfD-BOOK. 



77 



County. County Seat. 

Rusk Unorganized. 

Sanbon Forestburgh. 

Sargent Unorganized. 

Shannon Unorganized. 

Schwasse Unorganized. 

Scoby Unorganized. 

Sheridan Unorganized. 

Spink Unorganized. 

Stanley Unorganized. 

Stark Unorganized. 

Steele Hope. 

Stevens Unorganized. 

Sterling Unorganized. 

Stutsman Jamestown. 

Sully Fort Sully. 

Todd Fort Randall. 

Towner Unorganized. 

Traill -.Caledonia. 

Tripp Unorganized. 

Turner Swan Lake. 

Villard Unorganized. 

Union Elk Point. 

Walsh Grafton. 

Wagner Unorganized. 

Wallace Unorganized. 

Walworth Unorganized. 

Washabaugh Unorganized. 

Washington Unorganized. 

White River Unorganized. 

Wells Unorganized. 

Williams Unorganized. 

Wynn Unorganized. 

Yankton Yankton. 

Ziebach Unorganized. 

Wahpeton Reservation. 
Sisseton Reservation. 

DELAWARE. 

Kent Dover. 

New Castle Willmington. 

Sussex Georgetown . 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Cities. 

Georgetown 

Washington 

FLORIDA. 

Alachua Gainesville. 

Baker Sanderson. 

Bradford Lake Butler. 

Brevard Titusville. 

Calhoun Tola. 

Clay Green Cove Sprgs. 

Columbia Lake City. 

Dade Miami. 

Duval Jacksonville. 

Escambia Pensacola . 

Franklin Apalachichola. 

Gadsden Quincy. 

Hamilton Jasper. 

Hernando Brooksville. 



County. County Seat. 

Hillsboro Tampa. 

Holmes Cerro Gordo. 

Jackson INIarrianna. 

Jefferson Monticello. 

Lafayette. . . Ncav Troy. 

Leon Tallahassee. 

Levy Bronson. 

Liberty .. .. Bristol. 

Madison Madison . 

Manitee Pine Level. 

Marion Ocala. 

Monroe Key West. 

Nassau Fernandina. 

Orange Orlando. 

Polk Bartow 

Putnam Palatka. 

St. Johns .. St Augustine. 
Santa Rosa . . . Milton. 

Sumter Sumterville. 

Suwanee Live Oak. 

Taylor Pei-ry. 

Volusia Enterprise . 

Wakulla Crawfordville. 

Walton Euchee Anna. 

Washington Vernon. 

GEORGIA. 

Appling , Baxley. 

Baker Newton. 

Baldwin Mil ledge villa. 

Ranks Homer. 

Bartow Cai-tersville. 

Berrien Nashville. 

Bibb Macon. 

Brooks Quitman . 

Bryan Bryan. 

Bullock Statesborough. 

Burke Waynesboro'. 

Bvitts Jackson. 

Calhoun Morgan. 

Camden St. Marys. 

Campbell Fairburn. 

Carroll Carroliton. 

Catoosa Ringgold . 

Charlton Traders Hill. 

Chatham Savannah. 

Chattahoochee. . .Cusseta. 

Chattooga Summerville. 

Cherokee Canton. 

Clark Athens. 

Clay Fort Gaines. 

Clayton Jonesborough. 

Clinch Homerville. 

Cobb Marietta. 

Coffee Douglas. 

Colquitt Moultrie. 

Columbia Appling. 

Coweta Newman. 

Crawford Knoxville. 

Dade Trenton. 

Dawson Dawson ville. 

Decatur Bainbridge. 

DeKalb... Decatur. 

Dodge Eastman. 

Dooly Vienna. 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



County. County Seat. 

Doug-herty Albany. 

Dou<>las Douglasville. 

Early Blakely. 

Echols Statenville. 

Eliingham Springfield. 

Elbert Elberton. 

Emanuel Swainsboro. 

Fannin Morganton. 

Eayette Fayette viile. 

Floyd Rome. 

Forsyt^i Gumming. 

Franklin Carnesville 

Fulton Atlanta. 

Gilmer Ellijay. 

GUisscock Gibson. 

Glynn Brunswick. 

Gordon Calhoun. 

Green Greensboro. 

GAvinnett Lawrence ville. 

Habersham ('larksville. 

Hall Gainesville. 

Hancock^ Sparta. 

Haralson Buchanan. 

Hai-ris Hamilton . 

Hart Hartwell. 

Heard Franklin, 

Henry McDonough. 

Houston Perry. 

Irwin Irwinville. 

Jackson Jefferson. 

Jasper Monticello. 

Jefferson. Louisville. 

Johnson Wrightsville . 

Jones Clinton. 

Laui-ens Dublin. 

Lee Leesburgh. 

Libertj^ Hinesville. 

Lincoln Lincolnton. 

Lowndes Valdosta. 

Lumpkin Dahlonega. 

McDviff ee Thomson. 

Mcintosh Darien . 

Macon Oglethorpe. 

Madison Danielsville. 

Marion Buena Vista. 

Mei'i wether Greenville. 

Miller Colquitt. 

Milton Alpharetta. 

Mitchell Camilla. 

Monroe Forsyth. 

M ontgomery Mt. Vernon, 

Morgan Madison . 

Murray Spring Place. 

Muskogee Columbus. 

Newton Covington. 

Oconee Watkinsville, 

Oglethorpe Lexington. 

Paulding Dallas. 

Pickens Jasper. 

Pierce Blackshear. 

Pike Zebulon. 

Polk Cedarto wn . 

Pulaski Hawkinsville. 

Putnam Eastonton. 

Quitman Georgetown. 

Rabun Clayton. 



County. County Seat. 

Randolph Cuthbert. 

Richmond Augusta. 

Rockdale Con j^ers . 

Schley Ella ville. 

Screven. Sylvania. 

Spalding Griffin. 

Stewart Lumpkin . 

Sumter Americus. 

Talbot Talbotton. 

Taliaferro Crawf'rd ville. 

Tattnall Reids ville, 

Taylor Butler. 

Telfair McRae. 

Terrell DaAvson . 

Thomas Thomasville. 

Towns Hiawassee. 

Troup LaGrange . 

Twiggs Jefferson ville. 

Union Blairsville . 

Upson Thomaston. 

Walker T a Fayette . 

Walton. Monroe . 

Ware Way Cross. 

W^arren Warrenton . 

Washington Sandersville. 

Wayne Waj'nesville. 

Webster Preston . 

White Cleveland. 

Whitfield Dalton. 

Wilcox Abbeville. 

Wilkes AVashington. 

AVilkinson Irwinton. 

Worth Isabella. 

IDAHO. 

Ada Boise City. 

Alturas Rocky Bar. 

Bear Lake Paris . 

Boise Idaho City, 

Cassia Albion. 

Custer Challis. 

Idaho Mount Idaho. 

Kootenai Unorganized. 

Lemhi Salmon City . 

Nez Perces LewisTon . 

Oneida Malad City, 

Owyhee Silver City. 

Shoshone Pierce Citj'. 

Washington Weiser . 

ILLINOIS. 

Adams Quincy. 

Alexander Cairo. 

Bond Greenville. 

Boone Bellevidere. 

Brown Mt, Sterling. 

Bureau Pi'inceton. 

Calhoun Hardin. 

Carroll Mt, Carroll. 

Cass Virginia. 

Champaign Urbana. 

Christian Taylorsville 

Clark Marshall, 

Clay Louisville. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



County. County Seat. 

Clinton Carljie. 

Coles Charleston. 

Cook Chicago. 

Crawford Robinson. 

Cumberland Toledo. 

DeKalb Sycamore. 

DeWitt Clinton, 

Douglas Tuscola. 

DuPage Wheaton. 

Edgar Paris. 

Edwards Albion. 

Elfingham Effingham. 

Fayette Vandalia. 

Ford Paxton. 

Franklin Benton. 

Fulton Lewistown. 

Gallatin Shawneetown. 

Greene CarroUton. 

Grundy Moi'ris. 

Hamilton McLeansboro' 

Hancock Carthag:e. 

Hardin Elizabethtown 

Henderson Oquawka. - 

Henry Cambridge. 

Iroquois Watseka. 

Jackson Murphj'sboro' 

Jasper Newton. 

Jetferson Mt. Vernon. 

Jersey Jersej^ville. 

Jo Daviess Galena. 

Johnson Vienna. 

Kane Geneva. 

Kankakee Kankakee. 

Kendall Yorkville. 

Knox Galesburgh. 

Lake Waukegan. 

LaSalle Ottawa. 

Lawrence Lawrence. 

Lee Dixon. 

Livingston Pontiac. 

Logan Lincoln. 

McDonough Macomb. 

McHenry Woodstock. 

McLean Bloomington. 

Macon Decatur. 

Macoupin Carlin ville. 

Madison Edwardsville. 

Marion Salem, 

Marshall Lacon. 

Mason Decatur. 

JVIassac Metropolis C'y 

Menard Petersburgh. 

IMercer Aledo. 

Monroe Waterloo. 

Montgomers' Hillsborough. 

INIorgan Jacksonville. 

Moultrie Sullivan. 

Ogle Oregon. 

I'eoria Peoria, 

Perrj' Pinckney%ille, 

Piatt Monticello, 

Pike Pittsfield. 

Pope Golconda. 

Pulaski Mound City. 

Putnam Hennipin. 

Randolph Chester 



County. County Seat. 

Richland Olney. 

Rock Island Rock Island. 

St, Clair lielleville. 

Saline Harrisburgh. 

Sangamon Spring held. 

Schuyler Rush vile. 

Scott Wincliester. 

Shelby Shelby ville. 

Stark Toulon . 

Stephenson Freeport . 

Tazewell Pekin . 

Union Jonesborough 

Vermillion Danville. 

Wabash Mount Carmel 

Warren Monmouth. 

Washington Niishville. 

Wayne Fairfield. 

White Carmi . 

Whitesides Morrison. 

Vrill Joliet. 

Williamson Marion . 

AVinnebago Rockford. 

Woodford Metamora . 

INDIANA. 

Adams Decatur. * 

Allen Fort Wayne. 

Bartholomew — Columbus 

Benton Fowler. 

Blackford Hartford City. 

Boone Lebanon . 

Brown Nashville. 

Carroll Delphi, 

Cass Logansport. 

Clark Jeff arson ville. 

Clay Brazil. 

Clinton Frankfort. 

Crawford Leavenworth. 

Davies Washington. 

Dearborn Lawrenceburgh. 

Decatur Greensburgh. 

DeKalb Auburn. 

Delaware Muncie. 

Dubois Jasper. 

Elkhart Goshen. 

Fayette Couners\T[lle. 

Floyd New Albany. 

Fountain Covington. 

Fi-anklin Brookville. 

Fulton Rochester. 

Gibson Princeton. 

Grant Marion. 

G reene Bloomfield. 

Hamilton Noblesville. 

Hancock Greentield. 

Harrison Corydon . 

Hendricks Danville. 

Heni-y Ncav Castle 

Howard Kokomo . 

Huntington Huntington. 

Jackson BroAvnstown. 

Jasper Rensselaer. 

Jay Portland. 

Jeiferson Madison. 

Jennings Vernon. 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



County. County Scat. 

Johnson Franklin . 

Knox Vincennes. 

Kosciusko Warsaw. 

Lagrange Lagrange . 

Lake Crown Point. 

LaPorte LaPorte. 

Lawrence Bedford . 

Madison Anderson . 

Marion Indianapolis. 

Marshall Plymouth. 

Martin . . Shoals. 

Miami Peru . 

Monroe Bloomington. 

Montgomery Crawf ordsville 

Morgan Martinsville. 

Newton Kent . 

Noble Albion . 

Ohio Rising Sun. 

Orange Paoli . 

Owen Spencer . 

Pai'ke Rockville. 

Pei-ry Cannelton . 

Pike Petersburgh. 

Porter Valparaiso . 

Posey Mt. Vernon. 

Pulaski Winamac . 

Putnam Green Castle. 

Randolph Winchester. 

Ripley Versailles. 

Rush Rushville. 

St. Joseph South Bend. 

Scott Scottsburgh. 

Shelby Shelby ville. 

Spencer Rockport. 

Starke Knox. 

Steuben Angola. 

Sullivan Sullivan. 

Switzerland Vevay . 

Tippecanoe La Fayette. 

Tipton Tipton. 

Union Liberty. 

Vanderburgh .. .Evansville. 

Vermillion Newport. 

Vigo Terre Haute. 

Wabash Wabash. 

Wai'ren Williamsport. 

Warrick Boone ville . 

Washington Salem. 

Wayne Richmond . 

Wells Bluffton. 

White Monticello . 

Whitley Columbia Ci'y« 

INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Reservations. 
Atoka. 

Cherokee Tahlequah. 

Choctaw. 

Creek. 

Chickasaw. 

Cheyenne and Arapahoe. 

Kiowa, Comanche and Apache. 

Kansas. 

Modoc. 

NezPerces. 



Reservations. 

Osage. 

Otoe and Missouri. 

Ottawa. 

Ponca. 

Pottawatomie. 

Pawnee. 

Pporia and Wea. 

Pickens. 

Quapaw. 

Skullyville. 

Shawnee. 

Seminole. 

Seneca. 

Sac and Fox. 

Sugar Loaf. 

Upper Arkansas. 

Wyandotte . 

Wichita. 

IOWA. 

County. County Seat, 

Adair Greenfield. 

Adams Corning. 

Allamakee Waukon. 

Appanoose Centerville. 

Audubon Audubon. 

Benton Vinton. 

Black Hawk Waterloo. 

Boone Boonesbor'gh. 

Bremer Waverly . 

Buchanan Independence. 

Buena Vista Storm Lake. 

Butler Allison. 

Calhoun Rockwell City. 

Carroll Carroll City. 

Cass Atlantic . 

Cedar Tipton . 

Cerro Gordo Mason City 

Cherokee Cherokee . 

Cickasaw New Hampt'n. 

Clarke Osceolo. 

Clay Spencer. 

Claj'ton Elkader. 

Clinton Clinton. 

Crawford Denison 

Dallas Adel. 

Davis Bloomfleld . 

Decatur Leon . 

Delaware Manchester. 

Des Moines Burlington . 

Dickinson Spirit Lake. 

Dubuque Dubuque . 

Emmet Swan Lake Cty 

Fayette West Union . 

Floyd Charles City. 

Franklin Hampton. 

Fremont Sidney. 

Greene Jefferson. 

Grundy Grundy Center. 

Guthrie Guthrie Center. 

Hamilton Webster City. 

Hancock Concord. 

Hardin Eldora . 

Harrison Logan. 

Henry Mt. Pleasant. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



81 



County. CounUf Seat. 

Howard Cresco . 

Humboldt Dakota. 

Ida Ida Grove. 

Iowa Marengo. 

Jackson Maquoketa 

Jasper Newton . 

Jefferpon Fairfield. 

Johnson Iowa City. 

J ones Anamosa 

Keokuk Sigourney. 

Kossuth Algona 

Lee Fort Madison. 

Linn . .Marion 

Louisa Wapello . 

Lucas Chariton . 

Lyon Eock Rapids. 

Madison Winterset. 

Mahaska Oskaloosa . 

Marion Knox ville . 

Marshall Marshalltown. 

Mills Glenwood. 

Mitchell . . Osage . 

Monona OnaAva City. 

Monroe Albia. 

Montgomery... Red Oaks. 

Muscatine Muscatine. 

O'Brien Primghar. 

Osceola Sibley . 

Page Clarinda. 

Palo Aito Emmetsburgh 

Plymouth Le Mars. 

Pocahontas Pocahontas. 

Polk Des Moines. 

Pottawatomie . . .Council Bluffs. 

Poweshiek Montezuma. 

Ringgold Mount Ayr. 

Sac Sac City. 

Scott Davenport. 

Shelby Harlan . 

Sioux Orange City . 

Story Nevada. 

Tama Toledo. 

Taylor Bedford. 

Union Af ton . 

Van Buren Keosauqua 

Wapello Ottumwa. 

Warren Indianola. 

Washington AVashington. 

Wayne Corydon. 

Webster Fort Dodge. 

Winnebago Forest City. 

Winneshiek Deiorah . 

Woodbui-y Sioux City. 

Worth Northwood. 

W^right Clarion. 

KANSAS. 

Allen lola. 

Anderson Garnett. 

Atchison Atchison . 

Barbour Medicine Lodge. 

Barton Great Bend. 

Bourbon Fort Scott. 

Brown Hiawatha . 

Butler Eldorado. 



County. County Seat. 

Chase ... Cottonwood Falls. 

Chautauqua Sedan. 

Cherokee Columbus. 

C heyenne Unorganized . 

Clay Clay Centre. 

Cloud Concordia. 

Coffey Burlington. 

Comanche Unorganized. 

CoAvley Wintield . 

Crawford Girard . 

Davis Junct ion Citj'. 

Decatur.. Oberlin. 

Dickinson Abilene. 

Doniphan Troy. 

Douglas Lawrence. 

Edwards. Kinslej'. 

Elk Howard. 

Ellis Hajs City. 

Ellsworth Ellsworth. 

Finney Unorganized. 

Ford Dodge Tity. 

Franklin Ottawa . 

Gove Unorganized . 

Graham Millbrook. 

G reeley Unorgan ized . 

Gi-eenwood Eureka . 

Hamilton Unorganized. 

Harper ... Anthony. 

Harvey Newton . 

Hodgeman . ....Buckner. 

Jackson Holten. 

Jefferson Oscaloosa. 

Jewell Mankato. 

Johnson Olathe . 

Kingman Kingman. 

Labette Oswego . 

Lane Unorganized. 

Leavenworth Leavenworth. 

Lincoln Lincoln . 

Linn Mound City. 

Lyon Emporia. 

McPherson McPhe^son . 

Marion Marion 

Mai-shall Marysville. 

Miami Paolo. 

Mitchell Beloit. 

Montgomery Independence. 

Morris Council Grove. 

Nemaha Seneca. 

Neosho Erie. 

Ne&s Ness City. 

Norton Norton. 

Osage Lyndon . 

Osborne Osborne. 

Ottawa Minneapolis. 

Pawnee Larned . 

Phillips Phillipsburg. 

Pottawatomie . . . Westmoreland. 

Pratt luka. 

Rawlins Atwood. 

Reno Hutchison. 

Republic Belleville . 

Bice Lyons. 

Riley Manhattan. 

Rooks Stockton. 

Rush Rush Center. 



82 



THE y^'ESTEKN WORLD 



County. County Seat. 

Russell Russell. 

St. John Unorganized. 

Saline Salina. 

Scott Unorganized . 

Sedgwick Wichita. 

Seward Unoi-ganized . 

Shawnee Topeka. 

Sheridan Ken neth . 

Sherman Unorganized. 

Smith Smith Center. 

Stafford St. John. 

Sumner Wellington . 

Thomas Unorganized. 

Trego Wa Keeney. 

Wabaunsee Alma. 

Wallace Wallace. 

Washington Washington. 

Wichita Unoi'ganized. 

Wilson Fredonia. 

Woodson Yates' Center. 

Wyandotte Wyandotte. 

KENTUCKY. 

Adair Columbia. 

Allen Scottsville. 

Anderson Lawrenceburgh. 

Ballard Blandville. 

Barren Glasgow. 

Bath O wingsville 

Bell Pineville. 

Boone Burlington. 

Bourbon Paris. 

Boyd Cat lettsburgh. 

Boyle Danville . 

Bracken Brookville. 

Breathitt Jackson. 

Breckinridge . . . Hardinsburgh. 

Bullitt Shepherds vi lie 

Butler Morgantown. 

Caldwell Princeton. 

Calloway Murray. 

Camnbeil Newport. 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Carter Grayson. 

Casey Liberty. 

Christian Hopkinsville. 

Clark Winchester. 

Clay Manchester. 

Clinton Albany. 

Crittenden Marion. 

Cumberland Burksville. 

Daviess Owensboro. 

Edmonson BroAvnsville, 

Elliott Sandy Hook. 

Estill Ir\ine. 

Fayette Lexington. 

Fleming Flemingsburgh. 

Floyd Prestonburgh. 

Franklin Frankfort. 

Fulton Hickman. 

Gallatin Warsaw. 

Garrard Lancaster. 

Grant Williamstown. 

Graves May field. 

Grayson Leitchfield. 



County. County Seat 

Green (... Greensburgh. 

Greenup Greenup. 

Hancock Hawesville. 

Hardin Elizabethtown. 

Harlan Harlan. 

Harrison Cynthiana. 

Hart Munfordville 

Henderson Henderson. 

Henry New Castle . 

Hickman Clinton. 

Hopkins Madisonville. 

Jackson McKee. 

Jefferson Louisville. 

Jessamine Nicholasville. 

Johnson Paintsville. 

Josh Bell . 

Kenton Covington. 

Knox Barbours ville. 

La Rue Hodgensville. 

Laurel London. 

Lawrence Louisa. 

Lee Beattyville. 

Leslie Hyden. 

Letcher AVhitesburgh. 

Lewis Vanceburgh. 

Lincoln Stanford. 

Livingston Smithland. 

Logan Russell ville. 

Lyon Eddy ville. 

McCracken Paducah. 

McLean Calhoun. 

Madison Richmond. 

MagoflBn Salyers ville. 

Marion Lebanon. 

Marshall Benton . 

Martin Warfleld. 

Mason Maysville. 

Meade Bradenburgh. 

Menifee Frenchburgh. 

INIercer Harrodsb'rgh. 

Metcalfe Edmonton. 

Monroe Thompkins ville. 

Montgomery Mt. Sterling. 

Morgan West Liberty. 

Muhlenburgh Greenville. 

Nelson Bardstown. 

Nicholas Carlisle . 

Ohio Hai-tford. 

Oldham Lagrange. 

Owen Owenton . 

Owsley Boonevillo. 

Pendleton Falmouth. 

Perry Hazard. 

Pike Pikeville. 

Powell Stanton. 

Pulaski Somerset. 

Robertson Mount Olivet. 

Rockcastle Mt. Vernon. 

Rowan Moorehead . 

Russell Jamestown. 

Scott Georgetown. 

Shelby Shelby ville . 

Simpson Franklin . 

Spencer Taylors\alle. 

Taylor Campbellsville. 

Todd Elkton. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



83 



County. County Seat 

Trigg Cadiz. 

Trimble Bedford. 

Union Mor^anfleld . 

Warren Bowling- Gieen 

Washington Springfield. 

Wayne Monticello. 

Webster Dixon. 

Whitley Whitley. 

Wolfe Campton. 

Woodford Versailles . 

LOUISIANA. 

Ascension Donaldsonville. 

Assumption — Napoleonviile. 

Avoyelles Marks ville. 

Bienville Sparta. 

Bossier Belle vue . 

Caddo Shreveport. 

Calcasieu Lake Charles. 

Caldwell Columbia. 

Cameron Cameron. 

Catahoula Harrisonburgh. 

Claiborne Homer. 

Concordia Vidalia. 

De Soto Mansfield. 

E. Baton RougcBaton Rouge. 
East Carroll . .Lake Providence. 
East Feliciana. . .Clinton. 

Franklin Winnsboro . 

Grant Colfax. 

Iberia New Iberia. 

Iberville Plaquemine. 

Jackson... Vernon. 

Jefferson Gretna. 

La Fayette Vermillion ville. 

La Fourche Thibodeaux. 

Lincoln Vienna. 

Livingston Port Vincent. 

Madison Delta. 

Moorehouse Bastrop . 

Natchitoches.. . .. Natchitoches. 

Orlea ns New Orleans. 

Ouachita Monroe. 

Plaquemines . . . Point La Hache. 
Pomt Coupee. . . New Roads. 

Rapides Alexandria. 

Red River Coushatta Chute. 

Richland Rav^ille. 

Sabine Many. 

Saint Bernard... St. Bernard. 
Saint Charles. . . . Hahn ville. 
Saint Helena — Greensburgh. 
Saint James . .Convent. 
St. John Baptist. Edgard. 
Saint Landry. . . . Opelousas. 
Saint Martin. . .St. Martinsville. 

Saint Marys Franklin . 

Saint Tammany. Co^^ngton. 
Tangipahoa . . . .Amite City. 

Tensas St. Joseph. 

Terre Bonne. . . . Houma. 

Union Farmers ville . 

Vermillion Abbeville 

Vernon Leesville . 

Washington Franklinton. 



O^untij. County Seat. 

Webster Minden. 

West Baton Rge.Port Allen. 
West Carroll .... Floyd. 
West Feliciana. . Bavou Sara. 
Winn Winfleld. 

MAINE. 

Androscoggin ...Aubiarn. 

Aroostook Houlton. 

Cumberland Portland. 

Franklin Farmington. 

Hancock Ellsworth. 

Kennebec Augusta. 

Knox Rockland. 

Lincoln Wiscasset. 

Oxford Paris. 

Penobscot Bangor. 

Piscataquis Dover. 

Sagadahoc Brunswick . 

Somerset Skowhegan. 

Waldo Belfast 

Washington Machias. 

York Alfred. 

MARYLAND. 

Alleghany , Cumberland. 

Anne Arundel. .Annapolis. 
Baltimore . . Towson . 

Calvert . .Prince Fredericktown. 

Caroline Denton . 

Carroll Westminster. 

Cecil Elkton. 

Charles Port Tobacco. 

Dorchester Cambridge. 

Frederick Frederick . 

Garret Oakland. 

Harford Bel Air. 

Howard Ellicott City. 

Kent Chestertown. 

Montgomery .. Rockville. 
Prince Georges.Up. Marlbor'gh. 

Queen Anne Centreville. 

St. Marj's Leonardtown. 

Soraereet Princess Anne. 

Talbot Easton 

Washington Hagerstown. 

Wicomico Salisbury. 

Worcester SnowHill. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Barnstable Barnstable. 

Berkshire Pittsfield. 

Bristol New Bedford. 

Dukes Edgartown. 

Essex Lawrence. 

Franklin Greenfield . 

Hampden Springfield . 

Hampshire N. Hampton. 

Middlesex Lowell. 

Nantucket Nantucket. 

Norfolk Dedham. 

Plymouth Plymouth. 



84 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



County. County Seat. 

Suffolk Boston . 

Worcester "Worcester. 

MICHIGAN. 

Alcona Harrlsville. 

A llegan Alleg-an. 

Alpena Alpena. 

Antrim . / Bellaire. 

Arenac . 

Baraga L' Anse . 

Barry Hasting-, 

Bay Bay City. 

Benzie Benzonia. 

Berrien Berrien Springs. 

Branch Cold water. 

Calhoun Marshall. 

Cass Cassopolis. 

Charlevoix Charlevoix. 

Cheboygan Cheboygan. 

Chippewa Sault Ste Marie. 

Clare Harrison. 

Clinton St. John. 

Crawford Grayling. 

Delta Escanaba. 

Eaton Charlotte 

Emmet Harbour Springs. 

Genesee Flint. 

Gladwin Gladwin. 

Grand Traverse. Traverse City. 

Gratiot Ithaca. 

Hillsdale Hillsdale. 

Houghton Houghton. 

Huron Bad Axe. 

Ingham Mason. 

Ionia Ionia. 

Iosco TaAvas City. 

Isabella Mt. Pleasant. 

Isle Royale . 

Jackson Jackson. 

Kalamazoo — Kalamazoo. . 

Kalkaska Kalkaska. 

Kent Grand Rapids. 

Keweenaw Eagle River. 

Lake Baldwin. 

Lapeer Lapeer. 

Leleenaw Leland . 

Lenawee Adrian. 

Livingston Howell . 

Mackinac St. Ignace. 

Macomb Mt. Clemens. 

Manistee Manistee. 

Manitou St. James. 

Marquette Marquette. 

Mason Ludington. 

Mecosta Big Rapids. 

Menominee Menominee. 

Midland Midland. 

Missaukee Lake City. 

Monroe Monroe. 

Montcalm Stanton. 

Montmorency . . . Hillman. 

Muskegon Muskegon. 

Newaygo Newaygo . 

Oakland Pontiac. 

Oceana Hart. 



County. County Seat. 

Ogema *v "West Branch. 

Ontonagon , ...Ontonagon. 

Osceola Hersey. 

Oscoda Unorganized. 

Otsego Gaylord. 

Ottawa Grand Haven. 

Presque Isle Rogers City. 

Roscommon Roscommon . 

Saginaw Saginaw. 

St. Clair Port Huron. 

St. Joseph Centerville. 

Sanilac Sandusky. 

Schoolcraft Manistique. 

Shiawassee Corunna. 

Tuscola Caro. 

Van Buren Paw Paw. 

"Washtenaw Ann Arbor. 

"Waj'ne Detroit. 

"Wexford Cadillac. 

MINNESOTA. 

Aitkin Aitkin. 

Anoka Anoka. 

Becker Detroit City. 

Beltrami Unorganized. 

Benton Sauk Rapids. 

Big Stone Ortonville. 

Blue Earth Mankato. 

Brown New Ulra . 

Carlton Thomson . 

Carver Chaska. 

Cass Unorganized. 

Chippewa Montevideo. 

Chicago Center City . 

Clay Moorhead. 

Cook Unorganized. 

Cottonwood "Windom. 

Crow "Wing Brainard. 

Dakota Hastings . 

Dodge Mantorville. 

Douglas Alexandria. 

Faribault Blue Earth City. 

Fillmore Preston . 

Freeborn Albert Lea 

Goodhue Red Wing. 

Grant Elbow Lake. 

Hennepin Minneapolis. 

Houston Caledonia. 

Hubbard Park Rapids . 

Isanta Cambridge. 

Itasca Unorganized. 

Jackson Jackson . 

Kanabec Mora. 

Kandiyohi Willmar . 

Kitt<5on Hallock . 

Lac-Qui-Parle ..Lac-Qui- Parle. 

Lake — Beaver Bay. 

Le Suer Le Suer Center. 

Li ncoln Lake Benton . 

Lyon Marshall. 

Marshall Warren . 

Martin Fairmont. 

McLeod Glencoe. 

Meeker Litchfield. 

Mille Lacs Princeton. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



85 



County. County Scat. 

Morrison Little Falls. 

Mower Austin. 

Murray Currie. 

Nicollet St. Peter. 

Nobles Worthington . 

Norman Ada. 

Olmsted Rochester. 

Otter Tail Ferg-us Falls . 

Pine Pine City. 

Pipe Stone Pipe Stone. 

Polk Crookston. 

Pope Glenwood. 

Ramsey St. Paul. 

Redwood. . . . .Redwood Falls. 

Renville Beaver Falls. 

Rice Faribault. 

Rock Lu verne . 

St. Louis Duluth. 

Scott Shakopee. 

Sherburne Elk River . 

Sibley Henderson . 

Stearns St . Cloud . 

Steele Owatonna. 

Stevens. Morris. 

Swift Benson. 

Todd Long- Prairie. 

Traverse Brown's Valley. 

Wabasha Wabasha . 

Wadena Wadena. 

Waseca Waseca . 

Washin^on... .Stillwater. 

Watonwan St . James . 

White Earth. .Indian Res'rvat'n. 

Wilkin Breckenridge . 

Winona Winona. 

Wright Buffalo. 

Yellow Medicine.Granite Falls. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Adams Natches. 

Alcorn Corinth. 

Amite Liberty. 

Attala Kosciusko. 

Benton Ashland. 

Bollivar Rosedale. 

Calhoun Pittsborough . 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Chickasaw Houston. 

Choctaw Chester. 

Claiborne Port Gibson. 

Clarke Quitman . 

Clay West Point. 

Coahoma Friar's Point. 

Copiah Hazelhurst. 

Covington Williamsburg. 

De Sota Hernando. 

Franklin Meadville. 

Greene Leakesville. 

Grenada Grenada. 

Hancock Bay St. Louis. 

Harrison Mississippi City. 

Hinds Jackson. 

Holmes Lexington. 

Issaquena Mayorsville. 

Itawamba Fulton. 



County. County Seat. 

Jackson Scranton . 

Jasper Paulding. 

Jefferson Fayette . 

Jones Eiiisville. 

Kemper DeKalb. 

Lafajette Oxford . 

Lauderdale Meridian. 

Lawrence Monticello. 

Leake Carthage. 

Lee Tupelo. 

Le Flore Greenwood . 

Lincoln Brookhaven. 

Lowndes Columbus. 

Madison Canton . 

Marion Columbia. 

Marshall Holly Springs. 

Monroe Aberdeen . 

Montgomery Winona. 

Neshoba Philadelphia. 

Newton Decatur. 

Noxubee Macon . 

Oktibbeha Starkville. 

Panola Sardis. 

Perr J' Augusta . 

Pike Magnolia. 

Pontotoc Pontotoc. 

Prentiss Booneville. 

Quitman Belen. 

Rankin Brandon. 

Scott Forest. 

Sharkey Rolling Forks. 

Simpson Westville. 

Smith Raleigh. 

Sunflower Johnson ville. 

Tallahatchie Charleston. 

Tate Senatobia. 

Tippah Ripley. 

Tishomingo luka. 

Tunica Austin . 

Union New Albany. 

Warren Vicksburg . 

Washington Greenville. 

Wayne Waynesborough. 

Webster Walthal . 

Wilkinson Wood ville. 

Winston Louisville. 

Yalobusha Coffee ville. 

Yazoo Yazoo City. 

MISSOURI. 

Adair Kirksville. 

Andrew Savannah. 

Atchison Rockport. 

Audi'ain Mexico . 

Barry Cassville. 

Barton Lamar. 

Bates Butler. 

Benton Warsaw . 

Bollinger Marble HilL 

Boone Columbia. 

Buchanan St . .Joseph . 

Butler Poplar Bluff. 

Caldwell Kingston. 

Callaway Fulton. 

Camden Linn Creek. 



THE WESTEIIN WOULD 



County. County Seat. 

Cape Girardeau.. Jackson. 

Carroll Carrollton. 

Carter Van Buren . 

Cass Hai'risonvllle. 

' 'edar Stockton. 

Chariton Keytesville. 

Christian Ozark. 

Clarke Kahoka. 

Clay Liberty. 

Clinton Plattsburg . 

Cole Jefferson City. 

Cooper liooneville. 

Crawford Steel ville. 

Dade Greenfield. 

Dallas Buffalo. 

Daviess Gallatin. 

DeKalb Mays ville. 

Dent Salem . 

Douglas Ava. 

Dunklin Kennett. 

Franklin Union . 

Gasconade Hermann. 

Gentry Albany. 

Greene Springfield . 

Grundy Ti'enton . 

Harrison Bethany. 

Henry Clinton . 

Hickory Hermitag-e. 

Holt Oregon. 

Howard Fayette . 

Howell West Plains. 

Iron Ii'onton . 

Jackson Independence. 

Jasper Carthage. 

Jefferson Hillsborough. 

Johnson Warrensburg. 

Knox Edina . 

Laclede Lebanon . 

Lafayette Lexington . 

Lawrence Mt. Vernon. 

Lewis Monticello . 

Lincoln Troj'^ 

Linn Linneus. 

Livingston Chillicothe. 

McDonald Pinerille . 

Macon Macon City . 

Madison Frederickto wn. 

Maries Vienna. 

Marion Palmyra. 

Mercer Princeton. 

Miller Tuscurabia. 

Mississippi Charleston. 

Moniteau California. 

Monroe Paris. 

Montgomery Dan vil le . 

Morgan Versailles. 

New Madrid New Madrid. 

Newton Neosho. 

Nodaway MarysviUe. 

Oregon Alton. 

Osage Linn. 

Ozark Gainesville. 

Pemiscot Gayoso. 

Perry Perry ville. 

Pettis Sedalia. 

Phelps .. Kolla. 



County. County Seat. 

Pike Bowling Green. 

Platte Platte City . 

Polk Bolivar. 

Pulaski Waynesville. 

Putnam Union ville 

Ralls New London. 

Randolph Huntsville . 

Ray Richmond. 

Reynolds Centreviile. 

Ripley Doniphan. 

St. Charles St. Charles. 

St. Clair Oscetla. 

St. Francois. Farmington. 

St. Genevieve.... St. Genevieve. 

St. Louis St. Louis. 

Saline Marshall . 

Schuyler Lancaster. 

Scotland Memphis. 

Scott Benton. 

Shannv)n Eminence. 

Shelby Shelby ville . 

Stoddard Bloomfleld. 

Stone Galena. 

Sullivan Milan. 

Taney Forsyth . 

Texas Houston. 

Vernon Nevada . 

Warren Warren ton. 

Washington Potosi . 

Wayne Greenville. 

Webster Marshfield. 

Worth Grant City. 

Wright Hartville. 

MONTANA. 

Beaver Head Dillon. 

Choteau Fort Benton. 

Custer Miles City. 

Dawson Unorganized . 

Deer Lodge Deer Lodge Cy. 

Gal latin Bozeraan . 

Jefferson Radersburgh. 

Lewis & Clarke.. Helena. 

Madison Virginia City. 

Meagher. .White Sulphur Spgs. 

Missoula Missoula. 

Silver Bow Butte City. 

Yellowstone Billings. 

NEBRASKA. 

Adams Hastings. 

Antelope Oakdale . 

Boone Albion . 

Brown Unorganized. 

Buffalo Kearney . 

Burt Tekamah. 

Butler David City 

Cass Plattsmouth . 

Cedar St. Helena. 

Chase Unorganiyad. 

Cherr J' Valentuie . 

Cheyenne — . . .Sidney. 

Clay Clay Centre. 

Colfax Schuyler . 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



87 



County. County Seat. 

Cuming- West Point. 

Custer Custei-. 

Dakota Dakota. 

Dawson Plumb Creek . 

Dixon Ponca. 

Dodge Fremont. 

Douglas Omaha. 

Dundy Unorganized. 

Fillmore Geneva . 

Franklin Bloomington. 

Frontier Stockville. 

Furnas Beaver City. 

Gage Beatrice. 

Gosper Davisville. 

Greeley Scotia. 

Hall Grand Island. 

Hamilton Aurora. 

Harlan Alma. 

Hayes Unorganized. 

Hitchcock Culbertson. 

Holt OVNeill. 

Howard St. Paul. 

Jefferson Fairbury . 

Johnson Tecumseh. 

Kearney Minden . 

Keith Ogallalla. 

Keya Paha Spring View. 

Knox Niobrara. 

Lancaster Lincoln. 

Lincoln North Platte . 

Loup Unorganized. 

Madison Madison. 

Merrick ..Central City. 

Nance . . Fullerton . 

Nemaha Brownville . 

Nuckolls Nelson. 

Omaha Reservation. 

Otoe Nebraska City. 

Pawnee Pawnee City. 

Phelps Phelps. 

Pierce Pierce. 

Platte Columbus . 

Polk Osceola. 

Eed Willow Indianola. 

Richardson Falls City. 

Saline Wilber. 

Sarpy Papillion. 

Saunders Wahoo. 

Seward Seward . 

Sherman Loup City. 

Sioux Unorganized. 

Stanton Stanton . 

Thayer Hebron. 

Valley Ord . 

Washington Blair. 

Wayne La Porte . 

Webster Red Cloud . 

Wheeler Willow Spr'gs. 

York York. 

Unorganized Territory. 

NEVADA. 

Churchill Stillwater. 

Douglas Genoa. 

Elko Elko. 



County. County Seat. 

Esmeralda Aurora. 

Eureka Eureka. 

Humboldt Winnemucca. 

Lander Austin. 

Lincoln Pioche. 

Lyon Dayton . 

Nye — Belmont. 

Ormsby Carson City. 

Roop Unorganized. 

Storey Virginia City. 

Washoe Reno. 

White Pine Hamilton . 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Belknap Laconia . 

Carroll Ossipee. 

Cheshire Keene . 

Coos Lancaster. 

Grafton Haverhill . 

Hillfiborough Nashua. 

Merrimack Concord. 

Rockingham .... Exeter. 

Strafford Dover. 

Sullivan Newport. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Atlantic Mays TiUnding. 

Bergen Hackene^ck. 

Burlington Mt. Holly. 

Camden Camden . 

Cape May Cape May. 

Cumberland Bridgeton. 

Essex Newark. 

Gloucester Woodbury. 

Hudson Jersey City. 

Hunterdon Flemington. 

Mercer Trenton. 

Middlesex New Brunswick. 

Monmouth Freehold . 

Morris Morristown. 

Ocean Toms River. 

Passaic Paterson . 

Salem Salem. 

Somei'set Somerville . 

Sussex Newton . 

Union Elizabeth . 

Warren Belvidere 

NEW MEXICO. 

Bernalillo Bernalillo. 

Colfax Cimarron . 

Dona Ana Mesilla. 

Grant... ; Silver City 

Lincoln Lincoln. 

Mora Mora. 

Rio Arriba Tierra Amerilla. 

San Miguel Las Vegas . 

Santa Fe Santa Fe. 

Socorro Socorro. 

Taos Fernandes De Taos. 

Valencia Los Lumas. 

NEW YORK. 

Albany Albany. 

Allegany Belmont. 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



Cr/unty. County Seat. 

Broome Binghamton . 

Cattaraugus Little Valley. 

Caj'uga Auburn. 

Chautauqua Mayville. 

Chemung Elmira. 

Chenango Norwich. 

Clinton Plattsburgh. 

Columbia Hudson . 

Cortland Cortland . 

Delaware Delhi . 

Dutchess .' Poughkeepsle. 

Erie Buffalo. 

Essex Elizabethtown . 

Franklin Malone . 

Fulton Johnstown . 

Genesee Batavia. 

Greene Catskill. 

Hamilton Sageville. 

Herkimer Herkimer. 

Jefferson Waterto wn . 

Kings Brooklyn. 

Lewis LoAv ville . 

Livingston Geneseo . 

Ma<iison Morrisville. 

Monroe Rochester . 

Montgomery Fonda. 

New York New York . 

Niagara Lockport . 

Oneida Utica. 

Onondaga Syracuse. 

Ontario Canandaigua. 

Orange Goshen . 

Orleans Albion. 

Oswego Osvvego . 

Otsego Cooperstown. 

Putnam Carmel. 

Queens Jamaica. 

Rensselaer Troy. 

Richmond Richmond . 

Rockland New City. 

St. Lawrence . . . Canton. 

Saratoga Ballston . 

Schenectadj-- Schenectady. 

Schoharie Schoharie. 

Sch lyler Watkins. 

Seneca Ovid. 

Steuben Corning. 

Suffolk Riverhead . 

Sullivan. Monticello. 

Tioga Owego. 

Tompkins Ithaca. 

Ulster Kingston. 

Warren .. Lake George. 

Washington Argyle. 

Wayne Lyons. 

Westchester White Plains. 

Wyoming Warsaw . 

Yates Pen Yan. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Alamance Graham. 

Alexander Taylorsville. 

Alleghany Sparta. 

Anson Wa'lesborough. 

Ashe Jefferson . 



County. County Seat. 

Beaufort Washington . 

Bertie Windsor. 

Bladen Elizabethtown. 

Brunswick Smith ville. 

Buncombe Ash ville . 

Burke Morgantown 

Cabarrus Concord. 

Caldwell Lenoir. 

Camden Camden. 

Cartaret Beaufort . 

Caswell Yancey ville. 

Catawba Newton . 

Chatham Pittsborough. 

Cherokee Murphy . 

Chowan Edenton. 

Clay Hayesville . 

Cleveland Shelby. 

Columbus Whiteville. 

Craven New Berne. 

Cumberland Fayette ville. 

Currit uck C urrituck . 

Dai'e Manteo . 

Davidson Lexington. 

Davie Mocks ville. 

Duplin Kenansville. 

Durham Durham . 

Edgecomb Tarborough . 

Forsyth Winston . 

Franklin Louisbux'gh . 

Gaston Dallas. 

Gates Gatesville. 

Graham RobinsAille. 

Granville Oxford . 

Greene Snow Hill. 

Guilford Greensborough. 

Halifax ..Halifax. 

Harnett . Linnington . 

Haywood Way nes ville . 

Henderson Hendersonville. 

Hertford Winton . 

Hyde Swan Quarter. 

Iredell Statesville. 

Jackson Webster. 

Johnston Smithfield. 

Jones Trenton. 

Lenoir Kinston. 

Lincoln Lincolnton. 

McDowell Marion . 

Macon Franklin . 

Madison Mai'shall . 

Martin Williamstown. 

Mecklenburgh. . .Charlotte. 

Mitchell Bakersville. 

Montgomery — Troy . 

Moore Carthage. 

Nash Nashville. 

New Hanover . ..Wilmington. 
Northampton.'. . .Jackson. 

Onslow Jacksonville. 

Orange Hillsborough . 

Pamlico Stonewall. 

Pasquotank Elizabeth City. 

Pender Burgaw. 

Perquimans Hertford. 

Person Roxborough. 

Pitt Greenville 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



89 



County. Countu Scat. 

Polk Columbus. 

Itandolph Ashboroug-h. 

Kicbraond Rockingham. 

Kobcson Lumberton . 

Kockingham Wentworth. 

Rowan Salisbury. 

Rutherford. .Rutherfordstown. 

Sampson Clinton 

Stanley Albemarle . 

Stokes Daabury. 

Surry Dobson . 

Swain Charleston. 

Transylvania — Brevat d 

Tyrrell Columbia. 

Union Monroe. 

^'ance Henderson . . 

AVake Raleigh. 

Warren Warrenton. 

Washington Plymouth. 

Watauga Boone . 

Wayne Goldsbo rough . 

Wilkes Wilkesburgh. 

Wilson Wilson. 

Yadkin Yadkin ville . 

Yancy Bui-usville . 

OHIO. 

Adams West Union. 

Allen Lima. 

Ashland Ashland. 

Ashtabula Jeflei-son. 

Athens Athens. 

Auglaize Wapakoneta. 

Belmont St. Clairsville. 

Brown Georgetown. 

Butler Hamilton. 

Carr oil Carrollton. 

Champaign Urbana. 

Clarke Springfield. 

Clermont Batavia. 

Clinton Wilmington. 

Columbiana New Lisbon. 

Coshocton Coshocton. 

Crawford Bucyrus. 

Cuj^ahoga Cleveland. 

Darke Greenville. 

Defiance Defiance. 

Delaware Delaware, 

Erie Sandusky, 

Fairfield Lancaster. 

Fayette Washington. 

Franklin Columbus. 

Fulton Wauseon. 

Gallia Gallipolis. 

Gea iiga Chardon . 

Greene Xenia 

Guernsey Cambridge. 

Hamilton Cincinnati. 

Hancock Findlay . 

Hardin Kenton. 

Harrison Cadiz. 

Henry Napoleon, 

Highland Hillsborough. 

Hocking Logan. 

Holmes Millersburgh. 



County. County Seat. 

Huron Norwalk. 

Jackson Jackson . 

Jefferson Steubenville, 

Knox Mt. Vernon. 

Lake Painesville . 

Lawrence Ironton. 

Licking Newark. 

Logan Belief ontaine. 

Lorain Elyria. 

Lucas Toledo. 

Madison London. 

Mahoning Youngstown. 

M arion Marion . 

Medina Medina. 

Meigs Pomeroy. 

Mercer Celma. 

Miami Troy. 

Monroe Woodsfield. 

Montgomery Dayton . 

Morgan McConnells. 

Morrow Mt. Gilead. 

Muskingum Zanesville. 

Noble Caldwell. 

Ottawa Port Clinton. 

Paulding Paulding-. 

Perry NewLexingt'n 

Pickaway Circle ville. 

Pike Waverly . 

Portage — Ravenna. 

Preble Eaton. 

Putnam Ottawa. 

Richland Mansfield. 

Ross.. Chillifothe. 

Sandusky Fremont . 

Scioto Portsmouth. 

Seneca Tiffin . 

Shelby Sidney. 

Stark Canton. 

Summit -. . . . Akron . 

Trumbull Warren . 

Tuscarawas.. New Philadelphia. 

Union Marysville . 

Van Wert Van Wert. 

Vinton McArthur. 

Wan en Lebanon. 

Washington Marietta . 

Wayne Wooster. 

Williams Bryan . 

Wood BowlingGreen 

Wyandot Upper Sandusky. 

OREGON. 

Baker Baker City. 

Benton Corvallis. 

Clackamas Oi-egon City. 

Clatsop Astoria. 

Columbia St. Helen. 

Coos Empire City. 

Crook Prineville, 

Curry Ellensburgh. 

Douglas Roseburgh . 

Grant Canyon City . 

Jackson Jacksonville. 

J osephine Kerby . 

Klamath Linkville . 



90 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



County. County Seat. 

Lake Lakeview. 

Lane Eugene City. 

Linn Albany. 

Marion Salem. 

Multnomah Portland. 

Polk Dallas. 

Tillamook Tillamook. 

Umatilla Pendleton. 

Union ..Union. 

Wasco The Dalles. 

"Washington Hillsborough . 

Yam Hill LaFayette. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Adams Gettysburgh . 

Alleghany Pittsburgh. 

Armstrong Kittanning. 

Beaver Beaver . 

Bedford Bedford 

Berks Reading. 

Blair Hollidaysburgh. 

Bradford Towanda. 

Bulks Doylestown. 

Butler Butler. 

Cambria Ebensburgh . 

Cameron Emporium . 

Carbon Mauch Chunk. 

Centre Belief onte . 

Chester West Chester. 

Clarion Clarion . 

Clearfield Clearfield. 

Clinton Loch Haven . 

Columbia Bloorasburgh. 

Crawford Meadville 

Cumberland Carlisle. 

Dauphin Harrisburgh . 

Delaware Media. 

Elk Ridgway . 

Erie Erie. 

Fayette Uniontown. 

Forest Tionesta. 

Franklin Chambersburgh. 

Fulton McConnellsburgh. 

Greene Waynesburgh. 

Huntingdon Huntingdon. 

Indiana Indiana. 

Jefferson Brookville . 

Juniata Mifiiintown . 

Lackawanna Scranton. 

Lancaster Lancaster. 

Lawrence Newcastle. 

Lebanon Lebanon. 

Lehigh Allentown . 

Luzerne Wilkesbarre. 

Lycoming Williamsport. 

McKean Smithport. 

Mercer Mercer . 

Mifllin Lewistown . 

Monroe Stroudsburgh. 

Montgomery Norristown. 

Montour Danville. 

Northampton Easton 

Northumberland.Sunbury. 

Perry New Bloomfield. 

Philadelphia Philadelphia. 



County. County Seat. 

Pike Milford. 

Potter Condersport. 

Schuylkill Pottsvilie. 

Snyder Middleburgh . 

Somerset Somerset. 

Sullivan LaPorte. 

Susquehanna Montrose. 

Tioga Wellsborough. 

Union Lewisburgh. 

Venango Franklin. 

Warren Warren. 

Washington Washington. 

Wayne Honesdale. 

Westmoreland. . . Greensburgh . 

Wyoming Tvmkhannock. 

York York. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Bristol Bristol. 

Kent East Greenwich. 

NcAvport Newport. 

Providence Providence. 

Washington Kingston. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Abbeville Abbeville . 

Aiken Aiken. 

Anderson Anderson. 

Barnwell Barnwell . 

Beaufort Beaufort. 

Berkeley Bonneau. 

Charleston Charleston. 

Chester Chester. 

Chesterfield Chesterfield. 

Clarendon Mannmg. 

Colleton Walter boro'. 

Darlington Darlington. 

Edgefield Edgefield. 

Fairfield Winnsborough 

Georgetown Georgetown. 

Greenville Greenville. 

Hampton Hampton. 

Horry Conway. 

Kershaw Camden. 

Lancaster Lancaster. 

Laurens Laurens. 

Lexington Lexington. 

Marion Marion . 

Marlborough Bennettsville. 

Newberry Newberry. 

Oconee Walhalla . 

Orangeburgh — Orangeburgh 

Pickens Pickens . 

Richland Columbia . 

Spartanburgh. . .Spartanburgh. 

Sumter Sumter. 

Union Union. 

Williamsburgh ..Kingstree. 
York YorkviUe. 

TENNESSEE. 

Anderson Clinton. 

Bedford Shelby ville. 



GUIDE a>;d hand-book. 



91 



County. County Seat. 

Beuton Camden. 

Biedsoe Pikeville. 

Blount Maryville. 

Bradley Cleveland . 

Campbell Jacksborough. 

Cannon Woodbury. 

Carroll Huntingdon 

Carter Elizabeth ton . 

Cheatham Ashland City. 

Chester Henderson. 

Claiborne Tazewell. 

Clay Celina . 

Cocke Newport. 

Coffee Manchester. 

Crockett Alamo. 

Cumberland Crossville. 

Davidson Nashville. 

Decatur Decaturville. 

DeKalb Smith ville. 

Dickson Charlotte . 

Dyer Dyersburgh. 

Faj-ette Somerville. 

Fentress Jamestown. 

Franklin Winchester . 

Gibson Trenton. 

Giles Pulaski. 

Grainger Rutledge. 

Greene Greene ville. 

Grundy Altamont . 

Hamblen Morristown. 

Hamilton Chattanooga. 

Hancock ... Sneed ville. 

Hardeman Bolivar. 

Hardin Savannah . 

Hawkins Rogers ville. 

Haywood Brownsville. 

Henderson Lexington. 

Henry Paris . 

Hickman Centerville. 

Houston Erin. 

Humphreys VVaverly . 

Jackson Gainesburg. 

James Ooltewah 

Jefferson Dandridge . 

Johnson Taylors ville 

Knox Knox ville . 

Lake Tiptonville. 

Lauderdale Ripley . 

Lawrence Lawrenceburgh. 

Lewis Newburgh . 

Lincoln Fayetteville. 

Loudon Loudon . 

McMinn Athens. 

McNairy Purdy . 

Macon Lafayette . 

Madison Jackson. 

Marion Jasper. 

Marshall Lewisburg. 

Maury Columbia. 

Meigs Decatur. 

Monroe Madisonville. 

Montgomery — Clarksville. 

Moore Lj^nchburgh . 

Morgan Wartburgh . 

Obion Troy. 

Overton Livingston. 



County. County Seat. 

Peri-y Linden. 

Pickett Byrdsto wn . 

Polk Benton . 

Putnam Cook ville. 

Rhea Washington. 

Roane Kingston. 

Robertson Springfield. 

Rutherford Murf reesburgh. 

Scott Huntsville . 

Sequatchie Dunlap. 

Sevier Sevierville. 

Shelby Memphis . 

Smith Carthage. 

Stewai't Dover. 

Sullivan Blountville. 

Sumner Gallatin . 

Tipton Covington. 

Trousdale Harts ville . 

Unicoi Erwin. 

Union May nardville. 

VanBuren Spencer. 

Warren McMmn\-ille. 

Washington Jonesburgh. 

Wayne Waynesborough. 

Weakley Dresden. 

White Sparta. 

Williamson Franklin. 

Wilson Lebanon. 

TEXAS. 

Anderson Palestine. 

Angelina Homer. 

Andrews Unorganized. 

Aransas Rockport. 

Archer Archer. 

Armstrong Unorganized. 

Atascosa Pleasanton. 

Austin Belleville. 

Bailey Unorganized. 

Bandera Bandera. 

Bastrop . . Bastrop . 

Baylor Seymour . 

Bee... Beeville. 

Bell Bellton. 

Bexar San Antonio. 

Blanco Blanco . 

Boi'den Unorganized. 

Bosque Meridian. 

Bowie Boston . 

Brazoria Brazoria. 

Brazos Bryan . 

Briscoe Unorganized. 

Brown Brownwood. 

Burleson C Id well . 

Burnet Burnet. 

Caldwell Lockhart. 

Calhoun Indianola. 

Callahan Belle Plaine, 

Cameron Brownsville. 

Camp Pittsbin-gh . 

Carson Unorganized. 

Cass Linden. 

Castro Unorganized. 

Chambers Wallisville. 

Cherokee Rusk . 



93 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



County. County Seat. 

Childress Unorganized. 

CJay Henrietta. 

Cochran Unorganized. 

Coleman ..Coleman . 

Collin McKinney . 

Collingsworth . . . Unorganized. 

Colorado Columbus. 

Comal New Braunf els. 

Comanche Comanche . 

Concho Paint Rock. 

Cooke (jrainesville . 

Coryell Gates ville . 

Cottle Unorganized. 

Crockett Fort Terrell. 

Crosby Unorganized. 

Dallam Unorganized. 

Dallas Dallas. 

Dawson Unorganized. 

Deaf Smith Unorganized . 

Delta Cooper. 

Denton Denton. 

DeWitt Clinton. 

Dickens Unorganized. 

Dimmit Carrizo Springs, 

Donley Unorganized. 

Duval San Diego. 

Eastland ". — Eastland . 

Edwards Unorganized. 

Ellis Waxahatchie. 

El Paso Ysleta. 

Encinal Unorganized. 

Erath Stephenville . 

Falls Marlin . 

Fannin Bonham. 

Fayette La Grange . 

Fisher Unorganized. 

Floyd Unorganized . 

Fort Bend Kichmond. 

Franklin Mt. Vernon. 

Freestone Faii"field . 

Frio Frio Town. 

Gaines Unorganized. 

Galveston Galveston. 

Garza Unorganized. 

Gillespie Fredericksburgh . 

Goliad Goliad . 

Gonzales Gonzales. 

Gray Unorganized. 

Gravson Sherman . 

Greer Unorganized. 

Gregg Long View . 

Grimes Anderson. 

Guadalupe Seguin. 

Hale Unorganized. 

Hall Unorganized. 

Hamilton Hamilton. 

Hansford Unorganized. 

Hard man Unorganized. 

Hardin Hardin. 

Harris Houston. 

Harrison Marshall . 

Hartley Unorganized. 

Haskel Unors-anized . 

Hays San Marcos. 

Hemphill Unorganized. 

Henderson Athens. 



County. County Seat. 

Hidalgo Hidalgo. 

Hill Hillsborough. 

Hockley Unorganized. 

Hood Granbury . 

Hopkins Sulphur Springs. 

Houston Crockett. 

Howard Unorganized. 

Hunt Greenville. 

Hutchinson . ...Unorganized. 

Jack Jacksonborough. 

Jackson Texana. 

Jasper Jasper. 

J efterson Beaumont. 

Johnson Cleburne. 

Jones Phantom Hill. 

Karnes Helena . 

Kaufman Kaufman. 

Kendall Boerne . 

Kent Unorganized. 

Kerr Kerrville. 

Kimble Junction City. 

King L^norganized. 

Kinney Brackettville. 

Knox Unorganized. 

Lamar Paris. 

Lamb Unorganized. 

Lampasas ...Lampasas. 

La Salle Cotuila. 

Lavaca Hallettsville. 

Lee Giddings. 

Leon Centreville. 

Liberty Liberty. 

Limestone Groesbeck. 

Lipscomb Unorganized. 

Live Oak Oak ville . 

Llano Llano . 

Lubbock Unorganized. 

Lynn Unorganized. 

McCuUoch Brady. 

McLennan Waco. 

McMullen Tilden. 

Madison Madison ville. 

Marion Jefferson . 

Martin Unorganized. 

Mason Mason . 

Matagorda Matagorda. 

Maverick Eagle Pass. 

Medina Castro ville. 

Menard Menai-d ville. 

Milam Cameron . 

Mitchell Unorganized. 

Montague Montague . 

Montgomery Montgomery. 

Moore Unorganized. 

Morris Daingerfield. 

Motley LTnorganized, 

Nacagdoches. ...Nacagdoches. 

Navarro Corsicana. 

Newton Newton. 

Nolan CTnorganized. 

Nueces Corpus Christl 

Ochiltree Unorganized. 

Oldham Tascosa . 

Orange Orange . 

Palo Pinto Palo Pinto. 

Panola Carthage. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



93 



County. Cnu n t j/ Scat . 

Parker . "Weatherf ord . 

Parmer Unoi'ganized. 

Pecos Fort Stockton. 

Polk Livingston. 

Potter Unorg-anized. 

Presidio Fort Davis . 

Rains Emory. 

Randall Unorg-anized. 

Red River Clarksville. 

Refugio Refugio . 

Roberts Unorganized. 

Robertson . ...Calvert. 

Rockwall Rockwall . 

Runnels Runnels. 

Rusk Henderson . 

Sabine Hemphill . 

San Augustine.. San Augustine. 

San Jacinto Cold Spring. 

San Patricio San Patricio. 

San Saba San Saba. 

Scurry Unorganized . 

Shackelford Albany. 

Shelby Centre. 

Sherman Unorganized . 

Smith Tyler. 

Somervell Glen Ros 

Starr RioGrande C'y 

Stephens Breckenridge . 

Stonewall Unorganized. 

Swisher Unorganized. 

Tarrant Fort Worth. 

Taylor Buffalo Gap . 

Terry Unorganized. 

Throckmorton.. Throckmorton. 

Titus Mt. Pleasant. 

Tom Green Ben Ficklin. 

Travis Austin . 

Trinity Pennington. 

Tyler Woodvilie. 

Upshur G ilmer . 

Uvalde Uvalde. 

Van Zandt Canton. 

Victoria Victoria. 

Walker Huntsville. 

Waller Hempstead. 

Washington Brenhara. 

Webb Laredo. 

Wharton Wharton . 

Wheeler Mobeetie. 

Wichita Unorganized. 

Wilbaiger Unorganized . 

Williamson Georgetown . 

Wilson Floresville. 

Wise Decatur. 

Wood Quitman. 

Yoakum Unorganized . 

Young Graham. 

Zapata Carrizo. 

Za valla Unorganized . 

UTAH. 

Beaver Beaver. 

Box Elder Box Elder. 

Cache Logan. 

Davis Farmington. 



County. CoxintySeab, 

Emery Castle Dale. 

Garfield — Panguitch. 

Iron Parowan. 

Juab Nephi. 

Kane Kanab. 

Millard Fillmore City. 

Morgan Moi'gan. 

Pi Ute Junction. 

Rich Randolph . 

Salt Lake >^alt Lake City» 

San Juan Biuff. 

San Pete Manti . 

Sevier Richfield. 

Summit .Coalville. 

Tooele Tooele . 

Uintah Ashley. 

Utah Prove City. 

Wasatch Heber. 

Washington St. George. 

Weber Ogden City. 

VERMONT. 

Addison Middlebury . 

Bennington Bennington. 

Caledonia St. Johnsbury. 

Chittendon Burlington. 

Essex Guildhall . 

Franklin St. Albans. 

Grand Isle N. Hero. 

Lamoille Hyde Park. 

Orange Chelsea. 

Orleans Irasburgh . 

Rutland Rutland . 

Washington Montpelier. 

Windham Newfane. 

Windsor Woodstock. 

VIRGINIA. 

Accomack Accomack. 

Albemarle Charlottesville. 

Alexandria Alexandria. 

Alleghany Covington . 

Amelia Amelia. 

Amherst Amherst. 

Appomattox Appomattox . 

Augusta Staunton . 

Bath Warm Springs 

Bedford Liberty. 

Bland Bland." 

Botetourt Fincastle. 

Brunswick Lawrcnceville. 

Buchanan Grundy . 

Buckingham. .Buckingham C.H. 

Campbell Rustburgli. 

Caroline Bowling Green. 

Carroll Hillsville. 

Charles City. .Charles City CH. 

Charlotte Smithville. 

Chesterfield Chesterfield. 

Clarke Berryville. 

Craig New Castle. 

Culpeper Culpeper. 

Cumberland Cumberland. 

Dickenson Ervinton. 



94 



THE "V\TESTEIIN WORLD. 



County. County Seat. 

Diawiddie Dinwiddle. 

Elizabeth City. . .Hampton. 

Essex Tappahannock. 

Fairfax Fairfax . 

Fauquier Warreuton. 

Floyd Floyd. 

Fluvanna Palmyra . 

Fi'anklin Kocky Mount. 

Frederick Winchester. 

Giles Pearisburg-h. 

Gloucester Gloucester. 

Goochland Goochland . 

Grayson Independence. 

Green btanards\alle. 

Greenville Hicksf ord . 

Halifax Halifax. 

Hanover Hanover. 

Henrico Richmond. 

Henry Martinsville . 

Highland Monterey. 

Isle of Wight. . . .Isle of Wight. 

James City Williamsburgh . 

King and Queen. King and Q. 

King George King George. 

King William King WilUam. 

Lancaster Lancaster. 

Lee Jonesville. 

Loudoun Leesburgh . 

Louisa Louisa. 

Lunenburgh Lunenburgh . 

Madison Madison . 

Matthews Matthews. 

Mecklenburgh. . .Boydton. 

Middlesex Saluda. 

Montgomery Christsburgh . 

Nansemond Suffolk. 

Nelson Lo vingston. 

New Kent New Kent. 

Norfolk Norfolk . 

Northampton . . .Eastville. 
North umberland . Heathsville . 

Nottoway Nottoway. 

Orange Orange. 

Page Luray. 

Patrick Patrick. 

Pittsylvania ... . Chatham. 

Powhatan Powhatan. 

Prince Edward. .Farm villa. 
Prince George. . .Prince George 
Princess Anne. . .Prs. Anne. 
Prince William. .Brentsville. 

Pulaski Ne wbern . 

Rappahannock. .Washington. 

Richmond Warsaw. 

Roanoke Salem . 

Rock bridge Lexington . 

Rockingham . . . Harrison burgh . 

Russell Lebanon. 

Scott Estill ville . 

Shenandoah Woodstock. 

Smyth Marion . 

Southampton . . .Jerusalem. 
Spottsylvania . . .Spottsylvania. 

Stafford Stafford. 

Surrey Surrey. 

Sussex Sussex. 



County. County Seat. 

Tazewell Tazewell. 

Warren . .Front Royal. 

Warwick Warwick. 

Washington . . . .Abingdon. 
Westmoreland ..Montrose. 

Wise Wise. 

Wythe Wjtheville . 

York Yorktown. 

WASHINGTON. 

Chehalis Montesano. 

Clallam New Dungeness. 

Clarke Vancouver. 

Columbia Dayton. 

Cowlitz Kalama. 

Garfield Pomeroy . 

Island Coupe ville. 

Jefferson Port Townsend. 

King Seattle. 

Kitsap Port Madison . 

Klikitat Goldendale. 

Lewis Claquato. 

Mason Oakland . 

Pacific Oyster-valle . 

Pierce New Tacoma. 

San Juan Friday Harbor. 

Skamania . Cascades . 

Snohomish Snohomish. 

Spokan Chenej'. 

Stevens Fort Col ville. 

Thurston Olympia. 

Wahkiakum Cathlamet. 

Walla Walla Walla Walla. 

Whatcom Whatcom. 

Whitman Colfax. 

Yakima Yakima. 

WEST vmaiNiA. 

Barbour Philippi. 

Berkeley Martinsburgh. 

Boone Madison. 

Braxton Braxton C. H. 

Brooke Wellsburgh. 

Cabell Barbours ville. 

Calhoun Grantsville. 

Clay ClayC.H. 

Doddridge West Union. 

Fayette Faj^etteville. 

Gilmer Glen ville. 

Grant Petersburgh . 

Greenbrier Lewisburgh. 

Hampshire Roraney . 

Hancock Fair\iew. 

Hardy Moorefield. 

Harrison Clarksburgh. 

Jackson Jackson C.H. 

Jefferson Charlestown. 

Kanawha Charleston . 

Lewis Weston . 

Lincoln Hamlin, 

Logan Logan C.H. 

Me Do well Perry ville. 

Marion Fairmount. 

Marshall Mounds\'ille. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



95 



County. County Seat. 

Mason .-,....... .Point Pleasant. 

Mercer Princeton. 

Mineral Keyser . 

Monongalia Morgantown. 

Monroe Union . 

Morgan Berkeley Springs. 

Kichoi ?s Nicholas C. H. 

Ohio Wheeling. 

Pendltton Franklin. 

Pleasants St. Mary . 

Pocahontas Huntersville. 

Preston Kingwood. 

Putnam Winfield . 

Raleigh Raleigh C. H. 

Randolph Beverly. 

Ritchie Ritchie C . H. 

Roane Spencer. 

Summers Hinton. 

Tavlor Grafton. 

Tucker St. George. 

Tyler Middlebourne. 

Upshur Buckhannon. 

Wayne Wayne C. H . 

Webster Webster C. H. 

Wetzel New Martinsville. 

Wirt WirtC. H. 

Wood Parkersburg. 

Wyoming Oceana. 

WISCONSIN. 

Adams . . Friendship . 

Ash'and Ashland . 

Barron Barron. 

Bayfield Bayfield . 

Brown Green Bay. _ 

Buffalo Alma. 

Burnett Grantsburgh. 

Calumet Chilton . 

Chippewa Chippewa Falls. 

Clark Neillsville. 

Columbia Portage. 

Crawford Prairie du Chien. 

Dane • Madison. 

Dodge Juman. 

Door Sturgeon Bay. 

Douglas Sui>erior. 

Dunn Menomonee. 

Eau Claire Eau Claire. 

Florence Florence. 

Fond du Lac Fond dvi Lac. 

Grant Lancaster. 

Green Monroe. 

Green Lake Dartford. 



County. County Scat. 

Iowa Dodge ville. 

Jackson Black River Falls. 

Jefferson Jefferson. 

Juneau Manston. 

Kenosha Kenosha. 

Kewaunee Kewaunee. 

LaCrosse LaCi'ossc. 

LaFayette Darlington. 

Langlade Antigo. 

Lincoln Mei'rill. 

Manitowoc Manitowoc. 

Marathon Wausaii. 

Marinette Marinette . 

Marquette Montello. 

Milwaukee Milwaukee. 

Monroe Sparta . 

Oconto Oconto. 

Outagamie Appleton. 

Ozaukee Port Washington. 

Pepin Arkansaw . 

Pierce Ellsworth. 

Polk Osceola Mills. 

Portage Stevens Point. 

Price Phillips. 

Racine Racine. 

Richland Richland Centre. 

Rock.. Janesville. 

St. Croix Hudson. 

Sauk Baraboo. 

Sawyer — Hay ward . 

Shawano Shawano. 

Sheboygan Sheboygan. 

Taylor Medf ord . 

Trempealeau Whitehall. 

Vernon Viroqua. 

Walworth Elkhorn. 

Washburn Shell Lake. 

Washington West Bend. 

Waukesha Waukesha . 

Waupaca Waupaca. 

Waushara Wautoma. 

Winnebago Oshkosh . 

Wood Grand Rapids. 

WYOMING. 

Albany Laramie City. 

Carbon Rawlins. 

Crook Unorganized. 

Johnson Buffalo. 

Laramie Cheyenne City. 

Sweetwater. .Green River City. 

Uintah Evanston . 

Yellowstone National Park. 




96 THE >YESTERN WORLD 



MAINE. 

Named for district in France. 
Called the "Pine Tree State," or 
"Lumber State"; originally in- 
cluded New Hampshire ; settled by 
English 1607, by French in 1613. 
The latter were partially driven 
out. but retained control between 
the St. Croix and Penobscot rivers. 
King James I. granted to the Plym- 
outh Company, le.'O, all land 
between 40 deg. and 48 deg. lati- 
tude. The company granted New 
Hampshire to John Mason 1629, 
and six years later divided the 
territorj' among its members. To 
Ferdinando Gorges fell the entire 
region from the Kennebec to the Piscataqua, with hereditary 
power from Charles I. as governor. The remainder was parceled 
out. Massachusetts claimed the whole region 1651, and got it 
under favor of the Puritans then m power. When Charles II. 
was crowned the heirs of Gorges claimed it, but were bought off 
for $6,250. Settlers suffered severciy from Indian wars 1670 to 
1680. The territory was held by the British in the war of 1812; 
separated from Massachusetts in 1820. and admitted as a state 
March 3, 1820. Boundary settled with England 1842, and the free 
navigation of the St. John acquired ; number counties, 16 ; Union 
soldiers, 70,107; miles of railroad, 1,142. State elections, second 
Monday in Sept.: number senators, 31 ; representatives, 151; ses- 
sions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday 
In Jan.; terms of senators and representatives, two years each. 
Number electoral votes, 6; congressmen. 4; number voters^ 
187,323; paupers and Indians not taxed excluded from voting. 
Number colleges. 3; system of common, high and normal 
schools excellent ; school age, 4-21 years. Legal rate, interest 6 ; 
by contract, any rate. 

POPULATION, 1880, 648,936; male, 324,058; female, 324.878; 
native, 590,05:3; foreign, 58,883; white, 646.852; colored, l,4.'.l; 
Chinese, 8; Indians, '. enobscots, 625 ; Passamaquoddies, 502. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Extreme length north and south. '^96 miles ; width 210 miles ; sh(>re 
linp, about 2,480 miles ; area, 33,056 sq. mi.es ; land 29,885 sq. miles ; 
21,155,810 acres; 37th of states and territories in size. Surface 
hilly ; becomes mountainous toward center. To the north it is less 
>>rokeii,and merges into the St. John valley. Scenery always 
fine; sometimes grand. Highest point, Katahdin, 5,400 feet : largest 
island. Mount Desert, 92 scjuare miles. Watered by the Penobscot, 
Androscoggin, Saco, St.Croix, Aroostook, St.John and a multitude 
(>f smaller streams, and by Moosehead (7x36 miles in area), Umba- 
l^og. Eagle, Portage, Milllnoket, Sebec, Shoodic, Long, Madawa- 
ska,and smaller lakes. Area of lakes and streams, one-thirteenth 
entire state. The soil is medium only, except on some of the 
streams, where it is rich. Hay is the best crop. Wheat, oats, 
corn, hops, potatoes, buckwheat and the ordinary vegetal'les 
grow. Cattle do fairly ; dairying pays. Half the state is forest 
of excellent timber. Cleared land averages $15 and forest land 
S14 per acre. Slate, copper, granite, are found in large quanti- 
ties. 

CLIMATE.— Winter average, 29 deg.; summer, 67 deg.; rain- 
fall, 45 inches ; snow lies 80 to 1:30 days ; frost comes about middle 
of September, and as late as June. Health excellent, except for 
pulmonarv tr'Miblps; death rate low. 

CHIEF INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture and kindred pursuits, 
lumbering, fisheries (yield, $3,620,000 yearly), quarrjing, shtp 
building (380 establishments). 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



97 



PRINCIPAL CITIES.— Portland (seaport\ population 
3l,4ia; Lewistoi). 19,U83 ; lian{,'or (port of entry), 16,85U; Biddi- 
lord r\H5l ; and Autrusta, the capital, 8,065. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Wearing- apparel, 
one bed and beddin^^ for every twt) persons in family other furni- 
ture to Value of ii5U, tools of trade, bibles and school books in use, 1 




copy state statutes, family stoves, 1 cow, 1 beifer, 2swinc, lOsheep, 
9,000 lbs. nay, all g-rowing- prodvice, 30 bushels gram, all potatoes 
needed for sustenance of family, 12 cords tlrewood, 1 boat of two 
tons burden, cart worth .'j!;:3>, harroAV §5, plow $10, 5 tons anthra- 
cite and 50 bushels bituminous coal, yoke oxen, pair horses, with 
yokes and harness, 1 seAving machine used by family, all flax 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



raised on half acre, and articles made therefrom. The homestead^ 
to the value of $t.OO, may be exempted by recorded deed from all 
debts incurred alter tiling- such deed. No arrest for debt unJess 
in case of fraud or intended removal from state. Declaration 
of insolvency stops suits. All accounts barred in 6, notes in 2 , 
real estate claims in 40 years, and actions for personal damage in 
2 years. Women may sue and be sued; her estate is not Hable for 
the husband's debts. 

LICENSE CHARGES to resident peddlers, retail, $10; 
wholesale, $2o. Non-resident, retail, $25; wholesale, $50. 

LIENS are held for labor or materials by flliu{f statement with 
town clerk in 90 days when there is contract; in 30 days when 
there is no contract. 




NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

One of the thirteen original states. 
Named for Hampshire county, Eng- 
land, called the "• Granite State." 
Originally part of Maine, and in- 
cluded in grant, James 1st, to Plym- 
outh Company, IdiO. Settled by 
English 16:^3. Granted to John 
Mason and others, lti29. United with 
Massachusetts, 1641. Separated from 
latter, 1741. It included the greater 
part of Vermont, but the clann to 
same was dispvited by New York. 
In l'i71 Vermont separated. State 
Constitution adopted 1784, revised 
1793, amended 1»51 and revised 
1877. Eatified United States Consti- 
tution June ~'l, 1788. Union soldiers 
in field, 33,037. Number counties, 10; miles railroad, 600. All 
elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number Senators, 
24 ; Representatives, 321 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in June; terms of 
Senators and representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral 
votes, 4; Congressmen, 2 ; number voters, 105,138. Paupers ex- 
cluded from voting. Dartmouth College, at Hanover, founded, 
1769; compulsory education law; common schools excellent; 
school age, 5-15. Legal interest 6% ; usury forfeits 3 times the 

' POPULATION, 1880, 346,991 ; male, 178,526 ; female, 176,465; 
native. 3U0.697 ; white, 346.229; colored, 68.5; Indians, 63. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETO.- 
Extreme length N. and S. 181 miles ; extreme width, 92 miles; area, 
9,005 square miles— 5,763,2')0 acres. Coast line, 18 miles. Highest 
peak, Mt. Washington. Largest lake, Winnipiseogee, 74 square 
miles. General elcA-ation, 1,200 feet. Isles of Shoals form 
part of the state. The White Mountains occupy the northern 
portion of the state with unsurpassed scenery. The surface 
slopes sotithward and becomes less mountainous. Principal 
riveiv, Connecticut, Merrimac, Androscoggin, Piscataqua and 
tributaries. Principal lakes, Winnipiseogee, Umbagog and 4 
Connecticut lakes, the source of the river of that name. Soil 
rockj% with small fertile districts. Hay best crop ; corn, wheat, 
oats and ordinary vegetables do fairly with close cultivation. 
Forests largely exhausted excej)t at the north. Cleared lands 
average $16% and woodland $25 per acre. Mica is quarried at 
Grafton, soapstone at Haverhill, Keene and Francestown ; 
granite, at Plymouth, Troy, Koxbury, Concord and elsewhere. 
State ranks high in cotton manufacturing. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK 



8F9 



CLIMATE.— Winter average 24, summer 69 deg. Extremes 
great in White Mouutiiins. Summer short and hot, with 
violent storms. Rainfall 41 inches. Frost late in spring and 
early in fall. Winter begins in Nov., and it is cold till May. 
Snow lies two-thirds of the year in mountains, elscAvhere 70 to 
130 days. Health good. 



1 



NEW 



Map of 



:^Fr^ 



kV HAMPSHIRE ,^...>^^# W. .V 
and -- f^-^/l Sl^ 

VERMONT ,^7 / ; 



Population Argit 

New Hampshire a46.9!a 9,80^ 

Vermont 3;'.-2,-.'s6 9,3.36 




i\V. Enos^Jr^' 
t. Albaus ^J^M 

,Georg^__^^fj^dge Jc. ,\Sutto'n ',? {\-Stratford.-=-- ''^^ ^ 

' \\Vimjp ' \^^ V-^-rS^Palton \ -: Berl n I- alls 
^';'"-Kh Monti>;Uer J^Vi^-^^^^ (r '"*' J \. ^-i^. W.i-hing-tQD 

\xew ^ /!^oM:^a\^ ^4^"^^^^^^ \ 



-Haven .-^.i^; / 



B^"^^'^%^S'^i#ii.VSli 



Newbury // \ nayer'KiTl' 



-, ; ^ g 1 r,.v,ranvine //•^ \ ,,- ,= , >V ^'o N I 

W te- /''III Bradford// a V^ '"''If t'"-k^;^^>, . >1^-^. 

\krown^.pto,i:Jf-,\ ^^ Jv- Vv-4u If^M.P'^^^^< 



(Leices't^.-^-. \. 



\Tip.,^,ur^"^"7i,L,.i;rN 



-Tirddison Jt. |pt|.ef <_Royalton /f/ ^^^^^^^l^ Wgs.ip«r 



W.Rutland^iHartfovd- 



Ljilaiul^ l^,x^piai\gc6 



IV.L 



H / WaMr^^ '^i-'™ HennU.e?V^ -^..(v Mills Do/orVy 

[C^TCw^^^^n^^tVon W |ft^ 



PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES. -Agriculture, manufacture 
of cotton, woolens, lumber, leather, boots and shoes, etc. Quai- 
rjing mica, granite and sonpstone. 

PRINCIPAL CITIES.— Manchester, pop., 33,630 ; Nashua, 
13,397; Concord (the capital), 13,843; Dover, 11,687; PortL^- 
mouth (chief harbor), 969. The harbor of the latter place, Great 
Bay, never freezes over. 



100 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : "Wearinff apparel, 
bedsteads aud bedding- tor debtor and family; household furni- 
ture to the value of SlOO ; cooking-stove and furniture for same ; 
sewing-machine ; prov^isions and fuel to the value of $50 ; uni- 
form, arms and equipment of militia; Bibles, school-books and 
library to the value of $200 ; tools of debtor's occupation to the 
value of $100; 1 hog and 1 pig and the pork of same when 
slaughtered ; 6 sheep and the fleeces of same ; 1 cow; a yoke 
of oxen or a horse, when required for farming or teaming pur- 
poses or other actual uses ; hay not exceeding 4 tons ; homestead 
to the value of $500, or that interest in buildings occupied by 
debtor. Assignments do not release debtor nor can preference be 
made. Suits to recover land on mortgage judgment and bonds are 
barred after 2n years, for personal damage or slander after 2 years, 
for all other actions in 6 years. Wife's property and earnings 
exempt from husband's debts. Arrest for debts above $13.33 
may be made on affidavit of concealment of property or contem- 
plated depai-ture from the state. Money owed upon which inter- 
est is paid may be deducted from money in hand or loaned in 
return! n ST property for taxes. 

LICENSE CHARGES. -Peddlers, $10 per year. 

IjIENS on buildings are given for labor and for materials 
to amount of $1,500 for 90 days : laborers on wood have similar 
hen. Boarding-house keepers hold baggage of boarders. Pas- 
turers have lien on stock pastured. 



VERMONT. 




First state to join original 13. 
Name, of French origin, signifies 
"green mountain." Called the 
"Green Mountain State." Origi- 
nally disputed territory between 
New York and New Hampshire, 
ruled chiefly by latter. Settled by 
emigrants from Massachusetts, 1624; 
by French, 1731. The latter soon 
iiiiandoned it. Declared indepen- 
dent of both New York and New 
Hampshire, 1771, at Westminster. 
Took name of "''' New Connecticut " 
or Vermont. Took part in Revolu- 
tion. Sought admission to Confed- 
eration, 1776, but refused through 
oppposition of New York. Applied 
again, HTf, and admitted 1791. Constitution adopted, 1777; 
amended, 1786 ; again in 1793, and revised, 1870. Active in Avar of 
1812. Union soldiers furnished, 33,288. Number counties, 14. 
Miles railroad, 944. First railroad built from Bellows Falls to 
Burlington, 1849. State elections biennial, first Tuesday in Sept.; 
number Senatoi's, 30; Representatives, 240; sessions of legisla- 
ture biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday 
in Oct.; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 
Number electoi^al votes, 4; Congressmen, 2; number voters, 
95 621. Bribers excluded from voting. Colleges, 2 ; school age, 
5-20. Learal interest rate, 6^; usury forfeits excess of interest. 
POPULATION, 1880, 3;'>2,286 ; male, 166.887 : female, 165,399. 
native, 291.327; foreign, 40.959; white, 331.218; colored, 1,0.57; 
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Length N. and S., 149 miles; wirlth, 34 to 52 miles; area, 9,136 sq. 
miles, 5,847,040 acres. Highest point (Green Mountains^ about 
4.600 feet. Largest lake, Champlain, 126 miles long and in places 
15 miles wide; navigable throughout. Isles in lake form Grand 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 101 



sle county. Green Mountains run N. and S. through the state, 
md are 3,000 to 4,600 feet high. Besides which many spurs 
md detached peaks break the surface, which is {renerally 
iill5'. All east of mountains drained by the Connecticutj the 
)uly navigable river. The Sorel river, the outlet of Lake 
;!hamplain, is the other chief stream, and empties into St. 
^awrence. Small streams abundant. Soil rocky bvit good in 
larrow strips on streams. Potatoes best ci\,p. Corn, wheat, oats, 
laj', hops {fnd buckwheat yield moderately if well attended. 
^'ovests remain to considerable extent but are cut over or culled, 
"k-ared land averages $17.50 and forest land $\S per acre. Dairy- 
nu- i)rofitable. Manganese, copper, iron, gold, black, Avhite, red 
rul \ariegated marble and slate are found, the marbles in great 
ibuTidance. State ranks 1st in quarries, 4th in copper. 

CLIMATE.— llangcs of temperature, 15 deg. below to 95 deg. 
Lbove, but changes not sudden ; Munter averages 18 deg. to 33 deg. 
jumraer averages 66 deg. to 75 deg. Summers shoi-t. Rainfall 
H'eatest at south and east, where it averages 43 inches ; in other 
ections the average is 35 inches. Snows heavy. Frosts early in 
all and late in spring. Suoav lies 80 to 140 days. Health excel- 
ent, miasma unknoAvn. Pulmonary diseases less common than on 
;oast. Denth ratr- very low, less than 1% in the 100. 

INDUSTRIES very varied, numbering 2,900; principal ones, 
igriculture, dairying, manufacture of flour, furniture, leather, 
;in, iron and coisper ware, and lumber, mining, quarrjang and 
inishing marbles and stones, and maple sugar making. 

PRINCIPAL CITIES.— Biu'lingt on, pop., 18S0, 11,305 ; Mont- 
?elier (capital), pop., 1880, 4,000; Rutland, pop., 1880, 1:3,149. 
3rattleboro and Bellows Falls are important and thriving towns 
ind seats of large industries. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Apparel, bedding, 
;ools, arms, necessary household f urnitm-e, 1 soAving-machine for 
ise, 1 COAV, 1 SAVine or the meat theret)f , 10 sheep, and I year's avooI 
)r the manufacture thereof, forage for the stock named, 10 cords 
iroAvood, 30 bu. potatoes, 10 bu. grain, 1 bbl. flour, all groAving 
irops, 3 swarms bees and hives, and product of the bees, 200 lbs. 
sugar. Bibles and books used in family, $10 worth poultry, pro- 
fessional book to A-alue of $200, 1 yoke oxen or two horses kept in 
a«;e not worth over J^200, forage for same, wagon or cart and sled, 
vith harness and furnishings, not to exceed in A'alue $250. Ex- 
nnptions do not affect attachments prior to Dec. 1st, 1878. The 
loitiestead of CA'ery housekeeper is also exempt to value of $500, 
ivith yearly product thereof, except the cause of action accrue 
before acquisition of homestead and against taxes. Homestead 
3asses direct to heirs at death free of debts. Assignments Avith- 
xit preference may be made, but creditor is not discharged. 
Bankrupt law in force discharges debts if '30% be paid. Under it 
;axes. United States, state, wages to $50, are preferred. Suits to 
:ecover land barred in 15 years; on contract, injury or account 
n 6 ; on bond or judgment in 8 ; on assault or imprisonment in 3 ; 
for libel or slander in 24, and on note in 14 j'ears. Wife's property 
exempt except income for debts for necessities or labor or im- 
proA-ements on the property. Her earnings exempt. She may 
3o business in her oAvn name and is then babie. Women cannot be 
irrested in action for debt. Men arrested onlj^ on affidaAit of re- 
moval or concealment of propertj*, or in cases Avhee fraud is 
\lleged. The power of arrest is large'y discretionary Avith the 
judge and is A'ery sparingly used, liberality being the rule to 
Jebtors 

LICENSE CHARGES.-per year. Peddlers on foot, $15; 
with team, $30; if Avat dies, clocks, jewelry or jiatcnt medicinse 
are sold. $t)0. lacense issued by county clerk. 

LIENS for Avork or materials for buildings hold, but must be 
Bled in town clerk's office and action on same begxm inside of 3 
months after tiling. 



102 



THE WESTEKN WORLD 




MASSACHUSETTS. 

Indian name. Called "Old Bay 
State." Oue of the 13 original 
states. First settlement 1(^0:2, al:)an- 
doned the same year. Explored 
1614 by Captain John Smith. First 
permanent settlement 1R20. Pil- 
grims landed on Plymouth Rock 
l>ec. 32. Massachusetts Bay colony 
founded 16^. Boston settied 1630. 
Massachusetts Bay Companj' char- 
tered under Charles I. Annul- 
ment of charter attempted. Col- 
onists refused to surrender and 
fortified Boston harbor. Pequot 
war, ItST. King- Philip war, 1675H5. 
Charter forfeited 1684. General 
court dissolved and Joseph Dudley 
appointed president. Superseded 1686 by Sir E. Andros, who was 
deposed by the people 1689. Colonies of Plymouth and Massa- 
chusetts Bay united 1692; received new charter; the appoint- 
ment of governor and other officers being vested in the 
crown. First American newspaper, Boston, 1690. Anglo-French 
wars, 169U to 1763, involved Massachusetts. Renewed hostilities 
with French, and Indians, 170J-4, and the last general war with 
latter occurred 1722-5. Massachusetts was active in bringing on 
Revolution. Boston massacre March 5, 1770. Destruction of tea 
Dec. 16, 1773. Boston port bill passed March, 1774. Battle of Lex- 
ington first blood of Revolution. State constitution adopted 1780; 
amended 1820 and 1857. Ratified U. S. constitution Feb. 6, 1788. 
Shay's rebellion, induced by heavy taxation caused by the revo- 
lutionary war, 1786-7. Maine separated from Massachusetts, 1820. 
Vill^e of Fall river acquired from Khode Island in exchange for 
town of Pawtucket and other territory, 1851. Union soldiers, 
146,730, besides sailors. Number counties, 14. Miles railroad, 
2,399. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number 
senators, 40; representatives, 240; meeting first Wednesday in 
Jan.; yearly terms of senators and representatives, 1 year. Num- 
ber electoral votes, 14 ; congTessmen, 12. Number voters, 502,* 48. 
Paupers, jiersons under guardians, non-taxpayers, and men 
unable to read and write, excluded from voting. School system 
excellent; attendance compulsory; age, 5-15 years; 7 colleges, in- 
cluding Harvard. Legal interest, 6 ^ ; by contract, any rate. 

POPULATION, 1880, 1,7S},0?;5; three-fourths native; females 
outnumber malo^. Indians. 369. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Length, N. E. to S. W., 162 miles; breadth, 47 miles in western 
and 100 in eastern part ; area of 8,040 square miles, 5,145,60<J acres. 
Coast extensive and irregular, with numerous good harboi-s. 
The Merrimac only large sti-eaia entering sea within the state. 
The Connecticut traverses Avestern part north to south. Housa- 
tonic, Biackstone and Taunton rivers flow through Massachusetts, 
and Charles and Mystic rivers enter Boston Bay. The rivers af- 
ford valuable water power, none navigable but Merrimac. The 
Taconio and Hoosac ridges traverse the state at the west. Saddle 
mountain, 3,600 feet, the highest peak. The ea^t and northeast 
divisions are hilly and broken, and the southeast low and sandy. 
Scenery very be.iutiful, especially in Berkshire hills; soil generally 
light; hay best crop; wheat, oats, corn and vegetables grown. 
Forests practically exhausted. Cleared land averages S^O, and 
woodland S4) per acre. Stone is found. No minerals rained. 
Elizabeth Islands, Martha's "Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller 
islands to the south belong to the state. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



103 



' CIjIMATE.— Winters severe and protracted ; summers short 
and Will m; thermometer rung-es li-oin 10 dog. below to lUO deg.; 
averages summer, VS deg.; winter, 24 deg.; snow falls Oct. to 
April; rainfall, including snow, 4-t Inches; prevailing winds 
from east ; heavy logs common on coast. 




CHIEF INDUSTIIIES.— Agriculture aud kindred callings. 
Fishing for cod and mackerel (half the fishing vessels of the 
Union owned here). Manufacture of cotton, woolen, worsted, 
silk, iron and steel goods, soap and iraolements, quarrying. 

PRINCIPAL CITIES.- Boston, capital; pop. 302 839; Low- 
ell, pop. 59.475; Lawrence and Fall River, famous for cotton 
manufactures; pop. 39,151, and 48,9dl ; Worcester, railroad and 



104 THE WESTERN WORLD 



manufacturing' center, pop. 58,291 ; Cambridge, seat of Harvard 
College, pop.5i,669; Lynn, famous for manufacture of boots and 
shoes, pop. 38,27-1; New Bedford, greatest whaling port in 
the world; pop. 26,8*5; Spi'ingfield contains greatest arsenal in 
the United States, pop. 33,840. Ports of entry, 9. 

PROPERTY" EXEMPT from execution: apparel, $20 worth 
of coal, stores, beds and $iOO Avorth furniture, books in use, cow, 
6 sheep, 1 hog, 2 tons hay, tools of trade to $100, material of busi- 
ness SIOO, arms, etc., of militia, $50 Avorth provisions, homestead 
to value of $800, declared such in deed of purchase or by re- 
corded declaration. Debts to United States, wages and physi- 
ciaTis' bills preferred. Bankrupt laAV applies to debtors for more 
than $ 100. Debts discharged by consent of majority of creditors. 
Suits for land barred after 20, on contracts not sealed after 
6, for wages after 4, on notes and all other actions after 20 
years. Wife's property exempt, including ornaments ami ap- 
parel to value of $2,000. She can sue and be sued, etc., same as 
if single; her note good, if not joint with husband, but does not 
bind husband. Women cannot be arrested for debt. Men may be 
arrested on affidavit of concealment or avoidance where claim 
exceeds %20. 

LICENSE CHARGrES.— Peddlers, $50 per year; special 
county license, $1 to $4. Permissions to obtain town licen es, $3 
to $'i5 ; all issued by Secretary of State. 

LIENS are given on buildings for labor and material. Notice 
must b;^ given owner, and statement of lien filed in eounty regis- 
ter's office in 30 da.ys after work is done, and suit brougnt in 90 
daj^s. Vessels are subject to li ke liens. Boarders' (except sailors') 
effects subject to lieu for board, and cattle for pasturage. 



RHODE ISLAND. 

One of the 13 original states. 
Called "Little Rhody." First settled 
at Providence, 1636, by Roger Will- 
iams. Island of Aquidneck (Rhode 
Island), bought from Indians, 
1638, and Newport and Portsmouth 
founded. Patent obtained, 1643, pro- 
Aaded for union of the settlements, 
which tht-y accepted 1647. Charter 
of Charles II., 1663, served as organic 
law of state till 1843, when present 
constitution was ratified. R.I. suf- 
fered terribly during King Philip 
wars, 1675-76 ; Providence burnt 
during same. Colony deprived, 1687, 
of right of self-government by Sir 
E. Andros. The fall of the latter on 
success of the English revolution, 1688, restored liberties, 1689. 
Lands of Narragansett Indians acquired by purchase, 1709. Pop. 
60,(XI0 in 1170. R. I. seamen distinguished themselves in the 
Anglo-French wars, 1750 to 1763, and in Revolution. First 
Ameri(!an squadron sailed from Providence under command of 
Esek Hopkins. Newport occupied by British, 1776, and besieged 
unsuccessfully by Gen. Sullivan and French fleet under Count 
d'Estaing, 1778. British forces evacuated 1779. Count de Roch- 
ambeau arrived at Newport July 10, 1780, with fleet of transports 
and 6,000 soldiers. Rhode Island was nor represented in the con- 
vention, 1787, which framed Constitution of United States, and 
was the last state to ratify same, 179 >. "Dorr rebellion," 1842 
caused by insufficiency of the old charter, which still served as 
the constitution. The Dorr government twice assembled, but 
was dispersed by state auth' >rities. Di puted boundaries adjusted 
1861 by ceding to Massachusetts Fall River in exchange for Paw- 




GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK 



105 



tucket and a part of Seekonk (East Providence). Union soldiers 
furnished, 2 5.236. Number counties, 5. Miles railroad, 147. State 
elections, first Wednesday in April ; elects 72 Representatives, Si 
Senators, 3 Congressmen and 4 presidential t lectors. Legislature 




meets annually on last Tuesday in May, at Newport, and holds 
adjourned session armuallyat l'rovid<nce ; termsof Senatorsand 
Kepresentatives, 1 year. Personls without property to the value 
of Slo-lt excluded from voting. BrowiTs University at Providence, 
founded ]7fi4 ; common school system excellent: school age, 5-15. 
Legal interest rate. e,%; by contract, a"y rate. 

POPULATION, 188.-), 297,531; three-fourths native; females 
predominate: Indians, 74. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Area, l,iSb sq. miles, or U*j<j,o20 acres. Length N, and S. 40 miles ; 



106 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



■width, 40 miles. Narrag-ansett Bay divides the state unequally, 
the western and larger part extending N. from the ocean some 27 
miles. The bay is 3 to 12 miles wide and contains several islands, 
of which Aquidneck, Canonicut and Prudence are largest. Block 
Island, at the western entrance of the bay, also belongs to this 
state. Surface of state broken and hilly. Small rivers vmfit for 
navigation are numerous and afford valuable water powers. Chief 
rivers: Pawtucket and Pawtuxetj entering Narragansett bay ; 
and Pawcatuck, falling into Long Island sound. The state con- 
tains numerous small lakes, some of great > -gauty. Scenery varied 
and pretty. Soil middling quality. Hay best crop. Potatoes, 
corn and oats are the next most important products. No forests. 
Dairying profitable. Land high-priced. No minerals mined. 

CLIMATE, OAving to nearness to sea, moderate. Average 
temperature : winter, 2-t to 42 deg.; summer, 44 to 74 deg. Kaiu- 
fall, 48 inches. Snow lies 60 to IQO days. Health good. 

CHIEF INDUSTRIES.— Manufacture of ftibrics of cotton, 
flax, linen, wool, boots and shoes, rubber goods, metals, jewehy, 
etc., agriculture, dairying. Rhode Island, in proportion to size, 
is the largf st manufacturing stste in Union. 

PRINCIPAL CITIES.— Providence (capital and seaport), 
pop., 1M80, 104,857. Newport (capital, seaport, finest in world, and 
great pleasure resort), pop. 15,693. Bristol (seaport). Warren 
(seaport). Lincoln, pop. 13,765. Pawtucket, pop. 19,030. Woon- 
socket, P<Tp. Irt.OoO. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : wearing apparel 
and tools to value of S200 ; furniture and provisions, $300 ; books, 
cow, pig, hog and pork of same, arms, etc., of militia, promissory 
notes, exchange and SIO wages. Assignments made without 
preference. Debtor not released. Wages to amount of $100 pre- 
ferred. Suits to recover land and on foreign judgment barred 
after 20 years ; after 1 year for slander, 4 years for trespass, 6 
years on accounts. Arrest for debt only permitted on affidavit of 
intpnded removal or secretion of property. Females cannot be 
arrested for debt. Wife's property exempt. She cannot do 
business. 

LICENSE CHARGES. -Peddlers, S60to state ; S30 to Provi- 
dence county; S15 to- other counties. Peddlers, jewelry, $200 to 
state, SlOO to Providence and. $53 to other counties. Licenses 
issuer! by secretary of state. 

LIENS on buildings are given for labor and material. All 
wor-king under contractor must notify owner in 30 days and file 
claims in 6 months with town clerk. 



CONNECTICUT. 



Indian name meaning "Long 
River," tailed "• Wooden Nutmeg 
State." One of original 13 states 
explored by the Dutch settlers of 
Manhattan Island, 1615, by whom 
S'^ttlement was made, 1633, at Hart- 
ford, sold poon after to English. 
Hartford, Windsor and Wethers- 
field t-ettled by colonists from 
Massachusetts, 1636. Saybrooke 
united with Connecticut, 1644. 
New Haven was settled, 1644, and 
united with Connecticut, 1665, un- 
der charter of 1662, from King 
Charles. Surrender of charter de- 
manded by Andros, 16S7, but was 
concealed in what became histor- 
ical as the "Charter Oak" tree. Andros ruled as a des])ot until de- 
posed and imprisoned, May 9 1689. Charter remained intact; and 




GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



107 



formed the constitution of the State unfil the adoption of 
the present one in 1818. Connecticut instructed its delegates to 
the Continental Congress, June U, 1776, to propose that the 
united American cok^nics were free and independent states, ab- 
solved from all allegiMnce to the king of Great Britain and thus 
forecast the declaration of independence. The state f ux-uished 










a very large quota of men to the Revolntionary armies. Yale 
College, lounded 1701; Hartford capital till 1761. From 1701 to 
1873 ttie general assembly met alternatel} at Hartford and New 
Haven. In the last named year the place of meeting was per- 
manently fixed at Hartford. Union soldiers furnished, 55,864. 
Number counties, 8. Miles railroad, 994. State electious yearly 



108 THE WESTERN WORLD 



on same date as presidential election ; elects 24 senators, 249 rep- 
resentatives, 4 congressmen, and 6 presidential electors. State 
senators hold 2 and representatives 1 year. Legislature meets 
yearlv on Wednesday after first Monday in January. Convicts 
anfl p'ersons unable to read not permitted to vote. School sys- 
tem superior ; includes 3 colleger, with 160,000 books in libraries. 
School age 4 to 16 years. Legal interest, 6j?. More cannot be col- 
lected. No penalty for usury. 

POPULATION, 1880, 622,700; male, 305,782; female, 316,918; 
native, 492,708; colored, 11,547; Chinese, 123; Indians, 255. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL., PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Area, 4,845 sq. miles; average length, 86 miles; average breadth, 55 
miles; seacoast, 110 miles. Surface diversified by hills and val- 
levs, but less rugged than the other New England states. The 
Green Mountain range terminates in this state in a series of hills, 
the highest being about 1,000 ft. above the sea. The Housatonic, 
Thames, Quinnebaug, and Connecticut valleys extend N. and S., 
and contain much excellent land. The sea coast is indented by 
numerous bays and harbors, affording excellent anchorage. Soil, 
except in valleys, light and stony. Corn, oats, hay, wheat, to- 
bacco and vegetables are the staple crops. Cleared land averages 
S40 and woodland $30 per acre. No valuable timber remains. 
Stone extensively quarried. Valuable iron mines exist. 

CLIMATE.— Moderate and healthy; average temperature, 
summer, 72 deg. and winter, 28 deg. Occasionally the ther- 
mometer sinks below zero, considerable snow falls, summers 
wai'm. Rain fall including snow about 47 inches. 

CHIEF INDUSTRIES.— Manufacture of hardware, clocks, 
silks, cotton, rubber, ( arpets, woolens, arms, sewing machines 
and attachments, dairying, quarrying, agriculture, etc. Total 
number of different industries, 4,4b8. 

PRINCIPAL CITIES.— Hartford (capital, and noted for 
banking and insurance busmess) ; pop. 1880, 42,015. New Haven, 
"City of Elms," seat of Yale College; pop. 62,882. Bridgeport, 
noted for manufacture of fire-arms and sewing machines; pop. 
27,643. Waterbury, important manufacturing city; pop. 17,806. 
Fairfield, Middletown, New Haven, New London and Stoning ton 
are ports of entrv. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: necessary apparel, 
bedding, furniture and provisions, arms, implements of trade, 
stock to value of $150. Horse, saddle and buggy, with harness 
of practicing physician not to exceed S250; sewing machine, 
library to $5()0, boat to $200. No homestead. Assignments with- 
out preference allowed, but do not discharge debt. Wages to 
$100, accruing within 3 months preferred. Suits for land barred 
after 15 years, on b^nds and non-negotiable notes after 5 years, on 
contracts after 6 years, for slander, express contracts (unwrit- 
ten) Hfter 3 years, for damage for loss of life after 1 year. Wife's 
property exempt from husband's debts; she can do business, 
sue and be sued separately. Arrest for fraud, concealment, 
removal and refusal to pay admitted or judgment debts. 

LICENSE CHARGES.-None 

LIENS are given on boarders' effects for board after 60 days; 
for material (over $25 worth) if statement is filed with town 
clerk or secretary of state, if supplied to a railroad, in 60 days and 
suit begun in 2 years. Liens for labor and material furnished 
vessels must be filed in 10 days. Judgments are liens on real estate. 




GUIDE AKD HAND-BOOK. 109 



NEW YORK. 

One of the thirteen original states; 
named f<ir Yorkshire, Eng. Called 
the " Empire State." Explored by 
Henry Hudson, Sept., 1609, who 
sailed up the river to which he save 
his name. Two months earlier 
Samuel de Champlain discovered 
and named Lake Champlain. Hol- 
land owned the territory. The 
r>utch settled on Manhattan Island, 
16U. Country called " New Nether- 
lands." Manhattan Island pur- 
chased from Indians for $24, 1626. 
Indian troubles 1640-45. Swedish 
settlements on the Delaware incor- 
porated with the New Netherlands, 
16.55. England claimed the country 
as part of Vir^iniat- captured Manhattan (New Amsterdam) 
August, 1664, and named it New York. Dutch regained posses- 
sion, held it a few months, and permanently transferred it to 
England; New Y^ork the battle-tield of the French-English war, 
1754: was prominent in the Revolution. The last royal governor 
was forced to tlee, Oct., 1775. In Feb., 1776, Americans occupied 
New Y'ork city; British regained control in Aug., and held 
Manhattan Island until Nov. 25, 1783. Burgoyne's surrender 
at Saratoga Oct., 1777, the first great triumph over British 
tyranny. West Point fortified 1777-78. New York city capital 
of the colonial government until the Revolution, and state 
capital 1784 to 1797, when Albany was made the capital. It was 
also the seat of the United States government 1785 to 1790. 
During war of 1812-14 border towns of New Y'ork attacked 
by the British. First State constitution adopted 1777, revised 
1801, 1821 and 1846; slavery abolished 1817. Boundary question 
with Vermont, Connecticut and Massachusetts settled 1791. 
Union soldiers furnished, 448,8.50; number counties, 60; custom 
districts, 10; first railroad, Albany to Schenectady, 17K3; miles of 
railroad, 7,812; miles canal, 900. State officers elected every 
4 and senators (33 in number/ every 2 years; representatives (125 
in number), yearly, on same day as presidential election. Legis- 
lature meets first Tuesday in Feb., yearly; congressmen, 3t; 
presidential electors, 36. Election betters and bribers and con- 
victs excluded from voting. School system superior; includes 28 
colleges. School age, 5 to 21 years. Legal interest, 6^; usury 
forfeits principal and interest. 

POPULATION, 1880, 5,082.871; male, 2,505,322 ; female, 3,577,- 
549; native, 3,871.492; Indians. 819; white, 5.016.042; Chinese, 907. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles ; extreme width, 311 miles; 
area, 47,620 sq. miles; 30,476,800 acres; Avater frontage, 900 miles; 
surface, varied. The narrow belt east of the Hudson valley is 
intersected by spurs of the Hoosac and Green mountains; the 
rolling table lands to the west are traversed by tne Blue Ridge, 
Highland, Catskill, Helderberg and Adirondacks. The Hudson, 
rising in the Adirondacks, and flowing south over 3 miles to 
New York bay, is the chief stream. The AUeghetiy and its tribu- 
taries drain the S. W., and the Susquehanna the southern central 
division. The Mohawk is the chief affluent of the Hudson. The 
state is noted for the beauty of its lakes. In the west are Chau- 
tauqua and Cattaraugus ; in the central division Canandaigua, 
Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and others having the Oswego river 
fur their outlet. Long. Manhattan and Staten Islands form im- 
portant divisions of the state. The soil is also varied, and agri- 
culturally the state is very rich. Cleared land averages $60 and 



110 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



"woodlad $40 per acre. Considerable forests yet remain. The pro- 
duction of corn, wheat and dairy products is very larj^e. The 
state ranks first in value of manufactures, soap, printing- and 
publishing, hops, ha5% potatoes, bucl^ wheat and milch cows; 
second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, miles rail- 
way and barley; third in agricultural implements, iron ore» 
ii'on and steel, oats and rye. 




CLIMATE, diverse; mean annual temperature for the state, 
47 deg. In the Adirondacks the annual mean i8 39de«.; in the 
extreme south it is 50 deg.; average rainfall 43 in., including 
snow, the fall being greatest in the loAver Hudson valley, and 
smallest (33 in.) in the St. Lawren( e valley. Range of tempera- 
ture, 10 deg. below to 100 above zero. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK 



111 



PRINCIPAL CITIES.-New York City, pop., 1,206,299; 
Brooklyn, pop. 5(i6,t)oo; Bulfulo, " Queen City of tne Lakes," pop. 
155,134; Kochester, pop. }^9,3<J0; Syrax)use, pop. 51,792; Albany 
(capital), pop. 90,758. 

LEADING INDUSTBIES.-Manufacturing of ail kinds, 
agriculture, dairv'injr. Hie tiades, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Necessary furni- 
ture, tools and team; professional implements, furniture and 
librai-yto valueof $200; 90 days' food for team, 60 days' earnings 
if necessary to family; homestead to valueof $1,000; exemption 
extends after death till youngest child is of age; notice must be 
recorded of intention of making it a homestead or by acts done 
showing intention to make it such. No exemption against debts 
prior to making of homestead or against purchase money for 
same. Assignments with preference may be made, and on petition 
of two-thirds creditors in amount debtor discharged. Suits to 
recover real estate upon sealed instrument or judgment, barred 
after 20 years; on contract, for injury to person or property, to 
establish a will, or for fraud, after 6 years; for negligence, after 
3 years; for libel, etc., after 2 years, and all other actions after 
10 years. No imprisonment for debt. Arrest may be made in 
some cases where fraud enters. 

LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers on foot, S'JO; witli 
horse, $:i0; with more than one horse, $50. License issued by 
Secretary of State. 

LIENS to value of labor or material given against premises, 
or if same exceed contract price to amount of latter, if tiled in 
30 days, and proceedings are begun in 1 jear thereafter. Judg- 
ments are liens on real estate for ten years. 



NEW JERSEY. 

One of the thirteen original states. 
Named lor Isle of Jersey. Settled 
first by Dutcb, from New Amstei- 
dam, at Bergen, 162U, by Swedes east 
of the Delaware, 1038. Latter dis- 
possessed by Dutch, 1655. Country 
ac(iuired by England, 1604. Subse- 
quently ti'ansferred by Duke of 
York to Lord Berkeley and Sir G. 
Cartaret. Submitted to Dutch, 1673. 
Reverted to England, 1674, and gov- 
erned till 1680 by Sir E. Andros; gov- 
erned 1682 to 1702 by William Penn. 
Previous to 1682 the state was 
divicied into two distinct gov- 
ernments—East Jersey and West 
Jersey- From 1702 to 1788 New 
Jersey was subject to New York, but kept its own asseraljly. 
Separated in the latter year and received independent gov- 
ernment. Battles of Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth and others 
fought within its borders during the Kevohition. State 
Constitvition adopted, 1776; revised, 1844, and amended in the 
present decade. United States Constitution unanimously adopted 
Dec, 1787; capital established at Trenton, 1790. A slave 
state till 1860, when but eighteen slaves remained and it was 
counted a free st^te; Union soldiers furnished, 75,814. State 
contains 21 counties and has 1,890 miles railroad. State elec- 
tions annual; same date as congressional and presidential; 
number of senators, 21; representatives, 60; meeting of legisla- 
ture, 2d Tuesday in January ; term of Senators, 3 years ; repre- 
sentatives, 1 year; number of electoral votes, 9 ; Congres.;men, 7. 




112 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from votina- Num. 

ber colleges, 4; schools good; school age, 5-18. Legal nte?St 

6% ; usury forfeits entire interest. ^ ini^eiesi 

POPULATION, 1880, 1,13 1,116; male, 559,92-^; female 571194- 




T J.?P°^S^^?"^^^^?^^^' SO^^' PRODUCTS, ETC- 

l^ength north and south, 1^8 miles; widrh,a8 to 71) miies; area 7 455 
square miles or 4^771,200 acres ; forty-third state in size. Atla.itic 
coast, 128 miles; Delaware Bay coast. 1 i8 miles. Greatest elevation 
at north, where Blue Mountains reach l,OliO to 1.800 feet above the 
sea. The Kittatinny Valley, 10 miles wide, separates these from the 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 118 



Highland range 900 to 1,500 feet high. The famous Palisades of the 
Hudson at the northeast are 600 feet high. Toward center state 
slopes to a rolling plain, and at south becomes flat and low. Jludson 
river forms the eastern border, Delaware bay and river the west- 
ern; Raritan, Ne^v York and Newark bays afford fine harboi-s. Cape 
May to Sandy Hook coast bordered by strips of sand inclosing 
bodies of water which float vessels of light draft. Delaware Water 
Gap and Fails of Passaic are the natural wonders of the state. At 
the north are picturesque lakes and the coast is famous for water- 
ing places, including Cape May, Atlantic City, Long Branch, etc. 
The soil ranges from fair to very good. Cleared land averages 
SSO and woodland' $60 per acre ; hay the best crop. Other staple 
crops are potatoes, wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, cranberries (in 
Burlington, Ocean and Atlantic counties), fruit and garden pro- 
duce (central region vast garden) ; little woodland valuable for 
timber remains. Iron and fertilizing marls are abundant. 

CLIMATE variable ; temperature averages, summer. 68 deg. 
to 75 deg.; winter, 31 deg. to 38 deg. Range of temperature from 
about zero to 100 deg. Rainfall . including snow, 40 inches, reaching 
50 inches in the highlands, and falling to 40 inches at the south. 
Highlands and seashore healthy. Ague and malarial fevers 
in the lowlands. 

PRINCIPAL CITIES.— Nev/ark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg 
Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton and Lumberton ai'e ports of entry. 
Newark, pop. 136,508; Jersey City, 120,722; Trenton (capital), 
29,910; Paterson,51,031; Elizabeth, 28,229; Hoboken, 30,999 ; Cam- 
den, 41.659. 

CHIEF INDUSTRIES.— Manufacture of fabrics, jewelry, 
clay wares and brick, flour, crj-^stals, fishing, oyster fishing, gar- 
dening, agriculture, marl and iron ore digging, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution for debt : goods and 
chattels to the value of $200, wearing apparel, homestead 
worth not to exceed $1,000. Assignments cannot give preference 
to any creditor. Creditors who prove against a debtor who has as- 
signed are barred further action and the debtor is released. Those 
who do not prove are not barred. Preference may be given by 
mortgage or confessed judgment. Action to recover real estate 
barred in 20 years, to recover rents on sealed lease in 16 years, on 
note in 9 years, on accounts in 4 years, and for slander in 2 years. 
Arrest for debt may be made on affidavit alleging fraud done or 
contemplated. Wife's property exempt from husband's debts. 
Bonds of state and United States, property of state, counties, 
ti )wns, etc. Property owned and taxed out of the state, if tax on 
fame has been paid Avithin a year of the time of assessment; insti- 
tutions of learning, religion and charity; libraries (public), ceme- 
teries and their endowments and the assets of corporations re- 
lieved of tax bv charter from the state. 

LICENSE CHARGES- per year— Peddlers on foot, S8 : with 
h^)i-se, $15; with $2 and $3.50 in each case extra as fees. 

LIENS— wages to amount of $300 for each employe are pre- 
ferred claims. Liens for labor and material must be filed against 
the property Avithiu a year and summons to enforce the same 
Issued. Judgments are liens on real estate. 




114 THE WESTERN WORLD 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

One of the thirteen original states, 
named for Wm. Penn. Called the 
" Kej^stone State." Settled first by- 
Swedes at Chester, 1638. Swedes 
subjected by Butch, 1655, and terri- 
tory became part of New Neth- 
erlands, t aptured by English, 1^'M. 
Becaptured by Dutch, 1672, but fell 
to Enirlish agai'i in a few months. 
AU territorj' west, of Delaware 
river granted to Wm. Penn, 1681, 
by Charles II. of England. Phil- 
adelphia founded, 1682. Pennsyl- 
vania became battle-ground of 
French -English wars, 174«-1T60. 
Braddock's Field and Fort Du 
Quesne (Pittsburgh) most notable 
of the fights. Indians conquered, liek Pennsylvania most con- 
spicuous in Revolution. Proprietary government abolished and 
independent state formed 1776. Continental Congress met and 
declaration of independence signed at Philadelphia. Notable 
events: Defense of Philadelphia, battles of Brandy wine, German- 
town and Valley Forge State Constitution drawn 1790; revised 
1838; amended 1850, 1857, 1861-4, and 1873 new one adopted. "Whisky 
Insurrection" or revolt against exci«e law, 1794. Capital moved 
from Philadelphia to Lancaster, 1.99, and to Harrisburffh, 1812. 
State invaded tbree times by confederates, 1862, 1863, when battle 
of Gettysburgh was fought, and 1864, when Chambersburg was 
destroyed. Union soldiers furnished, 337,930. M umber counties, 
67; miles railroad, 7,546. State elections annual, same date as 
presidential ; number senators, 50 ; representatives, 20' ; sessions 
biennial, meeting fii-st Tuesday in Jan., hold UO days; term 
of Senators, 4 years ; representatives, 2 j^ears; number electoi-al 
votes, 30; congressmen, 28. Non-taxpayers and bribers excluded 
from voting. Number colleges, 26 ; school age, 6-21 ; school sys- 
tem good. Legal interest, 6% ; usury forfeits excess of interest. 

POPULATION.— 1880. 4,282.891; male, 2,136,655; female, 2,i46,- 
236; native, 3.695.062; colored. 85,535; Chinese. 464 : Indians, 184. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Length east and west, 300 miles; widths ^76 miles; area, 44,985 
sq. miles ; 28,790,400 acres. Lake frontage 60 miles. Surface very 
diverse and scenery varied from the commonplace to the beau- 
tiful and sublime. Level at the southeast, hilly and mountainous 
toward the center, and rolling and broken at the west and south- 
west. From the Delaware river on the east rises gradually from 
five or ten to l,0i feet at the foot of the Blue Ridge. Cumber- 
land valley a fine region. The Allegheny and Kittatinny mount- 
ains occupy the central portion. The western division (half the 
state) is a tcible land. Principal streams Susquehanna and its trib- 
utary the Juniata ; Delaware (rises in Catskills) a tide water river 
as far as Trenton, 130 miles from mouth ; Alleghany and Monon- 
gahela, which unite to form the Ohio. Soil varies from barren 
hills to sections of great fertility. Many superb farms. Cleared 
land averages 1^45 ; woodland ^30 per acre. Much good timber 
remains. Farms average 100 acres. Oil, coal (anthracite at east, 
bituminous at Avcst) iron, copper, kaolin, building stones, salt 
abound. Rye, corn, wheat, buckwheat, potatoes, vegetables, hay, 
oats, toVtnci'o are staple crops. Dairying and stock flourish. 

CLIMATE in mountains severe in winter, with much snow ; 
summers pleasant ; summers hot on the Delaware, reaching 100 
deg.; summers long in Su!=<juehanna valley ; west of mountains 
summers hot and of moderate length ; winters cold ; average 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



115 



winter teHiperature. 34 deg-.; summer, 74 deg-,; rainfall, includ- 
ing- snow, averajfes 43 inches ; climate healthy. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Philadelphia, second city inUnitetl States, 
contains mint and navy yard; pop., 84;(5,OS'l. Pittsburg-, extensive 
manufacturing- city ; ]>op., 156,389, Harrisburg-, capital ; pop., 
30,7ti2. Philadelphia, Pittsburg: and Erie are ports of entry. 












.^WU ?¥\T 






■ 1 sf^^" \ 












INDUSTRIES.— Pennsylvania is the g-i-eat iron, oil and coal 
state. Tlie utlier uidustries include aj^riculture and kindred pur- 
suits, lumbering, manufacture of paper, woolens, liquors, imple- 
ments, mnchijicrv, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Wearing apparel, 
bibles, school books, sewuig machine and $300 in personal or 



116 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



real property. No exemption against judgments not exceeding 
$50, obtained for labor. Assignments may be made, -without 
preference, and debtor is not released. Suits to recover land 
barred after 31 years ; on judgments, mortgages and sealed in- 
struments after 20 years ; on notes and accounts after 6yeais; 
for slander after 1 year; for personal damages after 2 years. 
Wife's property exempt, except earnings, which, by proper 
application, may also be exempted. No imprisonment for 
debt. Property exempt from tax, estates of religious and char- 
itable institutions, state, county and municipal property, all man- 
ufacturina: companies, except makers of gas and spirituous, 
malt or other liquors. 

LICENSE CHARGES— Per year, peddlers on foot, $8; with 
cart, $16; with two-horse cart or wagon, $25. Jewely peddlers, 
$200 to state and |50 to each county, except Providence, where 
charge is S 'i-O. 

IjIENS for wages and material hold if filed within six 
months, and are good five years. Judgments are liens on real 
estate for five years. 



DELAWARE. 




One of the thirteen original 
states. Named for Lord l;e la 
"Ware, who entered the bay 1610. 
Called "The Diamond State." First 
state to i-atity Federal constitu- 
tion. Visittd J609 by Henry H\ d- 
son. Settled l)y Swedes 16a8, who 
bought from Indians, buili a fort, 
and called the country "^ew 
Sweden." Swedes took iJuck fort 
at Casimer (New Castle) 1054, and 
were compelled, lt55, to swear 
allegiance to Holland. Ten years 
later Sir R. Carr took the settle- 
ments, and England held them 
for nine years. Dutch rega ned 
possession 1673, but treaty of West- 
minster gave the district to England 1774, and it was ruled by a 
representative of Duke of York, to whom it was granted. 1 raiis- 
ferred to William Penn 1682 by Duke of York. Independent 
assembly created 1703, meeting at Newcastle, but was governed 
by governor of Pennsylvania till 1776, when the colony declared 
itself independent. Took vigorous part in the revoluiion. 
State Constitution adopted 1776. A new one 1792, which was re- 
vised 1831. Delaware was a slave state. Slaves 1860, 2,000. Union 
soldiers furnished, 12,284, the biggest percentage of any state. 
Contains three counties. Miles of railroad, 306. All el* ctioiis 
Tuesday after first Monday in November; number senators, 9. 
representatives, 21; legislature meets in odd-numbered years, first 
Tuesday in January; holds 21 days; term of senators, 4 years; of 
representatives, 2 years; number electoral votes, 3; number con- 
gressmen, 1; idiots", insane, paupers and criminals excluded from 
voting; colleges at Newark and Wilmington, school age, 6-21; 
schools fair; legal interest rate, 0; usury forfeits the principal. 

POPULATION, 1880, i4e,6('8; male, 74,108 ; femaie, 72,500; na- 
tive-, 137,140 ; white. 120,160; colored, 26,442. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Length north and south nearly 100 miles; width, iO miles at north, 
36 at south. Area l,i^50 square miles, or 1,248,000 acres. Available 
area large. Northern portion rolling, but free from large hills. 
Scenery beautiful. Southern portion level and sandy, with fre- 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



117 



quent cypress marshes. Coast low and swampj^ with lasroons sep- 
arated t'rora sea by sand-beaches. Streams How into Chesapeake 
and Delaware bays and are small. Tide reaches to Wilmington. The 
soil is good and the state of cuitivsition superior. Cleared land 
averages S-t5 per acre, and wood-land $40. Staple crops, corn, 
wheat, peaches, berries, garden vegetables, sweet potatoes. Iron 
is found, but is no longer worked. 




\ H n iCs^ 

J I Cur I V.uf^ "')l^^ ^' I] •' "* H^ 

Barren Cr. /r^^VhaWuHA^^^^^ ; 



CIJMATE mild. Tempered by sea breezes. Average temper- 
ature, winter, 32 deg. to 38 deg.; summer, 7:J deg. to 78 (\ii\^. Rain- 
fall 48 to 50 inches. At north health excellent. Some malaria oa 
the low lands l-oi-deringthe swamps at the south. 

CHIEF CITIES. —Wilmington, pop. 42,4T8. Dover, capital. 
Newcastle, 6,0U0. Breakwater protecting Delaware Bay at Cape 



118 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



Henlopen, greatest work '^f its krnd in America, cost the United 
States i?:2.1jr,40(t. and was over 40 years in course of construction. 

INDUSTRIES.— Agiicultuie and kinared pursuits, manu- 
facture of flour, lumber, cotton, iron, steel, leailio-, etc., t hip- 
building-, fishing, canning and preserving. Total number different 
indnstries, 7^0. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution, books, pictures, 
wearuig apparel, tools and implements to valueof $]o\n Newcastle 
and Sussex counties, and SloO in Kent. Other household goods to 
value of S200 in New Castle and $150 in Kent are exempt, and 
sewing machines and wages are exempt in New Castle. Assign- 
ment cannotpreferany creditor, and does not release the debtor. 
Suits involving title to land are baired in 2") years, on notes, etc., 
in 6 years, on accounts, etc., in 3 years. Arrests for debt may be 
IT ad'e upon afiSdavit of Intention to remove prope- ty from state 
and defraud creditors. Wife's property acquired in any way but 
from husband is exempt from his debts. 

LICENSE CHARGES per pear, peddlers on foot, S-'^.O ; if a 
citiz.en, $b ; with one horse, $1(5; two horses, $30. and $10 additional 
for each horse above 2 ; with horse and wagon, $'5 ; two horses 
and WMgon, $35. To sell clocks, $50. Tinware $10, with cart $:.U 

LIENS.— Wages and materials to the amount of $,5 are liens; 
statement of claim mu^t be filed in 90 d:iys, or in 30 days by con- 
tractoro. No priority of liens. Judgments are liens on real estate 
for 30 years. One month's waares to amount of $50 is a lien on 
real estate In New Castle county . Executions levied are liens for 
3 years. 



MARYLAND. 




One of the thirteen original states, 
named for wife of Charles II of 
England. Settled 1631 by Captain 
Wil'iam Clayborne and other Vir- 
ginians. Granted by Charles I to 
Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore) June 
20, 1632. First English colony 
landed March, 163-1. Clayborne's 
party driven out. The latter, by 
aid of Virginia Non-Conformists, 
1642, took conti'ol of the territory. 
Proprietors regained possession 
]f>46. Were again dispossessed by 
Pui'itan element for three years, 
and again got control. Govern- 
ment of colony assumed by King 
William III. 1688. Baltimore laid 
out 1730. Proprietary government overthroAvn December, 1T74. 
Constitution adopted November, 1776; amended 1W2, 1810, 183u, 
1845, 1851 ; new constitution adopted 1851 ; a-'ain in ]8r)4, and pres- 
ent one 1867. Federal congress met at Anna])oiis 1783. when 
Wnshuigton resigned command (fanny. Federal constitutio'i 
ratiiied April 28. 1778. Fiedericktown and other places burned in 
war of 1812, and Fort McHcnry Iwmbarded. Battles of Bladenburg 
an'l North Point fought. First blood of civil war shed at Balti- 
more April 19, 1861. JiCgislature opposed war Av)ril 26, 1861, but 
passed resolutions favoring the South. Battle of Antietam Sept. 
16 and 17. 18H2. Slavery abolished 1864. Union soldiers furnished, 
4().638 ; No. counties, 23 ; miles railroad, 1,082. All elections Tues- 
day Hfter first Monday in Nov.; number Senators, 26; Repre- 
sentatives, 91; sessions biennial, in even-numbci*ed years ; meet 
first Wednesday in Jan. and hold 90 days; term of senators, 4 
year- ; of repi'esentatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 
8. congressmen, 6. Insane, convicts and bribers excluded from 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



119 



votin"-. Number colleges, 11: school age, 5-20; school S5'stem 
fi- ir Lc'jal intei'OPt Q%; usury iorfeits exce-^-s of interest, 
" POPULATION.— 1880, 939,94']; male, 4(L',187; leinalc, 472,756; 

native, 8rv3,i:)7 ; colored, :eiO,2;W. Slaves, IStJD, b7, 189. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Length east aud west, 196 miles; width, 8 to 122 miles. Area, exclu- 




sive of rhesapeake bay, 9,800 sq. miles. Area of the bay, 2,840 sq. 
miles. Acreage of state, 6,310,400, water surface large. West- 
ern and northern sections mountainous and broken. Peninsular 
region sandv and low, as is also section between the Chesapeake 
and Potuuiac. Mountains, the BlueRidgeand AUeghenies. Scenery 
flue, rising often to sublime. Chesapeake bay almost divides the 



120 THE WESTERN WORLD 



state. Tide-water coast nearly 500 miles. Chief navigable rivers, 
Potomac, Susquehanna, Patuxent, Patapsco, empty into the bay. 
At the west is the Youghiogheny. Many small streams, bays and 
inlets. Numerous small islands in Chesapeake bay. Soil varies 
from very poor to very good. Cleared land averages $23.50, and 
woodland $14 per acre. The average value of latter lowered by 
mountain sections. Considerable good timber remains. Enor- 
mous coal fields west. Copper is found in Frederick and Carroll 
counties; iron ore in Allegany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Balti- 
more. Frederick and Prince George's counties. Great oyster, 
fish, fruit and vegetable producing state. Oyster beds most 
valuable in Union. Wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat and tobacco 
staple crops. Opportunities for capital are yet excellent. 

C3LIMATE.— Mild,agreeable and healthful; some little malaria 
in lowlands. Temperature softened by ocean. Winter averages 
37 deg., summer. 78 deg. Rainfall, 43 inches. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Baltimore, port of entry; pop. 332,313. An- 
napolis, capital; contains United States Naval Academy; pop. 
5,744. Cumberland, pop. 10.693. 

CHIEF INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture and fruit growing, 
oyster and other fishing, canning, coal, ii'on and copper mining, 
manufacturers of cotton goods, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Wearing apparel, 
books, tools not kept for sale and $100 in other property. Assign- 
ments may be made, and if all property is surrendered and no 
fraud has been perpetrated, debtor is discharged. No preferences 
can be given by the assignor. Suits to recover land barred after 
twenty years, on accounts, etc., after three years, and on notes, 
bonds, etc., after twelve years. Wife's property exempt. Hus- 
band not liable for wife's debts prior to marriage. No arrest for 
debt. Wages are not attachable until due, and $100 is then exempt. 

LICENSE CHARGES.— Per year, peddlers on foot, $40; 
with one horse, $50; with two horses, $70, in each county. 
Drummers may be charged per cent on stock of house; not en- 
forced, Cumberland, $1 per day. 

IjIENS.— Wages and materials unpaid are liens for five years, 
if statement is filed in six months. Three months' wages are pre- 
ferred liens. Kent, Calvert and St. Mary's counties are exempt 
from the lien laws, except against shipping. Judgments are 
ileus on real estate. Liens against ships are good but two years. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Named for Columbus. Fixed as seat of U. S. government 1790 
by act of Congi-ess. Formed out of Washington Co., Md. (04 sq. 
mi.) and Alexandria Co.Va. (36 sq. mi.) Government removed to 
District, 1800. Captured by British 1814, and capitol, executive 
mansion and congressional library burned. Virginia portion 
ceded back to that state 1846. Slavery abolished 1862. No fighting 
in District during civil war. Governed by Congress till 1871,whf'na 
legislati ve body of 33 (1 1 a ppointed by the president and 22 elected) 
was created. Executive officers still appointed by president. 
Officers appointed are paid by the United States; those elected 
by the District. Citizens of District have no vote for national 
officers. Schools superior. Legal interest, 6^» ; by contract, 10 ; 
more forfeits entire interest. Population, 1880, 177,638. Miles 
railroad, 18. Surface made up of fiats and hills. Similar in all 
' features and products to Southern Maryland. Cities— Washin-'- 
ton (capital U. S.), pop. 147,307; Georgetown, pop. 13,578. Exempt 
from execution : Furniture, etc., $300, tools or books, etc., ^.m, 
stock for business, $200, wages to $300. Assignments tan prefer. 
Actions for account void after 3 ; on note after J3 j-ears. Wife's 

f)roperty exempt. No arrest for debt Liens hold for board, 
abor and material. Drummers' License $200 per year in 
Washington. 




GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK 121 



VIRGINIA. 

One of the thirteen original 
states ; named for Queen Elizabeth, 
the V'irgin Queen ; called the "Old 
Dominion " and " The Mother of 
Presidents." First English settle- 
ment in America, 1G07. Controlled 
by the London company. Trouble 
with Indians, 1609 to ie24, when com- 
pany dissolved and colony became 
subject directlj^ to the crown. 
SUivery introduced 1619. Bacon's 
Kebellion against restriction of 
franchise and high taxes, 1676. Will- 
iamsburgh founded 1699, where 
general assembly met, 1700. Active 
in French War of 1754, and in Revo- 
lution and subsequent steps toward 
founding the Union, Virginia won the title of "First of the 
States." British burnt Norfolk 1779, and Richmond 1781. 
Yorktown surrendered Oct., 1781, practically vanquishing 
England. State Constitution adopted 1776, and a new one 1869. 
United States Constitution ratified June 35, 1788. Capital fixed at 
Richmond 1779. State seceded May 7, 1861, and capital of Con- 
federacy moved to Richmond from MontgomxCry, Ala. Arsenals 
and navy yards seized immediately after secession. West Vir- 
ginia separated 1861. Scene of gigantic energies of the war. 
Bull Run, the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Fredericksburg, Port 
Republic and many other famous battles were fought on Vn-ginia 
soil. Lee surrendered at Appomattox April 9, 1865, ending the 
war. Fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to United States 
Constitution ratified 1869. State returned to the Union Jan. 26, 
1870. Originally included all the region known as Territory of 
the Northwest. Number of counties, 100. All elections Tuesdny 
after the first Monday in November; number of senators. 40; 
representatives, 100; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeti'.g tirst Wednesday in December; holds 90 
days; term of senators, 4 yeai's: representatives, 2 years. Num- 
ber electoral votes, VZ; Congressmen, 10. Lunatics, idiots, con- 
victs, duelists. United states army and non-taxpayers of capiti- 
tion tax excluded from voting. Nurabercolleges, 7; schools, 4,502; 
school age, .5-31 ; school system fair. Legal interest, 6%, by con- 
tract M: usurv forfeits all over 6 per cent. Miles of railroad, 3 894. 
POPULATION, 1880, 1,512.565; male, 745,589; female, 766,976; 
native, 1,497,869; white, 880,858; colored, 631,616; Indians, 85; 
slaves. 1860, 490,865. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Greatest length east and west, 445 miles; greatest width, ]90 
miles; area, 4u,135 square miles, 25.680,000 acres, exclusive of water 
are I. Coast line, 130 miles; tidal frontage, 1,556 miles. State 
divided into 6 sections parallel v/ith coast and extending back 
from the same in the order named : Tidewater ; Middle, Pied- 
mont Blue Ridge, Valley and Appalachian. The nature of these 
sections is indicated by their titles. The scenery of the state is 
both beautiful and grand. The Peaks of Otter, the Natural 
Bridge and the Luray caverns are among its natural wonders. 
The mountains vary from wild to rugged. The Alleghany and 
Cumberland mountains at the west are the most notable. The 
broken districts are, however, interspersed with valleys. The 

?rincipal rivers are the Potomac, Rappahannock, Rap idan, James, 
ork, Elizabeth. These have many tributaries, and water and 
water powers are abundant. The soil is very fertile in the valleys. 
good on the table-lands and poor to middling on the mountains. 



123 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



The state is rich in iron, gokl, salt, coal, marble, slate, zinc, lead, 
stone, timljer and other natural resources as yet little developed. 
Muchg-ood farming land is untilled. Cleared land averages $10 
and v/oodland S6 to $7 per acre. The opportunities for homes 
and enterprise are invitmg. All cereals, tobacco, peanuts (state 
ranks first in this crop and second in tobacco), fruits, grapes and 
vegetabies aie eiteusively raised. Stock thrives. 















CLIMATE varies owing to difference in elevation, but is 
genial and healthful, cool in mounraiiis and warm in lowlands in 
summer ; winters of moderate length, and seldom severe ; winter 
temperature averages 44, summer 78 degrees. Rainfall, including 
snow. a\'(n-ages 44 inches, being heaviest on the coast. 

CHIEF CITIES. -Richmond (capital), pop., 63,600; pop. 



GUIDE AKD HAND-BOOK 



123 



of "orfolk, 31,9fi6; of Petersburg-, 21,656, Hampton Roads one 
of best harbors on coast. Seven ports of entry. 

INDUSTRIES.— Half population engaj^ed in aj^ricultnre, 
baliiiK-e In quarrying-, ship-buiMmg-, lumbering, the trades, iron 
workinji-, meat paeking, tanning'. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution not to exceed S2,000 
in value in real or personal property <jr money to any house- 
holder or head of family, and besides books, pictures to the value 
of $100, weai'ing apparel, beds and bedding, 3 steers, 1 cow, 1 horse, 
household furniture to a bmited quantity, tools of trudetothe 
value of $100; provisions for family, sewing- machine, and to 
farmers, in crop season, a j'oke of oxen or a team and farm im- 
plements. In assignment credit(n-s may be preferred, but the 
debtor is not released. Suits involving real estiite barred after 15 
years ; on bond or contract under seal, after ^0 years ; on indem- 
nitj' bond, after 10 years ; on accounts, after 2 years, and on all 
other actions after 5 years. Wife's i)roperty and income from 
same exempt from husband's debts. No imprisonment for debt 
unless debtor attempts to leave state, when creditor may have him 
arrested. 

LICENSE CHARGES.-Per year-Peddlers on foot, $50; 
sampU- merchants, ^'S). Drummers tax, $75 per year. 

LIENS for labor and materials, f<.»r advances made on crops 
and oa bag'gage and other property of boarders arc enforcible. 



WEST VIRGINIA. 




Originally part of Yirg-inia. 
Called "Pan Plandle State." His- 
tory up to 1861, same as that of Vir- 
ginia, btefused to secede April 22, 
18BI. F. H. Peirpoint, elected Gov- 
ernor, June 20, 1861. State called 
" Kanawha," but name changed 
in December. State Constitution 
adopted 1862, and Capital fixed at 
Wheeling-, and moved to Alexan- 
dria, 1863; the authority of the state 
extending- to the vax-ying- territory 
of Virg-inia, held by Union troops. 
Admitted as state, June 20, 1S63, and 
Wheeling again made the Capital. 
Capital changed to Charleston, 1870. 
Moved again to Wheeling- 1875, and 
to Charleston affaln in 1884. Constitution amended, 1872; number 
Union soldiers furnished, 32,068; state advanced rapidly in wealth; 
number counties, 54; miles lailroa'l, 1,026. Governor and state 
officers elected quadrejinially, and legislature every two years, 
on second Tuesday in October: number senators, 26; representa- 
tives, 65; sessions bieimial, in odd-numbered years, holding 45 
days; term of senators, 4 years; of representati^•es, 2 years. 
Number electoral votes, 6; congressmen, 4; number voters, 
139,161; native white, ]2;},.560; colored, 6,384. Insane, paupers and 
convicts not voting. Flourishing free school system: school pge, 
6-21. Legal interest, 6%; by contract, 6 ; usury'forfeits excess of 
inrorest. 

POPULATION, 1880, 618,457; male, 314.495; female, 303 962; 
nauve, 600,192; white, 592,5;}7; eoioi-ed, 25.886: Indians, 29; increase 
in jMipulation l.s70 to 1880. 3S per c<'nr; nu-nber slavf s, 1860, 18,371. 
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Lengih N . and S., 241 miles; greatest width, 158 miles; area, 24,645 sq. 
miles, 15,772,800 acres. Surface mountainous with fertile valleys; 



124 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



the Alleghenies principal range. Some high peaks. Scenery fine, 
and much visited by tourists. Western part hilly, but gradually 
descends from 2,500 feet above the sea toward the Ohio river, 
where the elevation is 800 to 900 feet. Ttie chief rivers are the Ohio, 
Potomac, Big Sandy, Big and Little Kanawha, Guj^andotte and 
Monongahela, all navigable, and are being improved by govern- 
ment aid, giving easy access to marKcts. Smaller sti earns aie 
numerous. Much of the state is virgin forest densely clothed 
with oak, walnut, poplar, ash, and other timber trees. Minerul 
springs abound. The soil, where not mountainous, is excellent. 
Mineral wealth, including coal, oil, iron, salt, is prodigal. Staple 
products include the minerals named, sheep, hogs, tobacco, 
wheat, corn, dairy products, fruit, wine, lumber. Petroleum is 
extensi^ ely produced in Ritchie, Pleasants, Wood and Wirt coun- 
ties. The state I'anks fifth in salt and coal; seventh in buckwheat, 
iron and steel. Cleared land averages ^22.50; woodland S9 per 
acre. 

CIjIMATE moderate; average temperature, winter SO deg.; 
summer. 70 deg. Elevation reduces heat which in the valleys aver- 
ages 76 to 78 deg. Average rainfall 42 to 45 inches. Health is ex- 
cellent. 

CHIEF CITIES, Charleston, Capital; Wheeling, pop. 30,737. 
Parkersburg, pop. 6,58?; Martinsburg, pop. 6,335. 

CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Sixty per cent, of laborers engaged 
in agriculture, balance in mining, iron making, lumbering, manu- 
facturing, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: homestead to value 
of $1,000, where acquired as such by will or deed, or where mten- 
tion is declared to keep same as a homestead by recorded deed : 
personal property to value of 8200 to married men or widows with 
children, and $.50 worth of tools in all cases. Assignments may be 
made with preferences but do not release debtor. Action on all 
open accounts barred in 3, other claims in 5, and real estate- judg- 
ments and bond claims in 10 years. Wife's property, unless a gift 
of hvisband, not liable for his debts. A married woman may 
contract debts separate from husband, and her separate estate is 
solelv chargeable with them. No imprisonment for debt. 

LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers on foot, SIO; with team, $25 
per ;\ car. 

LIENS for labor and materials must be filed in 60 days . Notice 
must be given employer when work is done for contractor in 30 
days. Suit must be brought in 6 months. Judgments are liens 
on real estate. 



NORTH CAROLINA, 



One of the thirteen original states. 
Named for King Charles 11., of Eng- 
land. Called "Old North State," 
"Fur State " and " State of Ti-rpen- 
tine." Discovered by Lord Kaleiirh, 
1.584. Settled by English, 1650, and 
then known as Albemarle and 
united with South Carolina. Warred 
with the powerful native Tusca- 
roras, 1712, and expelled them Y,]3. 
Separated from South Carolina, 1729, 
First state to declare itself inde- 
pendent of England at Mecklcn- 
bui'g. May, 1775; State i onstitution 
adopted Dec, 1776. Oct. 7, 1780, 
battle of King Mountain : Afarch 1.5, 
1881, battle of Guilford Court House. 
Constitution U. S., ratified Nov. 1789. State seceded May 21, 1861, 
Forts, etc., seized by state troops. Coast section scene of sharp 




GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 125 



fighting during ci^^l war. State re-entered Union June, 1868. 
Amendments to U. S. Constitution adopted March, 1869. Number 
of counties, 96; miles of railroad, 1,366. All elections Tuesday- 
after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 50; representatives, 
120; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednes- 
day af Der first Monday in January ; hold 60 daj's ; terms of sena- 
tors and representatives, 2 j'ears each; number electoral votes, 
11 ; number congressmen, 9. Convicts are excluded from voting. 
Public school system adopted, 1840; at present over 2,000 public 
schools in operation; school age, 6-21; separate schools for whites 
and blacks. Legal interest rate, 6 ; by contract, 8 ; usury forfeits 
interest. Rate of tax less than 50c. on $100. 

POPULATION, ISSO, 1,309,750; male, 687,908 : female, 711,842; 
Aative, 1,396,008; colored, 531,277; Indians, 1,230. Slaves, 1860, 
331.059. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL. PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Greatest length e. and av. 453 miles; greatest width, 185 miles; 
area, 52,240 square miles, or 33,4;>3,600 acres, less area water 
surface. Coast line 423 miles with many harbors. Western 
section mountainous, containing Alleghenies and Blue Ridge 
mountains. Elevation 3,500 to nearly 7,000 feet (Klingman's 
peak). Other high points, Mt. Mitchell, 6,730 feet, Sugar mount- 
ain, 5,312 feet, and Grandfather mountaui, 5,900 feet. Middle 
portion is hilly, but not mountainous. Coast region low, level 
and swampy. Land generally sandy, but of good quality and 
originally heavily timbered. Much virgin forest yet remains. 
Swamps extensive, most noted of them, the Great Dismal, north 
of Albemarle sound, contains 148,000 acres. Chief rivers, Roan- 
oke, Chowan, Cape Fear, debouching in Albemarle sound; Tar 
and Ncuse emptying into Pamlico sound, and the Yadkin and 
Catawba. Small streams abundant; water powers numerous; corn 
best crop; tobacco largest product; other staples, oi'chard pro- 
ducts, sweet potatoes, rice, wheat, oats, peanuts, cotton, hay and 
vegetables in the order named. North Carolina ranks first in 
tar and turpentine ; second m copper ; third in peanuts and to- 
bacco, and foui'th m rice. Has rich deposits of gold and the 
baser minerals. Stone, slate, coal, marble, mica. Excellent fish- 
eries. Natural resources but slightly develooed. \mple oppor- 
tunities for homes, enterprise and capital. Cleared land averages 
SIO, and woodland $5 per acre, and much of excellent quality in 
the market below this average. Stock thrives. Scenery varied, 
ordinary, picturesque and grand. Wheat harvested June. Corn 
ripe in Sept. 

CLIMATE varied, warm and moist m low sections ; cool and 
dry in mountains, with all intermediate conditions. Average 
winter tempei-ature, 49 deg.; summer, 78 deg. to 79 deg. Frosts 
light and seldom come till the end of fall. Rainfall, Including 
some snow in mountains, 45 deg. Health good. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Wilmington, pop. 13,446; Raleigh (capital), 
pop. 7,790; Charlotte contains assay office, pop. 4,473; pop. New 
Berne. 5,849. 

INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture principal occupation. Fish- 
ing, raanuacture of tm-pentine and lumber, mining, etc. Num- 
ber of (litfereiit industries, 3,800. Ninnber boats engaged in fish- 
eri"s. iiboiit 3.000. • Copn.M- mined, 1,610,000 lbs. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: personal to value 
of .?500. Homestead to value of $1,000. Assignment relieves 
debtor from imprisonment, but does not discharge debts. Pre- 
ferences may be made. Suits to recover real estate barred after 
30 years; after 21 years whei'e adverse claim is set up; after 10 
years on .iudgments or mortgages; after 7 yeai's on Justice of the 
Peace judarments; after 6 years on official bond or for injury to real 
estate ; after 3 years on contracts, or for fraud, and after 1 year 
for assault, libel, imprisonment, etc. Wife's property absolutely 
exempt from husband's debts. Arrests for debt may be made if 
cause is shown the court, upon affidavit, of intention of debtor to 
leave state or conceal himself or property. 



126 THE WESTERN WORLD 



LICENSE CHARGES.— Drummers ^100 per year ; S2o0 for 
sewiiiR- machine or liquor salesmen. 

lilENS are ghen mechanics in all cases, and for materials 
when notice is aiven the owner before settlement with contractor 
and notice is filed. Agricultvu-al laborers and persons making 
advances have liens on crop. Owners of studs or .lacks hold 
liens and judgments are liens on real estate for 10 years. 




SOUTH CAROLINA. 

One of the thirteen original states; 
named for King- Charles II. of Eng- 
land; called "Palmetto state." 
Settled by French Hum uenots 1562 
at Port Koyal; abandoned. Cre- 
ated a province 1663. Permanently 
settled by English 1670, on vishley 
river; Charleston platted 1680. A 
proprietary government under 
John Locke's constitution till 17^)9; 
separated from North Carolina 
1729; revolutionary record, brill- 
iant. English seied the territory, 
but were thrashed at Cowpens and 
Eutaw Springs, and penned up 
in Charleston. State constitution 
adopted March ?6, 1776. United States Constitution ratified May 
33, 1788. First railroad in United States using American locomo- 
tive, 1830. State adverse to high tariff, and passed nullification 
ordinance Nov. 11>, 1882, at Columbia, declaring the tariff not 
binding on the citizens of the state. The affair compromised. 
First state to secede, Nov., 1860. Sumter bombarded April 12-13, 
1861. Ordinance of secession repealed Sept., 1865, and slavery 
abolished. New constitution adopted 1868; re-entered the Union 
June, 1868. Numier counties, 34; miles of railroad, 1,570. State, 
congressional uiid presidential elections, 'iuesday after first Mon- 
day in November; State senators. 35; representatives, 124; ses- 
sions annual, meeting fourth Tuesday in November; term of 
senators, 4 yeart; of representatives, 2 years. Number elect- 
oral votes, 9; number congressmen, V. Insane, Inmates of 
asylums, alms-houses and prisons. United States army and 
duelists excluded from voting. Number colleges, 9; school age, 
6-16; school system , fair. Legal interest 7^, by contract, any rate. 
POPULATION, 1880,995,-577; male, 490,408; female, 505,169; 
native. 987.891; white, 391,105; Indian!^, 131; slaves. 1860, 402,406. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOtL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Greatest length, 2''0 miles; gi-catest width, 210 miles; area. 30,170 
square miles, or 19,308,800 acres, exclusive of water surface; 
coast line, 212 miles, with several good harbors. Many small 
islands, famous for " Sea Island cotton." Surface mountainous 
at west, traversed by Blue Ridge. Highest point, Table Mount- 
ain, 4,065 feet. Mountains descend rapidly to the "middle," or 
" sand ridge " section. This gives place to the cotfst section, ex- 
tending inland over 100 miles, low and flat. Principal riveis. 
Savannah, navigatde 130 miles, Great Peedee, Santee, and Evli.sto; 
many lesser streams. Magnificent Avater power, undeveloped. 
Scenery grand in mountains, ordinary elsewhere. Soil a arious, 
from medium to very rich. Forests extensive and valuable. 
Land, cleared or uncleared, averages $7 per acre; much is oflored 
at $3 to S5. Hice and cotton, best crops. All other cereals, as 
well as vegetables, fruits, grasses and fibre crops grow well. 
Phosphate beds enormous; gold, mica, marbles of all coloi's; 
builaing stones found iu large quantities. Turpentine, tar, lum- 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



127 



ber and oysters larffelj' produced. Stock thrives. Gold mines in 
Abbeville, Edgefield and Union counties; fli'st mint deposits, 
S3,500, in 18L7. White and variej^ated marbles found in Spartan- 
burg-h and Laurens counties. Splendid opportunities for homes 
or investment. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature ranges 15 to 96 degrees F.; aver- 



JC.^^^^ 




age?, summer, 83 degrees; winter, 51 degrees. Average rainfall, 
48 inches, decreasing to tlie south. Health, good. Epidemics 
rare, and confined to seaports; resort for consumptives, ('hanges 
slight and infrequent; frosts rare. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Charleston, pop., 1880, 49,984; port of 
entry; seat of a Catholic bishop. United States customs dis- 



128 THE WESTERN WORLD 



tricts at Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown. Capital, Co- 
lumbia. 

PRINCIPAL. INDTJSTRIES.-Agriculture, mining, fish- 
ing, quarrying, lumbering, turpentine and tar making, and phos- 
phute digging. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Homestead to 
value of $1,000 and product thereof, personal property, s^ch as 
household furniture, tools, implements, stock, etc., to value of 
$500, and wearing apparel. No exemption from claims for pur- 
chase money, but on y articles purchased can be taken, unless 
other property exceeds exemptions above given Assignments 
can be made, but no prefei'ences given, and debtor is not dis- 
charged, except from arrest. Suits for land barred after 20 
years; after six years on notes not secured by mortgage, for 
contracts, damage and fraud; after three years for penalties; 
after two years tor libel, assault, imprisonment, etc.; and after 
ten years on all other ar-tions. Wife's property of all kinds 
exempt from husband's debts. Arrests may be made of non- 
residents or those contemplating removal from state or conceal- 
ment both in actions for debt and for damage, or recovery of 
property wrongfully detained. 

LICENSE CHARGES.— Peddlers, SIO a year to the county. 
Drummers tax, Charlestown $10 per month; Beaufort $5 and 
Bennettsville $1 per week ; Peoples and Walhalla SI per day. 

IiIENS are given for labor, materials, advances on crops, 
improvements on land and work on vessels. 

STATE LANDS include vacant, forfeited and Land Com- 
missioners' lands, and aggregate about 1,^00,000 acres. The lands 
are all for sale, and the method of procedure and information 
concerning them may be obtained of the secretary of state at 
Columbia. They are found in almost, if not every, county in the 
state, and partake of every variety of soil and characteristic 
known to the state. Many of them are extremely desirable, and 
the valuation is comparatively low. Vacant lands are those 
which do not appear on the tax duplicates as belonging to any- 
one, and may either never have beon granted by the state or have 
been granted and abandoned. These constitute about 1.000,000 
acres. Purchasers locate their land by actual survey; make a 
written a [iplication to purchase to the secretary of state, describ- 
ing same and enclosing one-quarter of the amount they offer; also 
paying all cost of survey, etc. If the bid is accepted a deed 
issues, and the balance of the purchase money with a fee of $S is 
payable. If the bid is rejected, the one-quarter paid is returned. 
These lands are also rented in the same manner. Forfeited lands 
are those acquired and held for taxes. They aggregate 85(5,000 
acres, some of Avhich is very valuable, and cannot be sold for 
less than tue tax, penalties, etc., due on them. These average 
about $3 per acre. Bids for them are considered and accented or 
rejected, the same as in the case of vacant land, except that no 
location or survey is necessary. A deed conveys absolute title. 
Failure to complete payment forfeits amount paid. The Land 
Commissioners' lands amount to some .57,001 acres. They are sold 
for one-quarter cash, balance in three equal annual installments, 
with 'i% interest. Blanks supplied by the secretary of state. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



129 



GEORGIA. 




One of the thirteen original 
states. Named for Kiner George II. 
of Eng-land. Called the "Empire 
State of the South." Orlg-inally a 
part of South Carolina and claimed 
by Spain. Charter granted to trus- 
tees for the colony June 9, 1733. 
Savannah founded by Gen. James 
Edward Oglethorpe, 1733. Spanish 
war. IS'.O-l^. Colonial charter sur- 
rendered 1752, and Georgia became 
a royal province. General assem- 
bly established 1755. State con- 
stitution adopted 1777, another 1789, 
and a third 1798. Active in the Revo- 
lution, suffering badly from devas- 
tation by English. Severe wars with 
Creeks and Cherokees settled by treaties 1790 and 1791. Creeks 
ceded their lands to the United States 1802. Georgia also ceded 
all lands west of present state line, held under English charter, 
to United States. Cherokees removed to Indian Territory 1838, and 
their lands acquired bv the government. State seceded January 
19, 1861. Constitution C. S. ratified March, 1861. Many hard 
fought battles during civil war, including Atlanta, etc. New 
constitution adopted 1868, and another 1877. Re-entered Union 
1«70. Numlier counties, 137 ; miles of railroad, 2,687 ; state elec- 
tions, first Wednesday in October ; number senators, 44 ; repre- 
sentatives, 175; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, meet- 
ing first Wednesday in November, hold forty days ; teems of sen- 
ators and representatives, two years each. Number electoral 
votes, 12 ; number congressmen, 10, Idiots, insane, criminals and 
non-taxpayers excluded from voting. Number colleges. 7 ; State 
University at Athens, organized 1801; public schools excellent; 
school age, 6-18, No state license law governing commercial 
travelers ; but Atlanta, Athens, Augusta and Savannah exact a 
tax. Legal interest, '7%; by contract, 8,^; usury forfeits excess of 
interest. 

POPULATION, 1880, 1,542,180 ; male, 762,981 ; female, 779,199; 
native. 1.531,616; white, 816,C0G j Indians, 12^. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Greatest length N. and S., 321 miles; greatest width, 255 miles; 
area, 58,980 square miles, or 37,747,200 acres, exclusive of water 
area. Surface diversified. At the north are the Blue Ridge, 
Etowah, and other mountains. The center is elevated table land, 
gradually descendina-to low, swam.py country near the coast and 
along the Florida border. In the southeast is the Okefinokee 
swamp, 150 miles in circumference. Coast irregular and indented; 
shore line about 500 miles ; three sea-ports. Principal rivers, the 
Savannah and Altamaha, entering theAtlantic, andtheOgeechee. 
Ocmulgee, Oconee, Satiila, Allapaha, Chattahoochee and Flint, 
are all navigal)le. Mountain streams are rapid with picturesque 
cataracts and immense basins. The chief falls are the Tallulah, 
in Habersham county, Toccoa, in the Tugalo, ISO feet high; Tow- 
allga, in Monroe county, and the Amicolah, which descend 400 feet 
in a quarter mile. Scenery everywhere picturesque; often 
grand. Plenty of good water. Soil very fine in central region; 
rocky at north, but superior in the valleys; sandy and rich At the 
south. Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rice, sweet potatoes, tobacco, 
sugar and melons, c^-ief agricailtural staples. Fruit, both tem- 
pei-ate and semi-tropical, thrives. Stock flourishes. Wool-grow- 
ing im])ortant. Gold is extensively mined. Coal, iron, marble, 
exist. Cleared land averages gS, and woodland $5.E0 per acre. 



130 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



Attractions very inviting to homeseekers and capital. One-fourth 
area heavily timbered with yeilow pine of great value for lum- 
ber, turpentine, etc.; natural ^rass abundant and nutritions. 

CLIMATE.— At the north mild and extremely healthy; 
hotter ni the lowlands. Range of temperature, SOdeg. to 105 deg.; 
average, winter, 49 deg. ; summer, 83 deg. Rainfall averages 55 
inches. Lowlands malarial at certain seasons. 




MAP OF 

GEORGIA 



..Jn:^Mt y Cohu'tta 

I SteTk'3/ °Sp.-:r.gPUee " fi 

h, l/La/Jrange /CirneW. yXv;^ '^i^VSandersville ^fLouisrille ^ \ \ 



IlirmUton/Talbottk\ MacoinywrdoaOx^ WrightaviU^'^lX 
y(--i N )o-,.: i.*v -n^er )\ Irwinton ^ at ^ /;-\ 

^ ~^=Cl3,<rf^rl\\lu'y SwYsboroigh isi^tesboro^"'' - - 

t^mbus vUr>o tV r- „i, o <-Publiii \^ ^^ SpriDgfieldM o 

CusClw , O^'lethorpet)"^ <>\Cochran Z.. £kel3% ^* 

Vista'" o pr/HawkiQ3\w\ Dubois i— N 

i-Ila V. / ! ■? \ ^iMt-VcmoTi 

iigetown sJthfii^e ° 'Vitnna Xxumber 
S Y'~--.C>ii^'^'_^_,/ Abbeville "CIl^ 

sburgh JrwiaV. "'^'"'^ _ 

"Douglas VJeaup la ■vt""'<'*iffllr///i 

Moultrie Woffi' 



^'n . iL€*3burgh JrwiaV. 

o^Blakely V? Baconton EnJ^^^^^r^M-^ 



(.nines V. 

^3obn>t&u'3 Sta.« 




CHIEF CITIES.— Savannah, pop, 21,800; Brunswick, 
pop. 2,900, and St. Mary's, pop. fiOO, ports of entry. Colum- 
bus contains the largest cotton mill in the South ; pop. 10,123. 
Atlanta, capital ; pop. 37.409. 

PRINCIPAL. INDUSTRIES.-Three-fourths population 
engaged iu agriculture. Remainder in various pursuits. Mauu- 



GUIDE a:nd hakd-book. 



131 



facturing' important. KaW materials becoming more abundant 
and cheap. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Ai-ms, horses 
and equipment of militia, wearing apparel, tools of trade, $30 
worth of provisions, one mxile or cow worth $50, and ten swinij. 
Each head of family, or guardian or trustee of minors, is entitled 
to a homestead to the value of ;$l,Ut'0, in either personal or real 
property. ^Assignments maybe made and give preference. If 
all property is surrendered a dischai ge is granteil. Sujts involv- 
ing title to land barred or on bond after twenty years ; after 
seven years when written evidence of title exists; after six 
years on notes or written contracts; after four years on ac- 
counts for damage for injury to person or property, and after 
one year for injury to reputation. Wife's property entirely ex- 
empt from husband's dents. Imprisonment for debt not per- 
mitted, but arrest may be made on alRdavut of intention to secrete 
proiiertv. Wages cannot be garnisheed. 

LICENSE CHARGES.-Peddlers, per year, $hO to the 
comity. Drummers license, Sav^annah, $100 per year; Hartweli 
and .Te^~un, fT) jier day. 

lilENS are given mechanics,but must be filed in 3 months after 
work is complete, and suit begun within a year after d^btis due. 
Liens are also given to machinists for labor and supplies, to em- 
ployes and officers of boats and all classes of laborers, miluvrights, 
ston ^-eut*^ors, et'*. 

STATE LANDS.— Georgia has no lands to dispose of except 
what is known as " ilead Rights, " granted only to residents. 



FLORIDA, 




Named for its flowers or for 
*' Flowery Eiister," having been 
occupied on Easter Sunday. Culled 
the "Peninsula State.'' Visited 
1.51.3, >)y Ponce de Leon in search of 
a supposed fount of Eternal Life. 
Granted by Charles V, of Spain, 
1526, to Pamfilo de Narvaez. Indi- 
ans resisted colonists till 1565, when 
first settlement was made by Span- 
ish at St. vugustiiie. French Pro- 
testant refugees disputed territory 
with Spanish, 1,56(1 to 1.570 England 
laid claim to northern part,'584, and 
captuivd St. Augustine, 1586. Wars 
v.-ithCarolinaand Ge<jrgia frequent, 
1700 to 1»00. Spain ceded entire 
territory to Fno-land in exchange for Cuba, 1763. Ceded back to 
Spain, 17S3. Pcn-tion west of Perdido river occupied bj' United 
States, 1811. Pensacola taken from England by Gen. Jackson 
d.riug war of 1813. Entire province ceded to United States, 
1819. Organized as a territory. 18;J3. Seminole war, 18;i5 to 1843. 
Admitted as a state, March 3, 1845. Seminoles removed west of 
Mississippi river, 1858. State seceded Jan. 10, 1861. New constitu- 
tion adopted and state re-entered Union July 4, 1868. Number 
counties, 31r, miles of railroad, 1,321; all elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November; number senators, 32; representa- 
tives, 76; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
meeting i uesdav after first Monday in January; ho -'s 60 days; 
term of senators, 4 ; of representatives, 2 years. Number elec- 
toral votes, 4 ; congressmen, 2. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters 
on electi.jns and duelists excluded from voting. Schools, fair; 
school age, 4-21.— Legal interest 8%; by contract, any rate. 



132 



THE WESTEKN WORLD 



POPULATION, 1880. 269,493 ; male, 136, ^4; female, 133,049; 
tive, ^59,584; white, 143,f.05 ; Indians, JbO; slaves, 18b0, 61,745. 



nati 

Estimated increase. 1885, .'Of; 



TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL., PRODUCTS, ETC.— 

Four-liftlis ot Florida is in the peninsula, wtiich is about 350 
miles N. iind S. and 105 miies E. and W. Remainder is the nar- 
row strip along the Gulf, 34^ miies E. and W. and 30 to 5U miies 



t^^^..a^Ej^ 



Tradt ■ 







N. and S. Area, 50,268 sq. miles, 37,931.520 acres; 21st state in size. 
State surrounded by sea except on ninth. Coast line over 1,200 
mik'.s. Good harbors rare, mostly on Gulf. South and west at 
the head of the peninsula are the. Keys and Tortugas, Coral 
islands. Atthe north surface is flat, rises gradually tocenter, 250 
feet being the greatest elevation, and sinks southward again into 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 133 



the Everg-lades. The northern section is a limestone formation, 
affording a fair soil. In the middle section are found tracts of great 
richness, interspersed -with sand ridges. At the south, the soil 
when dry or reclaimed, is inexhaustible. Extending south as far 
as Charlotte Harbor through the center of peninsula is the Back- 
bone ridge, 1*5 feet high and 50 miles wide. Shores verj' low, 
frequently not two feet above tide water. Coral growth at 
south continues. The surface is dotted with lakes, many small 
and several of large area. Drainage of these and the Everglades 
is i>rogressing on a mammoth scale, and the reclaimed lands will 
eventually become very valuable. The rivers are sluggish. The 
navigable ones are the St. Johns, Appalachicola, Perdido, Char- 
lotte and Suwanee. Many lesser ones exist. Canals connecting 
the larger lakes and the gulf and Atlantic ai'e projected. The 
excellence of soil and climite, the cheapness of land, etc., are 
attracting a large northern immigration. Opportunities for 
homes or enterprise are excellent. The scenery, excepts in its 
perpetual summer, is uninteresting. The staple products are 
corn (most valuable crop), sugar, m(^lasses, rice, cotton, oats, 
tob.icco, vegetables of all kinds, peaches, oranges, and all tro- 
pical and semi-tropical fruits, cocoanuts, lumber, fish, oysters, 
etc. Poultry and stock raising are successful. Cleared land 
averages $\2, wood land, S3, swamp, $1, and school land $1.25 per 
aci-e. Much forest remains. Timber chiefly pine, of moderate 
siza, free from undergrowth. Game abounds. 

CLIMATE superb. No snow. Frosts i-are at north, un- 
known at south. Thermometer ranges 30 deg. to 100 deg., rarely 
above 90. AVinter averages 59 deg. Summer, 81 deg. Breezes 
blow across from gulf to Atlantic and vice versa, temper the 
heat and keep air dry and clear. Averasre rainfall, 55 inches, 
chiefly in summer. Great resort for invalids. Some malaria at 
the south, but not serious. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Key West, good harbor and naval station; 
pop., 9,890. Jacksonville; pop., 7,6.j0. St. Augustine, oldest 
town in United States. Tallahassee, pop., 3,000, capital. Pensa- 
cola, pop., fi.84.5. 

PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.- Almost the entire laboring 
population is engaged in agriculture and fruit growing. Fish- 
ing for fish and nvstcrs and lumbering largely followed 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Homestead of 160 
acres, with improvements in countrj% or a residence and half 
acre in city, and in both cases $1,000 Avorth of personal property. 
An additional $1,000 is exempt from debts made before May 10, 
1865. Assignments may be made with or without preference, 
but does not discharge the debtor. Suits on real estate barred 
after 7 years, after 20 years on judgments or sealed writings, after 
5 5'ears on other v/ritings, after 3 years on liability created by 
statute, except for fraud. After 2 years on accounts, or for libel, 
slander, or assault. AVife's property exempt from all debts of 
husband. No arrest allowed, except for f'-aud. 

LICENSE CHARGES.— Drummers, $25 per year ; peddlers 
on foot, $10, with horse and cart, $20 ; with boat, 20 tons burden 
or Ic^ss. $'l()\ over 20 tons, $r;0. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS.— There are government lands in 
almost every county in Florida subject to pre-emption, home- 
stead and cash entry. They partstke of all the characteristics 
of the state, and range from sandy or swampy to excellent in 
qualitj', and include timber lands arid a few small prairies. Near 
tae towns they have been picked over, but in the interior good 
tracts may be found. The Land Office for the state is at 
Gaines\ille. 

STATE LANDS.— Florida owns several million acres of 
land of varying quality, which are offered at nominal prices. 
They are located throughout the state. Under this head maj^ be 
mentioned also the school lands, comprising a very large area. 

RAILROAD LANDS.— '-Several grants of land have been 
made in aid of railroads, and these are offered at $1.25 per acre up. 



134 



THE WESTERN WOKLD 



ALABAMA. 




Name, Indian; fheans, ""We rest 
here." Vi-ited by De Soto, 1541. 
Mobile founded bj' French, 1703. 
Ceded to Engrlund by France, 1TG3. 
All south of 31 deg. ceded to Si-ain 
by Enffland 17.^3. The remainder 
becaine a part of Unit' d States by 
success of the Revolution, Terri- 
tory originally purt of Georgia, and 
Included M'ssi.-S'ppi. Separated 
from Geoigia 17.8. undername of 
Territory of Mi^L-sibSippi. Spanish 
portion acquired by conquest in 
war Avith England 1812, the English 
being expelled from Mobile, -ft hich 
they had seived. Cre'^k war insti- 
gated by English, 1813, who as- 
sisted in massacre of Ft. Mims. Battles of Talladega, Emuck- 
faw and Horseshoe Bend broke power of Creeks. MississiiH'i 
separated, 1817, and Territory of Alabama formed. Admitted to 
Union Dec. 11, 1819. SecededJan.il, 18G1. Montgomerj^ made 
capital of Confederacy Feb. 4, 1861. Same subsequentlj' removed 
to Richmond, Va. New constitution adopted Feb., 1868, and the 
state re-entered Union Julj'14. Present constitution adopted 
1875. Number counties, t6\ miles of railroad, 2,191. State elec- 
tions biennial, first Monday in Aug.; number senators, 33; re- 
presentatives, 100; sessions of Legislature biennial, in even- 
numbered years, meeting Tuesday after second Monday in 
Kov., and holding 50 days; term of senf;tors, 4 y«ars; of n pre- 
sentatives, 3 years. Number of electoral votes, 10; congressmen, 
8. Indians, idiots, convicts of crimp" excluded from voting. 
Number colleges, 4; school age, 7-21; schools good. Legal interett, 
8^c'; u'urv forfeits entire interc-t. 

POPtJLATION, 1880, 1.262.505; male, 622,629; female, 639,876; 
native, '.2.V.',771; white, 662185; colored, 600,103; Indians, 313; 
slaves. 1860. 4o">,080; estimated increase, 1885. S%. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PBODTJCTS, ETC- 
Lenuth N. and S., 3;]2 miles; a\ idth avernj^es 1 .. miles, area 51,."-iOsq, 
miles, 3^965,600 acres. Surface at N. E. rugged, extending into 
Allegheny mountains, gmdually descends, forming rolling 
prairies at center of state and flat low stretches at the south. 
Sea coast 68 mil" s. Mobile bay best harbor on the gulf Princi- 
pal rivers, Tennessee, Chattahoochee, Coosa, Tombigb^e and 
Alabama; the latter two uniting from the Mobile; 1,600 miles of 
navigable waterways; smaller streams abundant. The mount- 
ainous section, 80x165 miles square, has fair soil, and is enor- 
mously rich in coal, iron, lime and sandstone, timber and various 
minerals. The growth here, as yet but begun, is marvelous. 
Middle section soil fertile and varied. Coast region sandy, but 
by proper cultivation prolific. Vegetable fai'ming near Mobile 
very successful. Cotton, mules, iron, coal, sugar, rice, tobacco, 
hay, oats, corn, staple products. Fruits are a good crop. Much 
forest remains. Cleared land averages $7., and woodland S4 per 
acre. State ranks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses, 
sixth in iron ore and sugar, seventh in rice. Opportunities for 
homes and investment su])erior. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature mild; cold at north; warm at 
south; average, winter, 47 deer.; smnmer, 81 deg.; July hottest 
month; ranye of thermometer, 20 to 95 deg., sometimes for a 
day reaching 102 deg Rainfall, 50 inches. Snow or ice very 
rare. Trees bloom in Feb. Health as good as the average, a* 
Jeaat. 



GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 



135 



CHIEF CITIES.-Montgomery (capital), pop. 16,713; Hunts- 
ville, pop. 4,977: i^elina, pop 7.r>29; Mobile, pop 29 132 

LEADING INDTJSTRIES.-Agncultureand kindrerlpur- 

l^'-^n ' "^^'"""' "''^" l»'^ki"fe^ lumbering, etc. Number industries, 

' PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: personal property 

to value o± $1,0UU; homestead not exoeedmg 80 acres, or house 




nroJrL'l*'''^?,*^ ^''l'""^, ""^ ^->^^- Assignments cannot give 
?n,^£^^ V^.' ''"'^^'^'^^""^'■^'^"^^ debtor. Suits lor land an(l on 
if?o^^n"^ ^V''''''^ a^ter 20; on sealed contracts and against officers 
atter 10; for trespass, etc.. after 6; on contract after 5; on account 
atter ,3. and on actions toumied on wrongs after 1 year. Wife's 
estate exempt; she cannot do business. If widow has no sepa- 



136 THE WESTERN WORLD 



rate estate she takes one-third land of which husband died seized 
in fee, or half if ho left no children. No arrest for debt. 

LICENSE CHARGES.— Peddlers in wagon, $50; on horse, 
$30; on foot, $10, in each county, except when products of the 
state are sold. Drummers' tax, $10 to state, $5 to county and 30 
cents fee; Mobile, $3 per day, $7;25 per week (rarely enforced). 

LIENS.— Advances for crops if so stated in note and re- 
corded in 60 days in probate judge's oflfice are liens on crop. 
Landlords have liens on crop tor rent. Liens are als • given for 
labor and material. To enforce these suit must be brought by 
laborers in ], contractors in 6, and all other persons in 4 months. 

G0VERN2iIENT LANDS, subject to cash, homestead and 
pre-emption entry, exist to a large extent in Alabama. They 
comprise every variety of mineral, agricultural and grazing 
lands, and are scattered through almost every county, with 
every variety of soil. The Land Offices are at Huntsville for 
land in the northern portion, and at Montgomery for lauds in the 
southern part of the state. 

STATE LANDS, with the exception of swamp and over- 
flowed lands, in dispute, and some limited tracts of school land, 
are disi^osed of. 

RAILROAD LANDS to the extent of many thousand acres 
are olf ered low on good terms. 




MISSISSIPPI. 

Indian name meaning Father of 
Waters. Called "Bayou State." 
Visited by De Soto, 1542; by La 
Salle, 1683. Settled, Biloxi, 1699, by 
M. de Iberville. Formed a part of 
the territory of Louisiana, and be- 
longed to France. Yazoo settle- 
ments made 1703; others foliowed. 
All settlers killed by Indians, 1728. 
Chickasaws subdued, 1733. North- 
ern portion acquired by England, 
17ti3. Gulf section transfenvd to 
Spain a short time after. Region 
claimed by Georgia at time of 
Revolution, and what is now Ala. 
and Miss was organized as Terri- 
tory of Mississippi alter peace was 
secured. Georgia ceded to U.S., 1802, all possessions south of Ten- 
nessee line. Gulf Coast acquired l)y conquest, 1811. Separated 
from Ala. and state constitution adopted, 1817. Admitted as a 
state, Dec. 10, 1817. Seventh state admitted. Capital alternately 
at Washington, Columbia and Natchez till fixed at Jackson, 1822. 
State active in war of 1814 and with Mexico. Seceded 1861. 
Corinth, Shiloh, the most notable battles of the rebellion in the 
state. Constitution amended, 1865; new constitution adopted, 
1809, and amended. 1877. State re-entered Union, 1870. Number 
counties, 74; number miles of railroad, 1,844. State officers 
elected quadrenniall3% and legislature every two years ; all elec- 
'^ons, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; sessions of legislature 
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first 
Monday in Jan.; number senators, 87 ; representatives, 120; term 
of senators, 4 years ; of representati^'es, 2 years ; number electoral 
votes, 9; congressmen, 7 ; voters, 238.532 ; coloi-ed, 130,/;78; foreign 
white, 5,674. Idiots, insane and crimnials excluded from voting. 
Number colleges, 3; school age, 5-21 ; school sjstem, fair. Legal 
interest, Gfo ; by contract, 10^^ ; usury forfeits excess of interest. 
Miles railroad, 1844,26. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



137 



POPULATION, 1880, 1,131,597: male, 56T,177: female, 564,420; 
native, 1,1:^2,388; foreign, 9,209 ; white, 479,398 ; colored, 650,291; 
Chinese, 51 ; Indians, 1,857; slaves, 1860, 436,631. Estimated in- 
crease, 1885. 9<?. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Greatest leng-th N. and S. ;>;4 miles: average width, 143 miles; 
area, 46,340 sq. miles, 29,657,600 acres. Coast line, including- islands. 



Austin i Seaati 



Memphi s rp y^ 5^^ bsr. 

-,^ , . ,---,— -i , A o /Boonevilll 

V Ik / C" \ /-f-^Ne^ Albany/ | j 

briar's r.vnt^N ^ Sar-li.'o/^ / ^EaMwjra? J„„„; 

(.iivn^^l/ Hill I „ . V^W^-i ^ 



II 



-\< 



? 



I 



^ '•'^MillDaleo j Narkecta 
^Canlou „ Launderdale Sta. 



MAP OF 

MISSISSIPPI 



iMitolKllsl.ake 
Applet< 



lH«liil 

t tjluo -. 



Population 1,131,597 ^ ^J^^^ Yia^XuwH^^^^^^^^^^^^Cr'^^ ' ' 
Area sq.m'les 46,:;i0 /" ^— /; , ,, W _ j \^;f -i^ .^.s; :-^-^ -^" 



312 miles. Harbors, Biloxi, ATi.5.sis*;ipri City, Pascag-oula and 
Shieldsburg. Surface uudulatinj^- with a gradual slope from ele- 
vation of 700 feet at N.E., W. and S. to the Mississippi and Gulf. 
Some hills reach 20'^ feet above surrounding country From Tenn. 
line S. to Vicksburg, Mississippi bottoms wide, flat, with more or 
less swamp and covered with cypress and oak. Soil an inexhaust- 



138 THE WESTERN WORLD 



ible allvivium. Central and southern portions 100 to 250 feetahove 
the sea, hilly, with stretches of prairie ; soil light but productive, 
at south sandy with pine growth . Islands, Cat, Ship, and smaller 
ones 10 miles from coast, all sandy. Rivers Mississippi, Yn zoo, 
Big Black, Bayou, Pierre, Pearle, Pascagoula, Cold Water, Ten- 
nessee, Torabigbee, with one or two exceptions, all navigable by 
large boats. Smaller streams uuiumerable. All bottoms ex- 
tremely fertile. Cotton most prolific in bottoms. Staple croi^s, 
cotton, rice, sugar, molasses, Tobacco, corn, sweet potatoes, 
grapes for wine. Fruits and vegetables are splendid crops, butai'e 
neglected. Forest area large; pine, oak, chestnut, walnut and 
maanolia grow on uplands and blutfs. long-leafed pine on islaiwis 
and in sand Lumbering important industry; mules raised with 
great success State ranks second in cotton, fifth in rice. Oyster 
and otht'r fisheries valuable. Cleared land averages $1.bO per iicre ; 
woodland, f 3. No state offers easier means of success to settlers. 
No minerals iire found. 

CLIMATE mild, snow and ice unknown. Summers long and 
warm ; J uly and August hottest months. Temperature averages, 
summer, PO deg. ; winter 50 deg. Rainfall, 46 in. at north, 58 m. at 
south. Highlands very healthy. Malaria in bottoms. 

CHIEF CITIES.- Jackf^on. (capital), pop., 5,204 ; Natchez, 
pop., 7,(,5S; ^'icksbllI•e•, f>o]i.. 11.814. 

LEADING INDU STRIES.-Agriculture, lumbering, fish- 
ing and caniiiny 

PROP.EK.TY EXEMPT from execution : team or yoke 
cattle, 2 cows and can es, 5 hogs or sheep, 150 bu. corn, 200 lbs. 
meat, 300 bundles fodder, 10 bu. wheat or rice, vehicles to value 
of $100, sewing machine, household furniture to value of .■? 100, 
growing crops, tools of >rade, books, etc., of profession, arms of 
militia, homestead of ICO acres, or to value of |i2,0lt0. Assignments 
administered bj' covu'ts. Suits for land barred after 10: on not( s, 
bills and written contracts, trespass, etc., after 6; on judgmei'ts 
after 7; for verbal contracts after 3, and for assault, slander, etc., 
after 1 year. Wife's estate, income and earnings exempt. She 
can contract and sue and be sued separately. No arrest for 
debt. 

LICENSE CHARGES.— Peddlers on foot, S5; with 1 hor-e, 
SIO; with horse and cart, S20; Avith 2 horses and cart, $^25 in < ach 
county. Peddlers of tin and pottery made in the state pay no 
llcen.se. Drummers pay at Natchez S2.50 per day. 

LIENS are given on crops for rents of land, advances and 
labor; on building for labor and material. Suit must be brought 
in (') months. Judgments are liens on all property. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS are found in smaller or lare-er 
areas in a majority of the counties of the state, but the bulk of 
them are in the pine district and on the Gulf coast, and partake 
of the character of the section in which they are found. They 
offer inviting opportunities to homesteaders, pre-emptors, or ca.^h 
buyers for a cheap home. The soil is generally good. The Land 
Office for the entire state is at Jackson. 

STATE LANDS to the extent of over 1,000,000 acres are held 
for sale by the auditor of public accounts at Jackson, and are 
purchasable at low figures. They are chiefly lands forfeited for 
tax, and are dotted all over the state. Titles are good. 




GUIDE AND nAND-1500K. 139 



LOUISIANA. 

Named for Louis XIV. of Franco. 
Called the " Pelican 8tate "' and tlie 
''Creole State . " Visited by La Sa 1 le 
](591. First settled by French <>a 
lower Mississippi and Gulf. Origi- 
nally included all ter itory west of 
the Mississippi river to the Rocky 
mountains and north to British 
Vinerica, with a lar^e area on tlie 
^ulf east of the Mississippi. Propri- 
i tary charter issued, 1717, to Missis- 
bippi Company and John Law, and 
government formed. New Orleans 
founded by the French, 1718 Pro- 
prietarj^ government collapsed, 17-^:^. 
First sug-ar cane cultivated \n 
United Stntes near New Orleans, 
1751. First suj?ar mill, 1758. Province ceded to Spain, 17 '2. Fnv>t 
shipment of cotton abroad, 1784. Ceded back to France, 1800, and 
purchased by United States, 1803, for S15,OOJ,000. What is now 
Louisiana organized as Territorj' of Orleans. Remainder of the 
district still retaining name of Louisiana. All east of the Missis- 
sippi claimed bj- Spain. Occupied by United States, 1811. Name 
of the territory north of present state changed to Territory of 
Missouri, J813, and Louisiana admittea as a state under present 
name April 8, 1812 : capital at New Orleans. In the war with 
England immediately following, the state made a glorious record, 
and at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, i8i5, humiliated the 
British and ended the war. Capital removed to Baton Roupg, 
1817. Increased rapidly in wealth and population till 1860. 
Seceded Jan. 2t), 186L Some fighting on the river between boats 
and forts. New Orleans captured, May 1, 1862. New constitution 
ratified, 1868, and in June state re-entered Union and capital 
moved to New Orleans. State constitution amended, 1874, and 
present one adopted, J87i^. Capital moved back to Baton Roucre, 
1881 Number of parishes or counties, 58; miles railroad, 1,316. 
Legislature and state officers elected quadrennially; members 
congress, bienniaJly; stnte elections, Tues lay after third Monday 
in April; number senators, 36; representatives, 98; sessions bien- 
nial, in even-numbered yeai-s, meeting second Monday in May. 
holds 60 days ; terms of senators and i epresentatives, 4 years each. 
Number electoral votes, 8; congressmen, 6; voters, 216,787; col- 
ored, 107,977; native white, 81,777; foreign white, 27,03:3. Idiots; 
Insane and criminals excluded from voting. Legal interest, r.:i; 
by contract, S%; usury forfeits entire interest. Educational 
facilities, averasre. 

POPULATION, 1880,939, 946; male, 468,754; female, 471,192; 
native, 885.800; foreiun, 54,146; white, 4'4,954; colored, 483,655; 
Chinese. 4^9; Indians, 848; slaves, 18 0, 331,726. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Extrcme length E and \V., 294 miles; lireadth. 248 miles; a>ea, 
45,420 sq. miles, 29,( 68,80* » acres. Surface at the south low > nd flat, 
witQ inexhaustible sod. In the northwest are ranges of hills at- 
taining an altitude of 200 feet. Similar elevations are found on 
the east bank of the Mississippi. The soil of the hills is good and 
is more largely in cultivation than the lowlands. Coast line, 1.276 
miles; very irregular navigable rivers. 2.700 miles. Mississippi 
flows in or on the borders of the state. Otlior navigable streams. 
Red, Ouachita, .Amite. Atchafalaja and Pearl rivers. Chief lakes, 
Ponchartrain, Verret, Borgue, Grand, Washa, Saline, White, 
Maurepas, Black, Catahoula and liistineau. Bays numerous on 
coast but harbors inditf erent. Many small islands in Gulf. Staple 



140 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



products, sweet potatoes, susrar, molasses, rice, corn, cotton, 
grasses, oats. etc. All fruits of the semi-tropical climate thrive. 
State ranks first in sugar and molasses and third in rice. Forests 
almost inexhaustible. Timber superior in kind and quality; lum- 
bering important industi-y. Salt produced on a large scale. Iron 
recently discovered. Cleared land averages $12.50, woodland $o@ 
$4 per acre. Reclamation of murshes very profitable and begm 




MAP OF 

LOUISIANA 

P(iinilation'j;;'.(,'J-J6 



^^xVcM 



ning to be done on large scale. I\Toss-gathering profital )le and in- 
vites more attention. Inducements offered immigrants of the 
fiist order. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature ranges from 44 to 100 deg.; average 
summer, SI (ieir.; winter, 55 deg. Kainfall, 5T inches, chietly in 
spi-iug and summer. S u mmers long and occasionally hot. Health, 



GUIDE AND HAND BOOK, 



141 



average. Actual death rate lower than in many northern sec- 
tions. Occasional yellow fever in the cities. 

CHIEF CITIES.— New Orleans, port of entry and largest 
cotton market in the world, pop., 216,0v<0; Baton Kouge (capital), 
pop., 7,197 ; Shreveport, pop., 8,00!); Morgan C-itj', port of entry. 
State institution for insane at Jackson ; for deaf mutes and blind. 
Baton Ftouae. 

INDUSTRIES.— Three-fifths of laboring- population en- 
gaged in agriculture. Average income of rural population 
amnna- highest in l^uion NumLer industries, l,bOO. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Apparel, neces- 
sary furniture, arms, tools, musical instruments, team, 2 cow9, 35 
hogs, 1,000 lbs. bacon ; corn and fodder for current year ; home- 
stead, all not to exceed $3,000. No exemption if wife has $3,000. 
Assignment releases only on consent of two thirds creditors. 
Suits for land barred after JO, on judgment and stated account 
after 10, on notes after 5 and on open account after 3 years. 
Wife's propertj^ exempt and she hold mortgage on husband's 
estate for all receipts by him for her account. She must con- 
tribute to household expense and can do business. Arrest may be 
made for debt, but under conditions that render same of no effect. 

LICENSE CHARGES.— Peddlers in boat, $100; with 2 horses, 

S30; with more than 3 horses, $35; wiih 1 hr>rse, $10; on foot, $5. 

. LIENS held on crop for salary of overseer, for rent, labor 

and advances; on buildings for labor and material. Judgments 

are liens on real estate. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS to the extent of nearly 6,000,000 
acres remain subject to cufah, homestead and timber culture entry. 
The}' are scattered over the entire state, but lie mostly in the 
prairies, good uplands, pine hdls or pine flats. The Land Offices 
are at Natchitoches for the northwestern 13 counties and New 
Orleans for rest of the state. 

STATE LANDS aggregate 9,r00,000 acres, mostly low and 
unfit to live on, but enormously fertile; they are both prairie and 
magnificently timbered and lie near hill sections of government 
land. Settlers can enter 160 acres state lands at 'i2}/2 cents per 
acre, and by combining with government homestead and timber 
culture 480 acres can be had for S">0.40. State Land Office at Baton 
Rouge. 



TEXAS. 



Origin of name unknown; called 
" Lone Star State." Settled first by 
French, under LaSalle, 1685; was a 
ptrt of Old Mexico, and formed 
the states of Texas and Coahuila. 
Trouble with Louisana over border 
ISOo; settled 18:9; Salnie river fixed 
as boundary between states. Mexi- 
can government granted extensive 
area to Moses Austin 1830, and 
confirmed them to his son, S. F. 
A»i><tin, who formed colonies of 
Americans. Coahuila and Texas 
consolidated, and revolted against 
discriminating 'aws 18S5. Defeated 
Mexicans at battle-«of Coneepcion, 
Goliad and Gonzales, Oct. same 
year. Sara. Houston made commander of army. Mexicans ex- 
pelled after battle of Sctn Antonio de Bexar, Dec 10, 18:>."). Inde- 
pendence declared Dec. 30. Houston inaugurated as President 
Oct., 18;>o. Independence of the Reiniblic recognized by United 
States, March, ]8;)7; by European powers, 18:59 and '40. Continued 
wai-s with Mexico; embarrassed finances . Proposition for union 




143 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



■with United States, 1845, and admitted as a state Dec. 29. State 
paid $10,000,000 by United States for all lands outside present 
limits, 1«50. Seceded Feb., 1861. Houston, who refused to secede, 
deposed . Military operations small . Last battle of the war near 
Bio Grande, INIay 13. 1865. lie-entered Union 1870. Present con- 
stiiution adopted J875. Number counties, 2~8; miles of railroad, 
6,198. All elections Tuesday after fii-st Monday in Nov.; number 




=L 



*^'^^ \y'L- > 7 iX> >-\ \\.-^ 



I 






v-^.-^ 



^11^ 



senators, 31; representatives, 106; sessions of lefrislatnre biennial, 
in odd-numbered years, meeting second Tues ay n\ .Tan.; holds GO 
d-iys; term of senators, 4 years: of I'eprescntatives, 3 jears. 
Number electoral votes, 13; cong'ressmen, 11; voters, 380,376, 
United States army, lunatics, idiots, paiipers and convicts ex- 
cluded from votinif. Number colleges, 10; school age, 8-14. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 143 



School endowment enormous; includes 23,470,377 acres yet 
unsold. Leg-al interest 8%, by contract 1^%; usury forfeits entire 
interest. 

POPULATION, 1880, 1,591,749; male, 8;37.S40; female, 753,000; 
pative, 1,477,13:3; foieig/i. 114,filtj; white, 1,197,237; colored, 3;»;^,3 4; 
Chinese, i3ti; Induins, 992. Estimated iucrease Sa'^. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Extreme length E. and \V., y3iJ miles: extreme width, 750 nines; 
area, lti7,8i;5,(500 acres; largest of the states and territories: in- 
cludes many small islands. Coast line, 412 miles: irregular, and 
boidered by la.uoons; Galveston bay largest, has 13 teet of wator, 
35 miles inland. Rio Grande (navigable 440 miles), Pecos, He. I, 
Nueces, Angelina, Trinity all navigable streams), Canaxiian, 
Brazos, Colorado, Gaudaloupe and San Antonio are the cliicf 
rivers. Some small lakes; one remarkable one, with a bed of Siilfc 
at S. E. corner state. Surface ^ aried; mo.intains between the 
Pecos and Rio Gi-ande, reach 0,000 feet high, with broad valleys 
between. West and N. W. a h gh table land; from latter tlie 
surface slopes gradually to the Gulf and lower Rio Grande, being- 
low and level at south and east. Lands extremely fertile, except 
in the N. W., where water is scarce Lands on Rio Grande a:.«i 
at south requii-e irrigation for good results, although crops will 
grow to some extent without. Entire state covered with ruh 
grasses, affording pasture the year round. Water plenty at a siiai- 
low depth; quality good. All cereals, root crops, vegetalie-i, 
fruit and stocks flourish. Cotton best crop. Other staples: 
sugar, molasses, sweet potatoes, corn, wheat, grapes and fruits. 
Dairying extensive. Cattle, sheep, goat and hog raising oa 
mammoth scale. Cotton picking, July to Dec; corn planting, 
middle of Feb.; grain harvest. May; corn harvest, July. Ranks 
first in cattle and cotton: second in sugar, sheep, mules and 
horses. Coal ai'ea, 6,000 sq. mile>-; quality good. Iron ore and 
salt deposits extensive. Other minerals found, but extent un- 
known Improved land averages $S, and unimproved $3@,$i per 
acre. No state offers more or better chances for homes and 
wealth. Uncultivated and timber land seven-eighths of aixa; 
timber area, one-fourth; quality moderate. 

CLIMATE varies; temperate at north, semi-tropical at 
south. Health everywhere most excellent. Thermometer 
ranges from 35 to 9S deg., but seldom rises to the latter tenifiera- 
ture. At Austin averages, winter, 50 deg.; summer, 80 dea*. 
Rainfall averages at Austin 35 inches; increases on coast and to 
the south: decreases to 13 inches in N. W. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Brownsville, El Paso, Indianola and Gal- 
veston (ports of entry); Houston important railroad center) 
pop. 16,513; Galveston (metropolis, best harbor, chief shipping- 
point), pop. 23,248; Austin (capital), pop. 11,013; San Antoui 
(oldest town), pop. 20,.550; Dallas, pop. 10,358. 

INDUSTRIES number 3,000. Leading- ones, grazing and 
agriculturr, lumber njr. mining, dairying, milling, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Homestead, 200 
acres or lot in town, value not to exceed S5,0 at time of desig- 
nation as homestead; subseiiuent improvements also exempt; 
furniture, tools, books, and limited quantity of stock to heads of 
families; horse, saddle, bridal, apparel and tools to single men. 
Assignments may prefer those who discharge debtor. Actions 
for real estate barred after 10 years when held without title; 
after 5 years when held under deed; after 3 years when held 
under chain of title; after 10 years on judgments; after 4 years on 
written contract or account between merchants: after 2 years 
on other accounts, and after 1 year for personal damages. 
Wife's property exempt. She cannot do business separately. No 
imprisonment for debt. 

LICENSE CHARG-ES.— Peddlers on foot, $10 per j'ear in 
each county; with one horse, $25; with two horses, $40; drum- 
mers' tax, $200 per year, remitted if employer pays occupation 
tax in the state. 



144 THE WESTERN WORLD 



LIENS hold on buildings for labor and materia!; on crops for 
rent or supplies advanced; on property of tenants for rent in 
cities; on baggage for board; and livery stables have lien on 
teams for feed. Judgments are liens for ten yeai's on real estate. 

STATE LANDS.— There is no government land in Texas. The 
state lands include School Lands 23.470,377 acres, located in every 
coimty; University Lands, :i,UOO,000 acres in Pecos, Crockett 
and Tom Green counties, and some remnants scattered through 
Cook, Grayson, Fannin and McLennan counties belonging to the 
same interest, both governed by the same rules of sale, etc., and 
endowments of eleraosynary ii-stitutions. Sales of educational 
lands suitable for agriculture, are limited to one section for each 
purchaser, at $2 per acre, without competition, the purchaser 
making affidavit that ho will settle on same within six months, and 
paying in advance one-thirrieth of the purchase money, and 
annually thereafter five percent interest on the balance, and, at 
his option, he may withhold the payment of such balance until 
the end of 30 years, or at the end of 3 years, pay in full and 
obtain a patent. Grazing lands are sold in quantities, not to 
exceed three sections to any one purchaser, the purchaser paying 
to the state in advance one-thirtieth of the purchase money, as 
above, and annually thereafter for 30 years 5^ interest on the 
balance of the debt, but he cannot pay in full and receive a 
patent until the expiration of seven years from date of pur- 
chase. The mmimum price for grazing lands per acre is $2, but 
competition between applicant? tor the same tract is allowed. A 
paper designating the land and the amount per acre bid is by 
each competitor filed with the surveyor of the county in which the 
land lies, and 11 days before final award is to be made, the sur- 
veyor makes a public outcry of the bids. Should any higher bid 
or bids be then offered, he transmits them along with those pre- 
viously filed in his office to the Land Board in Austin. That 
Board awards the land so competed for to the highest bidder on 
the first Tuesday in each month. Lands containing water are 
not now otfered, either for sale or lease. Leases for the term of 
five years are made by the Land Board, at the minimum price of 
six cents per acre per annum. 



TENNESSEE. 

Takes its name from Indian name 
for the Tennessee River, Called 
" Big Bend State." First settled, 
1754. Fort London, near Knoxville, 
established 1756. Territory called 
" Wataug Association," 1769. Be.. 
came a part of North Carolina, 1777. 
Organized as the State of Franklin, 
1785, but again became part of North 
Carolina, 1788 Ceded to United 
States by North Carolina, 1789. 
District now comprising Tennes- 
see and Kentucky formed into the 
" Territory of the United States 
south of the Ohio," 1790. Tennessee 
territory organized 1794. Admitted 
as state June 1, 17P6. State Consti- 
tution framed, 1796. Amended, 18:^4, 18.53, 1865 and 1870. Capital. 
Knoxville,17y4,rernoved to Nashville,181 1. Returned to Knox\ille, 
lsl7. Removed to Murfreesboro, 1M9, and retjiirned to Nashville, 
present seat, 1826. Cx-eek war, 1813, ended by breaking their 
power at battle of Tallapoosa March 27, 1814. First railroad part 
of N. & C, 1853, Nashville to Bridgeport. Seceded, June 8, 1861. 
Battles of Forts Henry and Donelson, Fob. 6 and 16, 1862. Fort 
Pillow and Island No. 10, March, 1863. Chicamauga, Sept. 19, 1863. 




GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 145 



Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24, 1863. Missionary Ridge, Nov. 25. 
iie-entered Union, 1866. Number counties, 96. State, congres- 
sional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in 
November; number senators, 3;{: representatives, 99; sessions 
biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January; 
holds 75 days ; terms of senators and representatives, 2 years 
each. Number electoral votes, 12; number Congressmen, 10; 
number voters, 571,244; native wbite, 240,939; foreign white, 
^50,053 ; colored, 80,250. Non-payers of poli-tax excluded from 
vot'ng. Legal interest G% ; by contract, any rate ; usury forfeits 
excess of interest and $100 fine. Schools fair. Miles railroad, 
2,if;6. 

POPTJIiATION, 1880, l,542,a59; male, 769,277; female, 77;V82; 
native, l,52.i,6:)7 ; foreign, 16,702 ; white, 1,138,831 ; colored, 40J,151 ; 
Chine e, 25; Indians, 352. SJaves, 18(j0, 275,5 9. 

TOPOaRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Extreme length E. and W. 480 miles; Avidth, 110 miles. Area, 
41,750 sq. miles, 26,720.000 acres. Mountainous at E. Avhere Apa- 
lachians separate state from North Carolina. Succeeding tliis to 
the westward is a table land which terminates in the " great 
central basin" of Middle Tennessee. West of this Is a plateau 
region to the Mississippi river. Chief rivers, Mississippi, 
Tennessee, Cumberland, Clinch, Holston, Forked Deer, Big 
Hatchie and Wolf. First three navigable, others afford enor- 
mous water power. Small streams very numerous. Soil fair, 
except in central basin, where it is very productive. State 
abounds in coal, iron, fine marbles and building stones, copper 
and other minerals. Possesses one of the finest areas of virgin 
forest in the Union. Principal timbers, walnut, oak, poplar, ash, 
hickory, etc. Staple products, mules, hogs, peanuts, corn, Avheat, 
cotton, vegetables of all kinds, potatoes, tobacco, hemp, flax, 
broomcorn, iron, copper, coal, marbles, etc. Kanks second in 
peanuts and third in mules. Resources but little developed and 
plenty of room and opportunities for home and fortunes exist. 
5,000 sq. miles of c^al field, with 3 to 7 workable veins. Cleared 
land averages S12.50, forest $5 per acre. Grape growing pays. 

CLIMATE one of healthiest in world. Mild and pleasant, 
and owing to varying elevation very diverse. Snow light and lays 
briefly. Ice rarely more than a mere film in thickness. Average 
temperature, Avinter 38 deg.; summer, 75 deg. Extremes seldom 
occur. Rainfall, 45 to 47 inches. Airbracing. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Nashville, capital ; p<jp., 43,850. Memphis, 
pop., 33,592; Chattanooga, pop., 12,893; Jackson, pop., 8,377; 
Knoxville, pop., 9.693. 

INDUSTRIES chiefly agricultural, mining, lumbering and 
iron inakine-. 

PROPERY EXEMPT from execution: Two beds and 
clotliing and an additional bed for each 3 children, each be 1 not 
to exceed $25 in value ; 1 cow; 1 calf, or if family contains 6 per- 
sons, 2 cows and 2 calves ; 12 knives and forks, 12 plates, 6 dishes, 
set of table and set of tea spoons, bread tray; 2 pitchers, waiter, 
coffee-pot, tea-pot, canister, cream jug, 12 cups and saucers, 
dining-table, two table cloths, 12 chairs, bureau to S40; safe or 
press, wash basin, bowl and pitcher, kettle, 2 tubs, churn, looking- 
glass, axe, spinning- wlieel, looTa and gear; pair cotton carls, pair 
wool cards; cooking-stove and utensils to S25; cradle, Bible and 
school books ; 2 horses or mules, wagon, to $75; harness, man's 
saddle, woman's saddle, 2 bridles ; 2'> bbls. corn, 20 bu. wheat, 500 
bundles oats, 500 bundles fodder ; hay, to $20; 1,250 lbs pork alive 
or slaughtered, or 900 lbs.b;icon; poultry to $25; home-made 
carpet ; 6 cords wood, or 100 bu. coal ; reasonable provisions 
designated; carpet to $25; 200 bu. cotton seed, 2 plows, 2 hoes, 
grubbing hoe, cutting-knife ; harvest cradle, plow gears, pitch- 
fork, rake, wedge, 5 sheep, 10 stock hosrs ; mpchanics tools, gun ; 
to head of familv or female, sewing machine; 50 lbs. picked cotton, 
25 lbs. wool, leather for shoes, $50 in mater al to mechanics. In ad- 
dition to the above, $250 in personal property is exempt and home- 



146 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



stead to vame of $1X00. Exemptions extend to estate of house- 
holder in fcivor of widow or children. Assignments cannot pre- 
fer. Suits barred alter 7 years 1 or real estate or for claims against 
deceased person : after 10 yeai'S on official or administrative bond 
or judgments; after (5 years for malfeasance, on notes, accounts, 
contract, etc.; after 3 years for injury to property; after 6 months 




for slander; after 1 year for injui-y to person. "Wife's property 
ex''mpt. No imT)risonment for debt. 

LICENSE CHARGES, per year : Peddlers on foot, $20; with 
horse or vehicle, $5U, and ^M additional for each vehicle and $10 
for each additional horse. Licenses issued quarterly. Drummers 
pay $.50 per year to state, and counties maj' charge S5. Memphis 
chai'ges §10 per week, $'^o per mouth. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 147 



LIENS hold on structures and lot for labor or material. 
Claimants ag-ainst contractor must notify owner. Lien pi-ecedes 
mort^ag-e if latter is notified. Liens also hold on crop for rent or 
supplies ; on property for house rent ; on baggage and teams for 
board or food. Judgments are liens on real estate for 10 years. 




KENTUCKY. 

Name Indian. Sig'nifles dark and 
bloody ground, because the state 
was the hunting and battle ground 
of the tribes. Called "Corn Cracker 
State." Exploi-ed 1767 bj- John Fin- 
ley and others from Noi'th Carolina. 
Boone settled 1769, and penetrated 
to the Ohio 1771. Indians resisted 
settlement vigorously. Pacified by 
treaty with Cherokees, March, 1775. 
Organized as " Colonj' of Transj'l- 
vania," but claimed by Virginia, 
and became Kentucky countj',Ya., 
1776. Louisville founded, 1780. Be- 
came, with Tennessee, 1790, " Terri- 
tory of U. S. South of the Ohio," 
and in same year Territory of Ken- 
tucky organized. Admitted as a State June 1, 1793. State con- 
stitution adopted same year. Replaced by n^w one, 18u0. State 
furnished 7,0U0 troops in war of 1813, and 13,700 in Mexican war. 
Won great credit in latter. New constitution, 18o0, and amended 
1877. Neutral at beginning of civil war. State the scene of con- 
tinuous cavalry raids during the war, and some sharp battles at 
Perryville, Kichmond, etc. Put under martial law, 1864. Civil 
government restoi'ed, 1865. Union soldiers furnished, 75,760. 
Number counties, 118. State elections biennial, first Monday in 
August, in odd-numbered j^ears. Number senators, 38; repre- 
sentatives, 100 ; sessions of legislatui-e biennial, in even-numbered 
years, meeting last day of December, holds 60 days. Term of 
senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 3 years. Number electoral 
votes, ]3; number congressmen, 11; number voters, 376,231. 
Bribers, robbers and forgers excluded from voting. Number 
colleges, 15 ; public school system framed, 1838 ; good schools, 
school age 6-20 years. Legal interest 6% ; by contract, 10$^ ; usury 
forfeits excess over 10 per cent. Miles of railroad, 1,887. 

POPULATION, 1880, 1,618,690; male, ^33,590 ; female, 816,100; 
native, 1,589,173; forciun, 59,517 ; Avhite, 1,377,179; colored, 271,-451; 
Chinese, 10 ; Indians, 50 ; slaves, 1S60. 225,483 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Extreme length E. and W. 350; width, 179 miles; area, 40,000 sq. 
miles, 35,600,000 acres. Kivcr frontage, 833 miles ; navigable water 
ways, 4,130 miles. Surface mountainous at southeast and east, 
and slopes gradually westward. It is throughout hilly, except in 
the river bottoms, which are narrow. Average elevation about 
850 feet. Average elevation eastern half 1,100 feet. Soil fair, ex- 
cept in the famous " Bluegrass region," extending for 40 or 50 
miles arotmd Lexington, and one of the most beautiful sections 
on the globe. River bottoms also extremely fei'tile. Principal 
rivers, Mississippi, Ohio, Kentucky, Green, Salt, Tennessee, 
Cumberland, Licking, Big Sandy and Big Barren. Smaller 
streams fed by perennial springs abound. Natural wonder Mam- 
moth Cave, greatest in the world. Kentucky ranks high as an 
agricultvu'al and stock state. Staple crops, corn, wheat, tobacco, 
oats, barley, hemp, rye and vegetables ; fruits do fairly. Famous 
for thoroughbred horses and cattle. Mules and hogs largely 



148 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



raised. At the east in the mountains are immense forests of virgin 
oak, poplar, ash, chestnut, elm, walnut, cucumher and other val- 
uable timber trees. Coal, marbles, minei-als, oil, stone, etc., also 
abound. Iron deposits of immense magnitude are known to 
exist. The lands are cheap, and this section is destined to become 
one of the richest in the Union. The state is making an effort, 
and possesses splendid opportunities for immigration and capi- 
tal. Cleared land averages $20 and woodland |5 per acre. The 
average of the former is raised materially by the high prices, 
often :ii>100 or more per acre in the bluegrass section. Mountain 
lands rich in timber and minerals and not without agricultural 
value, rate ^2 to S5 per acre. The state ranks first in tobacco, 
and fourth in malt and distilled liquors. 

CLIMATE variable, favorable to health and agriculture; 
healthfulness not surpassed; theimometer ranges t'rom 5 deg. 
below zero to 98 deg. aoove ; rarely greater extremes aie known; 
temperature aver ges. summer, 75 dei?., winter, 38 deg ; rainfall 50 
inches. Snows fall but disappear in a few days. Sleighing only 
for a day or so. Winters moderately long. Malaria very rare, 
except on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. 

CHIEFCITIES.— Louisville, pop. T 25,758; Frankfort (capi- 
tal), pop. t^,95S; Covington, 29,720; Lexington, former capital, 
founded 1776, pop. 16,656; Newport connected with Covington by 
bridge, pop. 2(>.43^. Louisville and Paducah ports of entry. 

CHIEF INDUSTRIES.— AgriciJlture, stock-raising, lum- 
bering, iron-making, minmg and distilling. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Homestead, SI ,000; 
horse or yoke of oxen, 2 cows, 5 sheep, apparel, household f \n-ni- 
ture, $100; sewing machine; professional library and instru- 
ments, S500; wages. $50; mechanics tools, SlOO. Assignment can- 
not prefer. Suits barred after 30 years for real estate; after 15 
years on contract in writing, official bond or judgment; after 5 
years for trespass on bills, notes, stated accounts or for fraud ; 
after 2 years from succeeding January on merchants accounts; 
after 1 year for personal damage. Wife's property exempt She 
cannot do business. Arrest for debt may be made on affidavit of 
concealment of property, fraud, etc., but piaintiiff must give 
bonds. Bail nllowed or release secured bv insolvent debtor's oath. 

LICENSE CHARGES, per year : Peddlers, $100 for state, or 
&5 cents for each 100 voters in any county. License issued by 
county clerk. Drummers tax, Newport, $1 per month. 

LIENS hold for labor and material if statement is filed in 60 
days and suit brought in 1 year. Sub-contractors and laborei-s 
must notify owner. Judgments are not liens on real estate. 



OHIO. 



Indian name meaning " Beau- 
tiful River," called " Buckeye 
State." Explored by La Salle, 1679. 
Kegion claimed by France and held 
by force. Title of England settled 
by treaty of Paris, 1763. Became 
with all the northwest territory a 
part of Virginia, although claimed 
under old English charter by New 
York, Connecticut and Massachu- 
setts. First settled, 17^2, by Mora- 
vians on the Muskingum. These 
expelled by British, 1781. Expedi- 
tion of Bouquet, ]76i. Dunmore 
war, 1774. Cornstalk's warriors de- 
feated on the Sciota. Cincinnati 
founded, 1789. Clarke overcame 
Miamis, 1783. Marrietta founded, 1788. Miami Indians conquered 




GUIDE A^D IIAXD-BOOK. 



149 



by Gen. Wayne, 1794. Virginia ceded region to the United States 
under condition that the northwest teri-itory should be divided 
into not less than five states, and Ohio became part of Territory 
of the Northwest. Ohio Territory organized May 7, lf<00. Ad- 
mitted HS a state, April 30, 1802. Capital fixed at Chill ieothe, 1800, 
removed to Zanesville, 1810, returned to Chdlicothe. I-^IS. and re- 
moved to Coluxubus, Ibid, where it reiuiims. UoiisLitutiou re- 



I 






cvn,\V 






^ Bajard 



J ( / /Jaine3tovrB>;V\iie mo»n LUnW > . ■<(• Qj, \ 




r 



Population 3, ]!•>«, nt;o 
Area Kq.miies 40 -j^^ 



vised, 1851. Number Fnion soldiers furnished, 313,180. Number 
oovnities, 88. !?tate and congressional elections, second Tuesday 
in October; number senators, 83 ; representatives, 105; sessions 
biennial, but "adjourned sessions " practically amount to annual 
meetings ; assembles first Monday in Januarj^ ; terms of senators 
and represwitatives, 3 years each. N umber electoral votes, 33 ; 



150 THE WESTERN WOULD 



number congressmen, 31 ; number voters, 826,5T7 ; insane and 
idiots excluded from voting-. Number colleges, 35 ; school age, 
6-21 ; school system, first-class. Legal interest rate, 6% ; by con- 
tract, ^'/o ; usury forfeits excess. Miles of railroad, 7,276. 

POPULATION, 1880,3,198,062; male, 1,613,931 ; female, 1,584,- 
126 ; native, 2,803,119 ; foreign, 394,943 ; white, 3,117,920 ; colored, 
79,900 ; Chinese, 109 ; Indians, 130. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Extreme length E. and W.. 225 miles; breadth, 200 miles. Area, 
40,760 sq. miles, 25,686,400 acres. Includes Kelley's and Bass' 
islands in Lake Erie, Lake frontage, 230 miles. Ohio river front- 
age, 432 miles. A great ridge or divide tx-a verses the state from 
Trumbull Co. in the N. E. to Mercer Co. at the W., having an ele- 
vation averaging about 1,200 feet. The surface of the state slopes 
north from the divide to Lake Erie (elevation 665 feet) and south 
to the Ohio river (elevation 440 feet at Cincinnati). Main streams, 
Ohio, Muskingum, Sciota, Big and Little Miami, Mahoning, 
Hocking, Maumee, Cuyahoga, Huron, Rocky, Chagrin, San- 
dusky, Portage, etc. Entire state well watered. Valleys ex- 
tremely productive. Uplands fertile as a rule. Scenery beautiful, 
but with no prominent featui'es. Ohio ranks first in agricult- 
ural implements and wool; second in dairy products, petroleum, 
iron and steel ; third in wheat, sheep, coal, malt and distilled 
liquors ; fourth in printing and publishing, salt, miles railway 
and soap ; fifth in milch cows, hogs, horses, hay, tobacco and 
iron ore. Coal, building stones, iron ore and salt are found in 
vast quantities. Staple crops, wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, 
tobacco, buckwheat, etc., vegetables, apples and the hardier 
fruits. Cleared land averages $45, woodland §40 per acre. Little 
forest valuable for lumber remains except in small reserves. 

CLIMATE as healthful as any in the United States. Warm- 
est on Ohio river. Temperature for state averages, winter, 35 
deg.; summer, 77 deg.; range of temperature, 16 deg. below zero 
to 101 deg. above. Changes sometimes sudden. Snowfall con- 
siderable. Average rainfall, including snow, 42 inches, decreases 
to 37 mchos at north and increases to 47 inches at south. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Cincinnati, " Queen City of the West;" 
pop , 23.5,139. Cleveland, pop., 160,146. Columbus, capital, pop., 
51,647. Chillicothe, Zanesville, Toledo, Sandusky, Cleveland and 
Cincinnati ports of entry. 

LEADING INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture, dairying, min- 
ing, quarrying, irc^n miikinu", pork packing, manufacturing 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: To single women, 
apparel $100, sewing machine, knitting machine, books $25. To 
head of family, necessary apparel, beds and bedding for family, 
3 stoves, 60 days' fuel, tools of trade to $100; domestic animals 
and 60 days' feed, or furniture to S05; books, pictures, provisions 
to $50, sewing and knitting machines, earning for three months, 
homestead to value of $1,0011, or if none possessed, $ri00 in per- 
.sona' property in addition to the above. Assignments cannot 
prefer and do not release. Suits for real estate barred after 31 
years, after 3 years for forcible entry and detaining, after 15 
years on bond and written contract, after 6 years on verbal con- 
tract and statute liability, except penalty; after 4 years for 
trespass or injury to person or property, alter 1 year for assault 
or slander. Wife's property exempt. Her separate note good. 
Arrest for debt may be made on atil davit of fraud, concealment 
or removal. 

LICENSE CHARGES.— Peddlers on foot, $12; on horseback, 
$20; with horse and cart, §20; 3 horses and cart, $28; in boat or by 
rail, $60. License issued by county auditors. 

LIENS hold for two years on structures or vessels for labor 
and materia is if statement is filed in county recorder's ollice in 4 
months; .ii'dgments are liens on real estate for 5 years. 

PUBLIC LANDS.— A few isolated tracts of government 
and school lands may remain. The former is in charge of the 
General Land Office, Washington, D. C. 




GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 151 



INDIANA. 

Called the " Hoosicr State." Set- 
tled at Fort St. Vincents, now Vin- 
cennes, lTO:i, by French-Canadian 
voyagers. Rej-ion belonged to 
France. Acquired by Kngiand, 
1763, and became a part of "V'irginia 
by capture by the expedition of 
Clarke, 1776. Ceded to U. S. by Vir- 
grinia, 1783, and tormed part of the 
Northwest Territory. Urg-anized, 
1787, Indian wars, 1788 to 1791, end- 
ing in the enforced submission of 
the tribes. Indians ceded large 
bodies of land to goverimient by 
treaty of Greenville, 1795. Ohio 
cut out of Northwest Territory, 
1800, and the teri'itory of Indiana organized, which included all 
section west of Ohio to the Mississippi river, and north of the 
Ohio river to British possessions. Michigan cut out as separate 
territory, 18U5, and Illinois, 1809, leaving Indiana with its present 
boundaries. War with Shawnees under Tecumseh, 1811. Battle 
of Tippecanoe ended struggle in defeat of Indians. Admitted as 
a state Dec. 11, 1816. Sixth state admitted. State constitution 
adopted June 19, 1816. New constitution 1851; amended 1881. 
soldiers furnished in Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 196,363. 
Number counties, 93. All elections Tuesday after first Monday 
in November; number senators, pO; representatives, 100; sessions 
of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meet Thursday 
after first Monday in January, holds 60 days ; terra of senators, 
4 years ; of representatives, 2 years ; number electoral votes, 15 ; 
number congressmen, 13; number voters, 498,437. Fraudulent 
voters and bribers excluded from voting. Number colleges, 15, 
State University at Bloomington ; medical school at Indianap- 
olis ; university at Noti-e Dame ; flourishing common-school 
system ; school age, 6-21. Legal interest rate, 6fc ; by contract, 
8%; usury forfeits excess of interest. Miles of railroad, 5,534. 

POPULATION, 1880, 1,978,301; male, l,010,S6l; female, 967,- 
940; native, 1,834,123; foreign, 144,178; white, 1,938,798; colored, 
39,228; Chinese, 2'>: Indians. 246. Estimated increase 8 per cent. 
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS ETC.— 
Extreme length N. and S. 275 miles; width averages 150 miles; 
area, 35,910 sq. miles, 22,982,400 acres. Surface usually level or 
rolling, sovTietimes hilly. No mountains. Skirting the river bot- 
toms are ranges of hills and bluffs, notably so on the upper 
Ohio. Hills 200 to 400 feet above the surrounding country. Gen- 
eral slope of the state south to west. Frontage on Lake Michigan 
43 miles; lakeshorelowandsandy,exceptat Michigan City. Chief 
rivers. Ohio, Wabash, White, Kankakee, Maumee; small streams 
everywhere ; river bottoms wide and unsurpassed in fertility ; 
highlands when level, rich, black or sandy soil ; hills Pand or 
limestone, with thin but producti^'e soil, exce]it at southeast, 
where hill lands are poor. All crops and fruits of the temperate 
zone do well both in yield and quality. State highly favored tor 
agriculture and manufacturing. Kanks second in wheat; fourth 
in corn, hogs and agricultural implements ; fifth in coal. Cattle, 
hogs, sheep, horses, etc., are most successfully raised. Corn, 
wheat, oats, staple crops. Timber still abundant at south, but in 
scattered tracts. Coal fields in southwestern portions of stitte over 
7,000 sq. miles, on much of which are 3 workable veins. Kinds of 
coal, block, cannel and ordinary bituminous, cokes well, superior 
for gas. Building stones varied and of vmsurpassed quality, in- 
cluding the famous Bedford stone. Supply unlimited. Land is 



152 



THE Wi^STERN WORLD 



cheap, cleared averag-ing- $1^^ and woodland $14 per acre. In 
rich section to southwest cleared land $15, woodland $1Q@.12. 
Chances for making- homes, comfort and advantages considered, 
not excelled elsewhere. Iron ore is found. 

CLIMATE changeable in winter, but seldom severe; winds 
from north and west ; summers moderately long,* and sometimes 
hot; temperature avei-ages, winter, 31 deg., summei-, 78 deg. 







■VVyr 11 i-' V^ JH. P<i|iulation--_1,97H,301 



££D^_B 



Trees Mo-^pom in March. Rainfall 40 inches. Health excellent. 
Malarifil (lis;ipr>onving from bottoms boforn proper draina'jre. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Indianapolis (capital), contains deaf and 
dumb, blind and insane asjiums, pop. 75,056 ; Terre Haute, 26,042; 
Evansviile. ''9:2^ ; Fort Wayne, 2(5,880. Michigan City, lake port. 

INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, mining and manufacturing. 



GUIDE Ax\D HAND-BOOK. 153 



PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Real or personal 
to value of SGOO. Propertj^ sold must bring two-thirds appraised 
value, unless the law is waived by contract. Assignments do not 
release. Suits barred after 2(t years for injuries to person or 
character, on written contracts, for real estate; after 10 years on 
notes, bills, etc.; after 6 years on accounts, for rents, injury to 
property and relief from fraud; after 15 years on actions not 
especially limited. Wife's property exempt. She can sue, be 
sued, make will, etc. She takes instead of dowry one-half in fee 
simple in lands. Arrest for debt legal on affidavit of removal 
with property subject to execution Avith intent to defraud. 

LICENSE CHARQ-ES.— Non-resident peddlers selling goods 
made out of the state pay to county treasurer $5 on $1,000 capi- 
tal; $7.50 on more than $1,000 and less than $2,000; $10 on capital 
up to $5,000, and $20 on capital greater than $5,0u0. 

IiIENS hold on structures, railroads or boats for labor or 
material, on crops for rent when rented on shares, on land for 
benefits from drains, levees, etc. Liens must be filed in county 
recorder's office in 60 days after completion of work. Judg- 
ments are liens on real estate for 10 years. 

PUBLIC LANDS.— A few isohited tracts of Government 
Land may exist. Transactions relating to them are in the hands 
of the General Land Office at Washington, D. C. State Lands, 
including, swamp, university and college fund lands are held for 
sale to a considerable extent. They are in small tracts scattered 
over the state, and are controlled by the Auditor of State. 




ILLINOIS. 

Name derived from Illini tribe of 
Indians, meaning Superior Men, 
and also said to be French. Called 
"Prairie State" and "Sucker State." 
Discovered June 20, 1673, by Mar- 
quette and Joliet. Settled first at 
Kaskaskia (later seat of govern- 
ment of N.W. territory) by Jesuits, 
1682. Formed part of Louisiana 
territory and belonged to France. 
Transferred to England by Treaty 
of Pari", 1765. Seized and British 
expelled by Clarke's Virginia ex- 
pedition, July 4, 1778, and became a 
part of Virginia, being called Illi- 
nois county. Became part of the 
" Northwest Territory " organized 
17^7. Ohio cut out of territory, 1800, and what is now Indiana, 
Wisconsin, Illinois and Minnesota (east of M iss. river)was organized 
as Indiana territory. Illinois territory formed, 1809. Kaskaskia, 
capital. Fort Dearborn (Chicago) massacre, 1812, by I'ottawato- 
mies. Admitted as state, 1818. Capital removed to Vandalia, 
1818. State constitution adopted same year. Black Hawk 
war, 1831. Capital moved to Springfield, 1836. Mormon 
troubles, 1839. Mormons expelled, 1844. New constitution, 
1848. Soldiers in Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 259,092. 
NumVter counties, 102. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday 
In Nov.; number senators, 51 ; representatives, 153 ; sessions bien- 
nial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan.; term 
of senators, 4 years; representatives, 2 years. Number electoral 
votes, 22 ; congressmen, 20 ; number voters, 796,847 ; convicts ex- 
cluded from voting. School system excellent; number colleges, 
28; school age, 6-21. Legal interest, 6^; by contract, 8jf ; usury 
forfeit*! entire interest. Miles of railroad, «',909. 

POPULATION, 1880, 3,077,871 ; male, 1,586,523 ; female, 1,491,- 



154 



THE WESTERN VvORLD 



348 ; native, 3,494,295 ; foreign, 583,576 ; white, 3,031,151 ; colored, 
46,3()S: Chinese, 209; Indians, 140. Estimated increase 9^. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 

Extreme length N. and S., 3b6 miles ; extreme width, 218 miles. 
Average elevation, 482 feet ; elevation at Cairo, 340 feet ; highest 
point, 1,140 feet in northwest portion. Area, 56.000 sq. miles, 
35,840,000 acres ; miles of navigable water-ways, 4,100. Frontage 




on Lake Michigan 110 miles. Principal streams, Mississippi, 
Ohio, Wabash, Kankakee, Calumet and Illinois. Surface ex- 
tremely level and much of it prairie. Slopes to east and south. 
Soil superior. Among first agricultural states of Union. Staple 
crops, corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, broomcorn, vegetables, hay, 
potatoes, etc. Fruits and grapes, except Catawba, do well at 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 155 



south. Yield of all crops cultivated, large. Coal area, two-thirds 
state. First coal mined in America at Ottawa; quality moderateij' 
fair. Considerable forest of hardwoods at south on hills and in 
bottoms. Superior quality limestone on Fox and Despiaines 
rivers ; lead, most important mineral ; Galena in center of richest 
dig-gings in N. W. Rich salt wells in iSaline and Gallatin counties, 
75 gallons brine making 50 lbs. salt. State ranks first in co»-n, 
wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber traffic, malt and distilled 
liquors and miles railway; second in rye, coal, agricultural im- 
plements, soap and hogs ; fourth in haj% potatoes, iron and steel, 
mules, milch cows and other cattle. Cleared land averages $28, 
and woodland or raw prairie, %\S per acre. Land cheaper at 
south, Avhicli offers excellent inducements to immigration. 

CLIMATE healthful as a rule ; subject to sudden and violent 
changes at north. Temperature ranges from yo deg. below zero 
to 101 deg. above. Average temperature at Springfield, 30 deg. 
winter; T8 deg. summer. At Chicago, 25 deg. winter; 73 deg. 
summer. At Cairo, 38 deg. winter ; 80 deg. summer. Frosts come 
last of September. Vegetation begins in Api-il, Rainfall, 33 inches. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Chicago, pop. 503,185. Peoria, pop., 29,259. 
Quiiicv, pop 27.2t)8. Springfield (capital),pop, 19,743. 

INDtJSTIlIES.— Agriculture, mining, stock-raising and 
manufacturing of vj I • Irhia?. • 

PROPERTY iiXiiMx' from execution: homestead to value 
of S1,000. Exemption ex ends after death till youngest child is 
31 years old; apparel, oorksand pictui'es; $100 in other property, 
and when debtor is head of family, $300 in other property, not 
money; wages of laborer exempt to $25. Assignments cannot 
prefer and do not discharge. Suits for land and on judgement 
barred after 20 years, after 7 years when title is held by record, 
after 10 years on notes, bills and written contracts, or mortgages, 
after 2 years for personal injury, after 1 year for slander, and 
after 5 years on all other actions. Wife's property exempt. She 
may do business, make Avill, and change her estate. Arrest for 
debt only in cases of fraud or refusal to surrender propertv. 

LICENSE CHARGES,— Peddlers and drummers not taxed. 

LIENS hold on building and lot, and railroad, for labor, ma- 
terial and services. Sub-contractors have lien for amount due 
contractor. Notice must be given by contractor in 6 months, by 
sub-contractor in 40 days. Judgments are liens on land for 7 years. 

PUBLIC LANDS.— A few isolated tracts of government 
may exist, and is controlled by the General Land Office at Wash- 
ington, D.C. The state has no lands. The counties hold unim- 
portant areas of forfeited school land. 



MICHIGAN. 

Name Indian, meaning "Land of 
Lakes." Called "Wolverine State." 
First settlement by Father Mar- 
quette, 1 6(58, at Sault Ste. Marie. 
Fort Michimackinac (Mackinaw) 
built by French, 1671. Detroit 
founded, 1701. Territory belonged 
to France. Passed to possession of 
England, 1763, followed by Pontiac 
conspiracy and massacre at Macki- 
naw. Became part of Virginia at 
close of Revolution. Ceded by Vir- 
ginia to U, S., and formed part of 
Northwest Territory, Became i»art 
of Indiana territory, 1800. Michi- 
gan territory formed 1805, did not 
include upper peninsula, but ex- 
tended west to ..lissouri river. Devastated by Indians and 




156 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



English in war 1812-14, until run off by Gen. Harrison. "Wiscon- 
sin included in the territory of Michijftm, I5I8, and separated 
from it 183*>. State constitution adopted 1836. Admitted as state 
Jan. 26, 1837. Thirteenth state to enter Union. Received upper 
peninsula as corapt^nsation for disputed territory same year. 
Capital fixed at liansing-, (847. New constitution adopted ]850, 
still iu force. Union soldiers furnished, 87,3ti4. Number coun- 




ties, 79. Miles railroad, 5,2^3. All elections Tuesday after first 
Monday in Novembei-. Number senators, 3^ ; rei)re5entatives, 
100 ; sessions of lejrislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
meeting first Wednesday in January ; terms of senators and rep- 
resentatives, 3 years each; numbef electoral votc^, 13; number 
congressmen, 11. Number voters, 467,6^,. Duelists excluded 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 157 



from voting. Number colleges, 9; efficient public schools ; school 
age, 5-3it years. Legal interest, 1%; by contract, W; usury for- 
feits excess of interest. 

POPULATION, 18.^0,1,636,937; male, 863,355 ; female. 774,5«3; 
native, 1,348,4:^9; foreign, 3S8,!i08 ; white, 1,614,560; colored, 15,100; 
Indians, 7,^49 Estimated increase, ll;i. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
State formed of two peninsulas and number small islands. Ex- 
treme length lower peninsula north and south, 378 mik-s; breadth, 
360 miles. Extreme length upper peninsula east and west, 330 
miles ; width, 34 to 16o miles ; area, 57,4^30 sq. miles, or 36,755,300 
acres. Lenarth shore line on Lakes Mii higan, Superior, Hiu'on, 
St. Clair and Erie, North Channel and Green Bay, 3,(100 miles. 
Lower peninsula consists of plains and table lands, heavily tim- 
bered with pine and hardwoods, and small prairies, with eleva- 
tion of 600 to 750 feet. At south are ranges of hills, and l)order- 
ing Lake Michigan are sand-hills and bluffs sometimes 300 feet 
high. The soil is generally good, but patches of sand occur. 
Saginaw and Thunder bays in Lake Huron and Grand and Little 
Traverse bays in Lake Michigan form splendid harbors. Fruit 
raising, especially apples, peaches and grapes, very successful. 
All cereals make good crops, except corn at north. Staples, 
wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, barley, etc. Upper 
peninsula broken, rocky, and almost mountainous, rising at west 
to 3,000 feet above sea. Western portion mining region; 
eastern portion favorable to agriculture. Rivers, inlets 
and small lakes numerous. Water good and well dis- 
tributed. Chief islands. Isle Royale and Grand Island in Lake 
Superior, Marquette, Mackinaw and Bois Blanc in Lake Huron, 
and Beaver, Fox and Manitou in Lake Michigan. Copper ia 
Houghton, Ontonagon and Keweenah counties ; valuable iron 
ores in Marquette and Delta counties ; coal in Shiawassee, Eaton, 
Ingham and Jackson counties. Salt abundant. Timber yet in 
immense tracts of vii-gin pine and hardwoods. Grand Haven, Au 
Sable and Detroit are centers of valv*able fishing interests; prin- 
cipal catch is trout and whitefish. State ranks first in copper, 
lumber and salt ; second in iron ore; third in buckwheat ; fifth in 
sheep, hops and potatoes. Inducements to farmers, manufact- 
urers, miners, and all classes of immigrants, first class. People 
progressive. Cleared land averages $30 per acre; forest, $10. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature averages at Detroit, winter, 30 
deg.; summer, 70 deg.; at Sault Ste. Marie, winter, 33 deg.; sum- 
mer, 65 deg. Rainfall at Detroit, 30 inches ; at Sault Ste. Marie, 
24 'nches. Health excellent. Temperature at Marquette averages 
about3 deg. lower than at Sault Ste. Marie. 

CHIEF CITIES.-Detroit, pop. 116,340; Grand Rapids, pop. 
33 016; Lansing (capital), pop. 8,310: Bay City, pop. 20,693; East 
Saginaw, 19,ni>i; Jackson, 16.105; Muskegon, 11,363: SaginaAV, 10.535. 
Detroit, Marquette, Tort Huron, C4rand Haven ports of entry. 

CHIEF INDUSTRIES.— Lumbering, mining, farming, 
fruit raising, manufiieturing, fishing, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Spinning wheels, 
looms and apparatus ; stoves for use ; arms, etc., of militia ; 
apparel ; $15u in books; family pictures; 10 sheep and fleecesand 
manufactures thci-eof ; 2 cows; 5 swine; 6 monthf provision and 
fuel for family; S350 in household goods ; 6 months feed for stock 
named above ; tools of trade ; team, etc.. essential to occupation. 
Exemptions do not hold for purchase money excent on tools, etc. 
There is also exempt $>00 in personal property and homestead to 
value of $1,500. Assignment under insolvent law may discharge 
debtor. Suits barred after 30 yeai-s for land if person was out of 
the United States when right occurred ; otherwise after 15 years; 
after 10 years when claimed under tax deed, and also on judg- 
ments; after 6 years on contracts, accounts, etc.; after 3 years 
for injury to person or reputation. Wife's property exempt. 
She may dispose of same separately, do business, etc. Arrest for 
debt permitted where it involves breach of trust or fraud. 



158 THE WESTERN WORLD 



LICENSE CHARGES.— Peddler on foot, $15 ; with horse, 
$40 ; with 'A horses, $75 ; bj"- rail, SlUO. Travelers taking ordei-, 
§50, to treasurer of state. 

LIENS hold on structures and lot for labor and material. 
Notice must be filed in county register's office in 60 days, and 
suit brought in 60 days more. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS remain subject to homestead, 
pre-emption and cash entry to a considerable extent in Michigan. 
The land offices are located at Detroit for the cotmties of Alpena, 
(10,000 acies government land). Cheboygan (5.000 acres), and 
Presque Isle C^,200 acres); at Keed City for the svirrounding sec- 
tion, in which 50,000 acres of government land remains, chiefly 
pine plains; at Marquette for the noithern peninsula, ai'ea 
government land very large, and at East SaginaAV. 

STATE LANDS are designated as swamp, but include all 
classes of land. They are held at $1.25, except ni a few northern 
townships, where the price is $2, and lie in almost every county 
aggregating over 1^0,000 acres. These lands are sold in tracts of 
80 acres to applicants making affidavit of intention to settle on 
them on payment of H the price, the balance to be paid in 10 
years with 1% interest annually. A homestead of 80 acres or less 
may be taken free if the homesteader does not already own 40 
acres. In all cash purchases road scrip maybe used in payment 
and the quantity of land which may be bought is unlimited by 
law . The scrip can be bought at a discount from private holders. 
School lands. The state also holds for sale, at $4 per acre, 316,- 
000 acres of school land. Where timbered it must be paid for in 
cash, otherwise it is sold on time at 7^ interest. There is further 
about 125,000 acres of college lands held at $5 to $12.50 per acre, 
sold on same terms as school land. The educational lands are 
scattered all over the state. Information relating to them may 
be had of the Michigan State Land Office at Lansing, where they 
are controlled. 



WISCONSIN. 

Indian name of river; means 
"Wild Rushing River."Called"Bad- 
ger State." Settled first by French 
at Green Bay, 1669. Belonged to 
Virginia. Ceded to United States. 
Formed part of Northwest terri- 
tory. Included in Indiana terri- 
tory, 1800. Became part of Michi- 
gan territor.y, 1805. Wisconsin ter- 
ritory organized 1836. and included 
Iowa, Minnesota and part of 
Dakota. Present boundaries fixed, 
1838. Madison made capital, 1388. 
Applied for admission, 1846. Ad- 
mitted as state. May, 1848. Seven- 
teenth state to join Union. State 
constitution adopted 1848; still in 
force, but amended. Number Union soldiers furnished, 91,327. 
Number counties, 66; miles railroad. 4,2b9. All elections, Tuesday 
after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 33; representa- 
tives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
second Wednesday in Jan.; term of senators, 4 years; of repre- 
sentatives, 3 years. Number electoral votes, 11; number con- 
gressmen, 9; number voters, 340,482; insane, idiots, convicts, 
bribers, betters and duelists excluded from voting. Number 
colleges. 7; number public schools, 6,588; school age, 4-20 years; 
school endowment very liberal. Legal interest, 1!%; by contract, 
10^; usury forfeits entire interest. 




GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 



159 



POPULATION, 1880, 1,315,497; male, 680,069; female, 635,428; 
native, 910,072; foreign, 405.425; white, 1,309,^18; colored, 2,702; 
Chinese, 16; Indians. 3,161. Estimated increase 12'?. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Extreme length N . and S., 298 miles; width, 260 miles; area, 54,4.")0 
sq. miles; o4,8t8,000 acres. Surface presents varied and beautiful 
scenery, without any grand features. Forms a great plain 580 to 




iiil)inkee 



/" S 3 Ironton^i 

r^ ,-+|oDoSot.l BarabO^i 

Decorah ^ARichland Ccn. g^uk ( 

„ , ^-Mmeral Ft. kOrkl^^'^.lOttii.^o. \\ ^-IN 



Ccdat 



-P.*-^^/ 



DixoiV 




about 1,700 feet above sea level, highest points being at the N.W.: 
gradual slope to Lake Michigan and the south. Chief rivers, 
Mississippi, Fox, Wisconsin; these, with innumerable smaller 
streams, turnish such picturesque scenery as the famous " Dells," 
etc., and afford a multitude of valuable water powers, many of 
which are still unutilized. Besides the great lakes Michigan and 



160 THE WF STERN WORLD 



Superior, the state contains Green bay, Winnebago, Genera, 
Devil s lake, and innumerable other lakes in the central and 
northern sections of the state, ot vmsurpassed beauty, making 
the state a favorite place of summer resort. Mississippi river 
navigable throughout S. W. boundary; excellent harbors in Lake 
Superior and Michigan. Port Washington, one of tbe finest 
natural harbors in the world. Much of state prairie, but enor- 
mous stretches of magnificent pine and hardwood timbers 
remain untouched. The soil is excellent and adapted to diversi- 
fied farming, dairying and stock raising. The hardier fruits grow, 
and berries are a fine crop. Cranberries are largely raised. Wheat 
is the best crop; flax, buckwheat , hay, corn, oats, staples. Exten- 
sive lead mines in Grant, Laf aj^ette and Iowa counties; native cop- 
per n the north, in Ciawf ord and Iowa counties. Milwaukee clay 
famous for making cream-colored brick. Iron ores in Dodge, Sauk, 
Jackson and Ashland counties. Ranks second in hops, third In 
barley and potatoes, fourth in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats 
and agricultural implements. Improved land averages $18 and 
unimproved $10 per acre. Much government and railroad land 
yet untaken. Opportunities for homes and enterprise first-class. 

CLIMATE.— Temperature averages, winter, 20 deg., sum- 
mei', VI deg.; ranges from 33 deg. below zero to 95 deg. Rainfall 
31 inches, including snow. SnoAvs heavy, especially at north; 
spring late; summers short; falls pleasant. Milwaukee river 
frozen over an average of 105 days in year. Health superior. 
Air Viracing and life giving. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Milwaukee, port of entry, great pork 
packing and beer brewing center, grain and wheat market; pop, 
125,000. Madison (capital), pop. 12.063. Eau Claire, pop. 21,653; 
Fond duLac. pop. 13.0P4; Oshkosh, 21,947; La Crosse, 21,212. 

LEADING- INDTJSTRIES.— Lumbering, farming, mining, 
manufacturing, brewing, pork packing, dairying, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Family pictures, 
books, iqijpart 1, $200 in household furniture, 2 cows, 10 swine, 
yoke oxen and horse or 2 horses, 10 sheep and wool of same, 1 
years feed for stock named, wagon, etc., to $50, provisions and 
feed for 1 year, tools, stock in trade or professional books, etc. 
to $:200, printing materials $1,500, life insurance, insurance on ex- 
empt property when destroyed, homestead 40 acres in countj'or 
% acre in town with improvements. Assignments may prefer, 
but do not discharge debtor, but a discharge in insolvency may 
be obtauied; suits barred after 20 years on bond or judgment, 
and after 10 years if cause of action accrued out of the state; 
after 6 years on contracts and liabilities. Wife's property ex- 
empt. She can dispose of same as if single. Arrest for debt may 
be made in case of fraud, malfeasance or removal. 

LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers on foot, $15; 
with horse, $30; with 2 horses, $40; with more than 2 horses, $50. 
License issued by Secretary of State. 

LIENS hold on structures for labor and material, if petition 
of same be filed with county clerk within 1 year. Sub-con- 
tractors must give owner 30 days notice of claim. J udgments are 
liens on real estate for 10 years. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS.-A very large portion of Wis- 
consin is yet public in domain, and comprises every description 
of land found in the state. It is subject to homestead, pi-e-cmp- 
tion and cash, and in some sections to timber culture entry. 
The Land Offices are at Eaxi Claire for the region included in 
townships 25 to 40 north inclusive, and ranges 1 to 11 east inclu- 
sive, eft Falls of St. Croix for lands lying in townships 38, 39 
and 4U, ranges 12 to 20 west inclusive, and is mostly timbered 
with pine and hardwood ; and at Menasha. Wausau, Bayfield and 
La Crossr for the districts surrounding each. 

STATE LANDS include school lands, 120,000 acres, held at 
Slto $1.25 per acre ; University lands, 1,700 acres, held at $2 to $3 
per acre ; Agricultural College lands, 13,000 acres, at $1.25 per 
acre ; Normal School (swamp) lands, 470,000 acres, at 50c. to $3 per 



GUIDE AND hand-boo:: 



161 



acre ; drainage land (swamp), 500,000 acres, at 50c. to $3 per acre, 
and Marathon county lauds, 4,000 acres, at 75c. per acre. Tbe 
educational lands, except Normal school lands, are sold for ^ 
cash balance in lU j-ears at T^ Interest in advance annually. All 
other lands are sold for cash. 




MINNESOTA. 

Name Indian, signifies "Sky 
like water." Called "Gopher state.'" 
Explored by Fathers Hennepin and 
LaSalle, 1(J80, via Mississippi river 
to Falls St. Anthony. Portion east 
of the Mississippi river a part of 
the Territory of the Northwest, 
covered by the treaty forced from 
England, 1783. The western por- 
tion acquired from France by pur- 
chase, 1803. It belonged first to 
Missouri and then to Iowa. Fort 
Snelling built, 1819. Tract between 
the St. Croix and Mississippi ceded 
by Indians, 1837. Territory organ- 
ized, 1849. Sioux Indians ceded all 
land between Big Sioux and Missis- 
sippi rivers, 1851. Admitted as state, 1858. War with Dakotas, 
1862. Indians sulodued ; 3m hanged at Mankato, Foreign immi- 
gration immense. Number Union soldiers furnished, 2b,ui2. 
Number counties, 80. Miles railroad, 4,193. All elections Tuesday 
after first Monday in November; number senators, 47; repre- 
sentatives, 103; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd-num- 
bered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January ; 
holding 60 days; term of senators, 4 3'ears; representatives, 3 
years. Number electoral votes, 7; congressmen, 5; voters, 
313,485 ; idiots, insane and convicts not votiug. Number colleges, 
5 ; school age, .5-21 ; school system, first-class. Legal interest rate, 
1% ; bv contract, W'i ; visury forfeits excess over 10^. 

POPULATION, 1880. 780,773; male, 419,149; female, 361,624; 
native, 513,097 ; foreign, 267,676; white, 776,884 ; colored, 1,564; In- 
dians, 2,;}00. Estimated inci-ease, 20,'*. 

TOPOaRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Length N. and S., 378 miles; average width, 261 miles. Area, 
79,205 sq. miles, 50,691,200 acres. Surface rolling plain 1,000 feet 
above sea level, except at N. E , where are a series of sand hills 
called '•• Heights of Land," 1,600 feet high. It is the state of small 
lakes, including over 7,000, varying from a few rods to 32 miles 
across. In one of these, Itasca, the Mississippi rises and Hows 800 
miles through the state. The other principal livers are the Min- 
nesota, Red Itiver of the North, aud the St. Louis. Small streams 
and lakes make water plentiful. The scenerj' is picturesque and 
beautiful. The soil is splendid, as a rule, and the accessibility to 
market and general attractions render the state especially favored 
by agriculturists. The forests of the state are small (2,000,000 
acres), but in parts are rich in fine timbers. Two-thirds of the 
state is unoccupied. Cleared land averages $12. 50 per acre and 
woodland $8. Wheat is the great crop. Corn, oats, barley, hay 
and dairy products are also staples. State ranks fourth in wheat. 
CLIMATE.— Healthful. Air pure and dry, summers warm, 
averaging b8-70 deg.; winters cold, averaging 9-24 deg. Rainfall 
36 inches, chiefiy in summer. Snowfall medium. The dryness 
niitigatcs the cold in winter. 

/ CHIEF CITIES. — Pembina, port of entry on Red river. 
St. Paul, caiiital ; poi). 41,473. Minneapolis, pop. 46,887. 

CHIEF INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture, dairying, milling, etc. 
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Books, pictures 



162 



TELE WESTEIIN "WOliLD 



and musical instruments of family, apparel, household furniture 
to $500, 3 cows, "jU swine, yoke oxen and horse or a ttam, 20 sheep 
and wool of same, 1 year's feed for stock named, wag-on and f ai^m 
implements to S300, ])rovisions and fuel for 1 year, tools, books, 
etc., of trade or prolessioa, stock in trade to $-i-^0, homestead 80 
acres or 1 ot in town With improvements. No exemption from 
liens for labor. Assignments may be made voluntarily or on 




petition of creditor; do not discharge debts. Suits are barred 
after 20 years for land and foreclosure, after 10 years on judg- 
ments, after C yc^ars on contract, after 3 for slander, assault, etc. 
AVife's property exempt. She can contract. No arrest for debt. 

LICENSE CHARGES.— Drummers and peddlers untaxed. 

LIENS hold on structure, boat, etc., for labor and material 
for 2 years if statement is tiled with county register in 1 year. 



GUIDE A^-D HAND-BOOK. 163 



Sub-contractors mnst file in 60 days. Owners may avoid liens by 
proper notice. .Fudg-mcnts are liens on real estate for ton year.*. 

GOVERMENT LANDS remain unoccupied to the extent 
of about i3,000,OOL( acre.-^, and include fertile prairie and tnuber 
tracts or iron lands, and to which may be added 1,CK)0,000 acres of 
the Pembina and lied Lake I'tservations, all tine land. The 
Liand. Offices are at Benson for the surrounding- district (no gov- 
ernment land subject to entry remains); at Wox-thington (vacant 
land exhausted), at Crook.9ton for the counties of Kittson, Mar- 
shall, Polk, Norman, Clay, Becker and Beltrami and the northern 
tier of township in Otter Tail, containing- about 1,000,000 acres 
chiefly timbered and brush prairie ; at Duluth, for that part of 
the state north of Pine county and east of Itaskaand Aitkin, two 
tiers of township in the east of both being- included, and incinles 
7.000.000 acres of vacant land one-thii-d unsurveyed, all rich in 
minerals and timber; at St. Cloud, controlling' 3,.500,()00 acres be- 
tween rauires 35 and 35 from town 120 to Canadian line, tW( -thirds 
unsurveyed; at Fergus Falls, controlling- 30,000 acres chiefly in 
Grnnt and Wilkin counties; at Tracy, controlling- ],000 acres 6<lds 
and end-s; at Redwood Falls, controlling- the lands, its district 30 
miles wide and reaching across the stat'3 east to Avest 60 miles 
north of the Iowa line. At the west are some tine prairies ; at 
Taylors Falls, controlling- 200,000 acres vacant land in Cliisag-o, 
Anoka, Aitkin, Isanti, Kanabec, Mille Lacs, Pine, Ram.say, Sher- 
burne and Washington counties. All government lands in the 
state are subject t « pre emption, homestead and cash entry. 

STATE LANDS include School lands (16th and 32d section 
hi every township), minimiim price, $5 per acre; Internal Im- 
provement lands, 240,000 acres, average price, $5.29 per acre; 
University and Ag-ricultural College lands, about 75,* '00 acres, 
averaa-e jnice, §6 ])er acre ; Public Building lands not yet in the 
market ; S-wamp lands. No land can be sold for less than the 
appraisement. They are only sold at public auction in June and 
October of each year. Terms of sale, l55?ofthe purchase money 
and interest at the rate of ^% on the balance from the day of sale 
to the first day of Jvme, next, in cash . On hardwood lands the 
the value of the timber is required besides. The balance of pur- 
chase money, in full, or installments, is paj'able at the option of 
the purchaser, at any time within thirty years, on school, aaricult- 
ural college and university lands, and twentj' years on internal 
improvement lands, provided that interest at the rate of 5^ is 
paid in advance, June first, each year, or within sixty days after. 



DAKOTA. 

Named for Dakota Indians. First settled at Pembina, 1813, by 
Lord Selkirk as British territory. First permanent settlements 
of Missouri river, 1850. Organized as territorj' March, 1861, and 
included Wyoming and Montana. First legislature met, 18ti2, at 
Yankton, which was made tne capital. Immigration became act- 
ive, 1866. Capital removed, 1883, to Bismarck Chief settlements 
in Red and Missouri river valleys. Propositions pending to divide 
the territorj'. Railroad buildin.g active, and sj'stems mammoth 
in their scale. Application for admission, made. Number 
counties, 129. All elections, Tuesday after first ISlonday in Nov.; 
number senatoi-s, 12; representatives, 24; sessions biennial, in 
odd-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in Jan, and hold- 
ing 60 days; terms of senators and representatives, 2 j'oars each. 
Legal interest rate, 7^; by contract 12^; usury forfeits excess. 
School endowments, when the territory shall become a state, 
magnificent. Miles railroad, 2,7"9. 

POPULATION, 1880, 135,177; male, 82,296; native, 83,382; 
white, 133,147; Indians, 27,5"0 (2.3 O^iioux). Pomdation 1885, 413,759. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 



164 



THE WESTtliN AVOKLD 



Average length N. andS., 451 miles; width, 348 miles; area, 149,113 
sq. miles: 95,431,680 acres. Indian reservations principally west 
of Missouri river; 43,000,000 acres; one-seventh g-ood farming- 
land. Surface high, level, plain, 950 to 2,600 feet above the sea; 
traversed by ranges of lofty hills, Avhich at the S. W. reach ati 
elevation of 7,000 feet in the Black Hills. The Missouri river 
traverses the territory diagonally from N. W. to S. E., and is 



MAP OF \ J Fort E 

DAKOTA *'^< ° ^^^^ 

I' 




navigable. Other principal rivers, Yellowstone, Little Missouri, 
White, Big Cheyenne, Niobrara, Dakota, Ited Kiver of the North, 
Vermillion and Big Sioux. Smaller streams are verj- numerous. 
Lakes are numerous, especially in the north and east; Devil's 
lake is semi-salt, 13x40 in extent; other large lakes are Big Stone, 
Albert, Poinsett, Whitewood, Traverse and Tchauchicaha. The 
soil is very rich and peculiarly suited to wheat, which is the 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 165 



staple crop. Corn, oats, grasses and potatoes do well. Fruit not 
a good crop. Cattle, and especially sheep raising, favored and 
growing industries. Timber scarce, except along the streams 
and in some of the hills.'' Gold and silver extensivelj^ mined. 
Black Hills very rich in precious minerals. Kanks fourth in 
gold output. Good coal west of the Missouri, Not much devel- 
oped as yet. Scenery, not striking, except in hills. Deposits of 
tin said to be of great value exist. Inducements to immigration 
first-class. Price of land $1.2.5 to $:iO per acre (latter improved). 

CLIMATE.-— Temperatui'e ranges from 33 deg. below zero to 
100 deg. auove ; averages, winter, 4 to 20 deg ; summer, 6.5 to 75 
deg. Winters at north severe, with heavy snow; moderate 
at the south. Air clear, drj^ and free from malaria. Cold not so 
penetrating as in raoister climates. Springs late and summers of 
medium length. Rainfall 19 in., chiefly in spring and summer. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Fargo, northern metropolis; Bismarck 
(cairital); Yankton and Sioux Falls important centers. 

INDUSTRIES.— Almost entire laboring population,engaged 
in aa-riculture and mining. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: family pictures, 
$100 in books, apparel, provisions and fuel for one year $1,500 in 
other personal property, homestead of 160 acres land or 1 acre in 
town regardless of value. Assignment cannot prefer and does 
not release debtor. Suits barred after 20 j^ears for land on judg- 
ment or sealed instrument, after 6 years m contract or liabiliiy, 
after 3 years for slander or assault. Wife's property exempt, 
she can sell, contract, etc., as if single. Arrest for debt per- 
mitted in cases of fraud, concealment, removal or damage. 

LICENSE CHARGES may be fixed by county clerks. 

LIENS hold on ground and structure for labor and material 
if filed in 90 days by contractor, or in 60 days by sub-conti-actor. 
Judgments docketed in clerks office of county where land lies 
are liens on s»irae for ten years. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS are found in all parts of Dakota. 
Near towns they have been picked, but back from settlement 
choice trade are yet vacant. The Land Offices are located at 
Bismark for the surrounding district containing 18,000,000 acres 
vacant land; at Grand Forks ; at Devils Lake for district 92x103 
miles in area, mostly vacant; at Mitchell (all lands taken except 
those in Crow Creek reservation now open to entry) ; at "Water- 
town ; Fargo, Yankton, Deadwood, Aberdeen and Huron for the 
surrounding districts. All government lands in the territory are 
subject to homestead, pre-emption and cash entry. Much rail- 
road lauds for sale. No territorial lands now ottered. 



IOWA. 

Indian name, means "This is 
the place." Called the " Hawkeye 
State." Settled first by Dubuque, 
1788, a French Canadian, for whom 
that citj' is named. First settlers 
miners of lead. Territory belonged 
to France. Acquired by United 
States by " Louisiana Purchase," 
1803. Formed part of Louisiana till 
1812, when it was included in Mis- 
souri territory. Active immigra- 
tion began 1833. Became part of 
Michigan 1834, and of Wisconsin 
1836. Iowa territory organized 
July 4, 1838. Burlington made 
capital. Removed 18.39 to Iowa 
City. Admitted as state 1846. Con- 
stitution modified 1837. Union soldiers furnished, 76,242. Num- 




lee 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



ber counties, 99; miles of railroad, 7,510. State elections annual, 
Tuesday after second Monday in October, excepting- years of 
presidential elections, Avhen all elections occur together. Num- 
ber senators, 50; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature 
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting- second Monday in 
Januai-y. Term of senators, 4 years; of representatives, 2 years. 




Num.ber electoral votes, 13; congressmen, 11; number voters 
416,058. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting' 
Number colleges, 19; school age, 5-21. School system admii-able 
endowment liberal. Legal interest rate, 6%; by conti-act 10^- 
usur.>' lorfeits 10 i)er cent, per year on amount. State has 
adopted i)rolii lotion. 

POPULATION, 1880, 1,624,615; male, 848,136; female, 776,479; 



GUIDE AKD HAND-BOOK. 167 



native, 1,363,965; foreign, 261,650; white, 1,614,600: colored, 9,516; 
Chinese, 33; Indians, 466. Estimated Jncre^se. 15^. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AKEA, SOIL, PBODUCTS, ETC.— 
Extreme length E. and W., 298 mi.es; width, 208 miles: area, 
5r),470 sq. miles, 35,500,800 acres. Surface almost an inibroken 
1)raii-ie, without mountains and with very few low hifls. Pome 
bluffs on streams, but scenery pretty and rather monotonous. 
Naun-al nieadows are formed everywhere, and water fs almu- 
dantly supplied by small streams. Many small picturesque lakes 
at north. Highest point. Spirit Lake, over l,6iH) feet fibove the 
sea. Slopes southeast, and elevation at month i)f Des Moines river 
4 10 feet. Principal streams, Mississippi, Missouri, I)es Moines, Towa 
and Little Sioux. Soil averages superior. Corn, wheat, oats, 
potatoes, hay, barley, sorghum, rye, staples. Apples unsurpassed 
in United States; pears, plums, cherries, grapes and berries 
are excellent crops. Cattle and other stock hiterests large and 
thrifty. Dairying especially attractive. Fore't area sxnaU and 
scarcely equal to home requirements. Coal area, fair. Other 
minerals unimportant. Manufact'iiring active. Improved land 
averages $20; unimproved. Including railroad and government 
domains, S12.50. State ranks first in hogs; second in milch cows, 
oxen and other cattle, corn, hay and oats; third in horses; fifth in 
barlcv and miles of railwaj\ 

CLIMATE healthy, but subject to extremes. Winter severe, 
with sharp north and west winds; summers pleasant. Temperatuxe 
averages, summer, 72 deg.; winter, 23 deg.; ranges from 10 deg. be- 
low to 99 deg. above zero. Rainfall, 43 inches. Wheat harvest In 
August. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Des Moines, metropolis and capital; pop. 
22,408. Fop. of L>ubuque, 22,254; of Davenport, 21,831; of Burling- 
ton, 19,450; of Council Bluffs, 18,063. Keokuk, Burlington and 
Dubuque a re United States ports of delivery. 

LEADING INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture, stock raising and 
manufactviring. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: apparel and 
trunks, etc., gun, tools, books, or instruments of trade or pro- 
fession, horse and vehicle of physician, minisrter,«officer, fai-mer 
or teamster, library and pictures. To heads of family fti addition, 
cow, calf, 5 hogs, all pigs under 6 months old, horse, 60-day feed 
for animals named, flax raised by debtor and manufactui'er of 
same, $100 in household furniture, weaving devices, bed for 
every 2 in family, (i months fuel and provisions, printing press 
and plant to $1,200, 90 Aiys' earnings and homstead 40 acres, or 
half acre in town from debts accruing after its acquisition. 
Assignments cannot prefer and do not release. Suits barred 
after 2 years for in.iury to person or reputation, after 5 years on 
verbal ccmtract or for fraud, after 10 years on written contract 
and for real estate, after 20 years on judgment. Wife's property 
exempt, her control of it is same as if she was single. Arrest for 
debt permitted only in cases of fraul. 

LICENSE CHARGES per year: peddlers (if e-oods are not 
made in state) on foot, $10; with less than 4 horses, $25; Avith more 
than 4 hoi-ses, $"5. Peddlers selling watches, $30 ; clocks, SoO. 

LIENS hold on structures and land for labor if same is filed 
clerk District Court in 90 days by contractor, or in 30 days by 
sub-ccMitractor. Judgments are liens on land for 10 years. 

PUBLIC LANDS.— The government lands of Iowa are 
about, if not entirely taken up. The land office for the entire 
state is at Des Moines. There ai'e no lands for .«ale bj' the state. 
School lands yet unsold in a majority of the counties are con- 
trolled by the Board of Supervisors of each county in which they 
lie. The largest areas ai'e in the northern and northwestern 
counties. They ai'e sold at public auction by the county auditor 
at not less than $6 per acre. Lands are also for sale under the 
University and Saline grants by the Board of Begents of the 
Iowa University at Iowa City. A considerable area of railroad 
land remains unsold. 



168 



THE WESTEliN "WORLD 



NEBRASKA. 




Name Indian, means "Shallo-w 
Water." Included in territory ac- 
quired from France in 1803 by 
"•Louisiana Purchase." . Nebraska 
Territory, org-anized May, 1854, in- 
cluded ^ region north of present 
state to British possessions, and 
west to Koclij^ mountains. Few 
settlements till 1864. In 1861, 16,000 
sq. miles cut otf to form Colorado; 
nearly 250,000 sq. miles to form Da- 
kota, and large strip added from 
Utah and Washington Territories . 
Idaho cut off March, 1863, and 

Rresent boundaries fixed. Refused 
) become a state 18^0. Indian 
i-aids, 1864. State constitution rati- 
fied June» 1866. BUI to admit J\ily, 1^66, unsig-ned by President 
Johnson, and another Jan. 1867, vetoed. Bill passed over veto 
Feb. 1867. Admitted that veax. Lincoln chosen as capital. Con- 
stitutional convention, 1871 . Present constitution adopted, 1875. 
Union soldiers furnished, 8,157. Number ccmnties, 74. Miles of 
railroad 1865. 122; 1885, 2,794. All elections Tuesday after first 
Monday in Nov.; number senators, 33; representatives, 100; 
sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday 
in Jan., holding 40 days: terms of senators and representatives, 
2 years each; num>)er electoral votes, 5; number congressmen. 3; 
ntioiber vot-ers, 129.042. U. S. army, idiots and convicts excluded 
from voting. Number colleges, 9; school age, 5-21 ; school system 
superior; S'-hool endowments liberal. Legal interest, 7^; by con- 
tract. IHi usurs^ forfeits inu?rest and cos-t. 

POPXTLATION, 1880. 452.<02; male, 249,241; female, 203,161; 
native, 854,988; foreig-n, 97.414; white, 449,764; colored, 2,385; Chi- 
nese, IP; TndtanB. 2:^5. Estimated increase, 2.5^. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL., PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Extreme length E. and W., 4;i4 miles; width, 210 miles; area, 
76,l?-5 sq. miles, 48,7.55.000 acres. Surface a vast plain, undulating 
gently, and principally praine with a few low hills. At exti-eme 
northwest are spurs of the Rocky mountains, and Black Hill 
country begins; general slope from W. to E.; Missouri, Platte, 
Niobrara, Kepublican and Blue, principal rivers, and are fed by 
numerovis smaller stream'*. Platte valley stretches across entire 
length of state, is wide and very fertile; southern portion of 
state peculiarly favorable to all kinds of crops; western half 
magnificent series of pastures, and best suited to grazing. Whole 
eastern two-fifths a great natural garden. Corn the trreat crop; 
wheat, oats, hay, rye, buckwheat, barley, flax, hemp, apples, 
plums, grapes, berries, staples and flourish. Cattle raising of 
vast importance and magnitude. Good herd laws. No import- 
ant minerals. I*.ranufacturing growing wonderfully. Improved 
land averages $9; unimproved, $5, and woodland $18 per acre. 
Inducements to settlers first-class. 

CLIMATE dry, salubrious and free from malaria. Temper- 
ature averages, summer, 73 deg., winter, 20 deg. Ramfall east of 
100th meridian, including snow, 25 inches; heaviest in May; at 
west, precipitation falls to 17 inches. Rainfall gradually in- 
creasing. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, commer- 
cial center, pop. 3i>,518; Lincoln contains State University, pop. 
13,00.?: Plattsmouth. pop. 4,175; Nebraska City, 4,183. 

LEADING INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture, cattle-raising, 
dairyintr. manufactin-iiitr. etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from exection: Homestead S2,r00, 
and 160 acres land or two town lots, $500 in personal property if 



GUIDE AND KAND-BOOK. 



169 



debtor owns no land, apparel, 6 months' supplies, 3 months' feed 
for animals, furniture and tools. Exemption not g-ood ajrainst 
"N^ges, Assig'nments can prefer wages only, and do not release 
debtor. Suits barred after 10 years for land, after 5 j^ears on 
contract or f oreign judgment, after -i years for recovery of per- 
sonality and for fraud, after 1 year for assault. Wife's property 




not gift of her husband exempt; her note not good. She can 
make will. Arrest for debt may be made when intent to defraud 
is shown. 

LICENSE CH ARG-ES per year: Peddlers, S30 for entire state, 
issued by county clerks. 

lilENS hold for 2 years for labor and materials on structure 
and ground if filed in clerk's ofl&ce within 4 months. Judgments 
are liens on real estate. 



170 THE WESTERN ^YOltLD 



GOVERNMENT LANDS reaching- a very larg-e aggregate 
area are uijeii tu entry in iNebraska, cliiefly in tlie north and 
west, and, while picked over iu sections, otter gv )Od opportunities. 
The Land Offices are located at Neligli lor the counties of 
Boone. Wheeler and Holt; and the territory west of said counties 
to Range 20; at Beatrice (land all taken); at McCook controlling 
800,000 acres surrounding vacant lands; at North Platte for 
Lincoln, Keith and Cheyenne and the west half of Dawson and 
Custer counties, and the territory north of Lincoln and Keith, 
sovith of Cheri-y and ea^t of Cheyenne, two-thir's of the entire 
district being vacant; at Bloomington (comprising Adams, Web- 
ster, Kearney, Franklin, Phelps, Harlan, Furnas counties, all of 
Hall south of the Platte river, south half of Cooper and three 
southeast townships of Frontier) only odds and ends remain; at 
Valentine, Lincoln, Nebraska and Grand Island for districts 
around each. The lands in Nebraska are subject to cash, timber 
culture, pre-emption and homestead entry. 

STATE LANDS include about I,450s0(i0 acres of educational 
lands, and lie in sections 16 and 36 in each township, to which 
should be added about 25.000 acres of University lands. The lands 
are controlled by the commissioner of public lands, with office at 
Lincoln. These lands are leased at a rental of at least 6% on valua- 
tion, or sold either at public or private sale, but not more than 
640 acres to one f^rson. No appraisement can be made at less 
than $7 per acre, and no sale made for less than the appraisement; 
terms, xV cash for prairie, y^ cash for woodland, balance in 30 
years at 6fo interest, payable yearly. The county treasurer is 
agent for the lands in his county. Railroad lands are for sale in 
large quantities. 




MISSOURI. 

Name means " Muddy River." 
Originally French territory, settled 
by French first at St. Genevieve, 
]755. Became Spanish property, 
1763. St. Loui^ settled under the 
French. Returned to France. Ac- 
quired by United States by Louis- 
iana pui'chase, 1803. Organized as 
territory under present name, 1813, 
included Arkansas, Indian Terri- 
toiT, etc. Admitted, March, 1821. 
Eleventh state admitted. Admis- 
sion arf used much discussion. "Mis- 
souri Compromise " effected and 
state permitted to retain slavery. 
State divided on secession and was 
scene of perpetual internal war- 
fare. Battle Wilson Creek Aug., 1862. Martial law declared Aug. 
31. New Constitution adopted, June, 1865. Another, Oct., 1875. 
Union soldiei'S furnished, 109,111. Number counties, 115. Miles 
railroad, 4,710. State officers elected quadrennially, and legisla- 
ture every two years. All elections Tuesday after first Mondaj^ 
ill November; number senators, 34; representatives, 141; ses- 
sions of legislature biennial, in odd-ninnbered years, meeting 
Wednesday after January 1 ; holds 70 days; term of senators, 4 
years; r presentatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, j6; 
congressmen, 14; number voters, 541,207. United States Army 
and inmates of asylums, pooihouses and prisons, excluded from 
voting. Number colleges, 17; school age, 6-20; school system, 
good ; endowments large. Legal interest rate, 6% ; by contract, 
10^; usury forfeits entire interest. 

POPULATION, 1880, 2,168,380 ; male, 1,127,187 ; female, 1,041,- 
193; native. ],9i36,h02 ; foreign, 211,578; white, 2.022,826; colored, 
145,350 ; Chinese, 91 ; Indians, 113. Estimated increase, 12^%. 



GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK. 



171 



TOPOaHAPHY, ABEA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.- 

Length N. and S., 2T5 miies. Avemg-e width, 246 miles. Area, 
68.73'j sq. miles, 48,900,400 acres. Surface N. of Missouri river 
alternately level and rolling- prairies with deep, broad river val- 
leys and a general southeasterly slope. Soil variable, but g-ener- 
alij" good. Bottoms extremely productive, but sulfer fi'om over- 




flows in parts. South of tho last named river the surface is 
more broken with hllis, sometimes 1,000 feet high. The most 
noted, Iron Mountain and the Ozarks. West of Ozarks is a 
prairie region with wide, deep, fertile vallej-s. Soil here also 
good, except where too rugged. Chief rivers, Mississippi (500 
miles), Missouri, Osage and Gasconade. Entire area well watered 
by small streams, springs, etc. Chief crops, corn, wheat, oats, 



172 THE WESTERN WORLD 



potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. Peaches especially 
tine. Vegetable gardening very successful. Improved land 
averages $13, unimproved, $7 per acre. Coal, iroii, marble, gran- 
ite, limestone, lead and copper found in enormous deposits. 
Lead area 5,000 sq. miles. Forests mag-nificent. Growth walnut, 
poplar, oak and the hardwoods: grazing- a leading- business both 
In extent and pi-ofit. Stock of all kinds raised with success. In- 
ducements to settlers first-class. State ranks first in mules ; 
third in oxen, hogs, corn and copper; fifth in iron ore. 

CLIMATE variable, w-ith sudden changes, but generaUy 
pleasant and healthy. Summers are long- and warm, but not 
enervating. Winters modei-ate, with occasional severe days. 
AAcrage temperature, summer, 7d deg.; winter, 39 deg. Kainfall 
greatest in May, averages 34 inches. 

CHIEF CITIES. -St. Louis, largest city west of the Missis- 
sippi, port of entry and great commercial and manufacturing 
point; pop. 350,518. Capital, Jefferson City ; pop. 55,785. Pop. 
St. .Joseph. 32,431 ; Kansas Citv. 5.5,787. 

LEADING INDTJSTKiES.— Agriculture, mining, manu- 
facturing, quarrying, grazing, fruit and vegetable growing, lum- 
bering, etc. 

PHOPERT^ EXEMPT from execution: Apparel and tools, 
and t^ head of family lu hogs, 10 sheep and their product, 10 ewes, 
10 calves, 4 plows, axe, hoe, harness, farm implements, $150 in 
work stock, 25 lbs. each of hemp, flax and wool and devices for 
m,inufacturing same, SlOO in household furniture, books, tools, 
homestead to $3,000 and 18 sq. rods of ground in cities of 40,(X)0 
pop.; to $1,500 and 30 sq. rods ground in cities 10,000 to 40,000 pop.; 
in other towns, to $1,500 and 5 acres, and in country to $1,500 and 
ItiO acres. Assignments do not release debtors. Suits barred after 
10 years for land and on written contracts, after 5 years on 
account, verbal contract and fraud or trespass: after 2 years for 
libel, assault, etc. Wife's property exempt, except for neces- 
saries; must hold through a trustee. She can buy, sell, make 
notes, etc. No arrest for debt. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS to an area of about 1,200.000 acres 
are j^et open to cash, homesteap and pre-emption entry in Mis- 
souri. The Land Offices are at Booneville for Benton, Cedar, 
Crawford, Camden, Dallas, Henry, Hickory, Laclede, Maries, 
Miller, Osage, Phelps, Polk, Pulaski and St. Clair counties, in- 
cluding about 340,000 acres, two-thirds in Camden, Benton and 
Pulaski : at Ironton for Butler, Bollinger, Carter, Crawford, Cape 
Girardeau, Dent, Dunklin, Howell *200,000 acres), Iron, Madison, 
Mississippi, New Madrid, Oregon (60,000 aci^es), Peimiscot, Perry, 
Pulaski, Phelps, Reynolds, Ripley, Scott, Shannon (50,000 acres), 
Stoddard, St. Francois, St. Genevieve, Texas (250,000 acres), W»sh- 
ington and Wayne, in all about 700,0()0 acres); at Springfield for 
the rest of the state. 

STATE LANDS include School lands, over 200,000 acres, held 
at an average of about $3 per acre and sold by the counties to the 
highest bidder ; a large area of Swamp land and some small tracts 
of Interiml Improvement land. Information as to location may 
be had of the county officers or the register of lands at Jefferson 
City, 




GUIDE XKB UAIsD-BuOK. 173 

KANSAS. 

Name Indian, means "Smoky 
■water." State named for Kansas 
river. Called the '• Garden State.'' 
Visited by Spaniards, 15-il; by 
French, 1719. Acquix-ed of France 
by United States, 18l3, by " Louisi- 
ana purchase." Formed part of 
Indian territory. Kansas territory 
organized. May, 1854. Law known 
as "Missouri Compromise," for- 
bidding slavery in states formed 
out of Louisiana purchase north 
of latitude 36 deg. 80 min. repealed, 
and question of slavery left to the 
territory. At first it was decided 
for slavery. Constitution framed 
by legislature at Wyandotte pro- 
hibiting slavery adopted July, 1859; ratified Oct. 4, and with 
amendments, is still in force. Admitted as a stace, Jan., 1801. 
Border counties scene of guerilla warfare on both sides. Uniou 
soldiers furnished, :i0,149: number counties, 95; miles railroad, 
4,2U5; first railroad built, 1864, 40 miles long. All elections, Tues- 
day after first Monday in Nov.; senators, 40; representatives, 
125; sessions biennial, meeting second Tuesday in Jan. in odd- 
numbered years; limit of session, 50 days; term of senators, 4 
years; of representatives, 3 years. Number electoral votes, 9; 
congressmen, 7; voters, 265,714. Idiots, insane, convicts and 
rebels excluded from voting. Number colleges, 8; number 
schoolhouses, over 8,000; school age, 5-31 years; school system 
magnificent; endowment immense. Legal interest, 11%; by con- 
tract, V2%: us\irr forfeits excess of interest. 

POPULATION, 1880, 996,096; male, 536,667; female, 459,439; 
native, 8St),010; foreign, 110,086; white, 953,155; colored, 43,107; 
Chinese. 19; Indians, bl5. Estimated increase, 16^. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles; breadth, 210 miles; area, 
81,700 sq. milt^s; 53,388,000 acres. Surface, slightly undulating 
plain, with a gradual slope from west to Missouri river. High- 
est land, 3,800 ft.; lowest (at mouth Kansas river), 750 ft.; average 
elevation, 3,300 ft. No mountains. Scenery rather beautiful 
than grand. Bluffs 30O feet high on Arkansas and Republican 
rivers. Main rivers, Missouri, Kansas, Republican, Smoky Hill, 
Saline, Solomon, Arkansas, Osage, Neosho and Cottonwood. 
There is little navigable water. Water powers of fair propor- 
tions and number exist. Small streams are moderately numer- 
ous at east; less so at west, and irrigation necessary in 
large sections. Coal area of moderate extent; veins usually 
thin; quality fair. Soil usually fine; always so in valleys; patches 
of hard pan occur. Corn, wheat, oats, hemp, flax and rye, 
staples. Castor beans and cotton grown successfully. Soil of 

f)rairies deep loam of dark color; bottoms sandy loam. Pecu- 
iarly favorable to stocK-raising. Prairie pastures broad and 
rich in nutritious grasses. Dairying favored. Fruits moderately 
successful. Forests small; limited to fringes of oak, elm, cotton- 
wood, hickory, etc., on streams and artificial groves. Limestone 
and colored chalk furnish building materials. Value improved 
land averages $13 per acre, woodland $15. Manufacturing grow- 
ing. State ranks fifth in cattle, corn and rye. Homes easily 
made. 

CLIMATE salubrious; winters mild; summers warm: air 
pure and clear. Temperature averages, winter, 31 deg.; summer, 
78 deg.; ranges 8 deg. below to 101 deg. above zero; such extremes 
exceptional. Rainfall averages 45 inches at east, 33 inches at 
west. No malaria. 



174 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



CHIEF CITIES.— Leavenworth, pop, 15,546; Topeka (capi- 
tal), pop. 15.542; State University at Lawrence; state asylums for 
insane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Ossawattomie; institu- 
tion for education of the blind, Wyandotte; for deaf mutes, Olathe. 

INDUSTRIES. —Agriculture, stock-raising, manufactur- 
ing, etc. 




PROPERTY EXEMPT from exocvition : Homestead, 160 
acres or I acre in town, with all improvements; books, pictures, 
musical instrumentP, apparel, beds ; stoves aid their furnishings ; 
seM'ing machine, spinning-wheel, implements of trade; SiOO in 
other household furniture; 2 cows, 10 hogs, yoke oxen and horse or 
team, 20 sheep, 1 years' food for stock, wagons, farm implements, 
etc., to gyoo, supplies for 1 year, stock in trade to $400, and library 



GUIDE AND IIA^"D-BOOK. 



175 



of profession and office furniture. Assignments do not release 
debtor and cannot prefer. Suits barred after 15 j^ears for land 
unless sold under execution or by executor: after 5 ye:irs if sold 
for taxes and on written contract ; after 3 years on verbal con- 
tract or statute liabilitj' ; after 2 years for trespass, injurj^ or 
fraud ; after 1 year for slander, assault, and after 5 years for 
actions not otherwise provided for. Wife's property, not gift of 
husband, exempt. She controls same as if single and can do 
business. No imprisonment for debt except for fraud. 

LICENSE CHARGES may be fixed by cities. 

LIENS hold on property for materials and labor furnished 
for construction or trees planted thereon if filed in 4 months and 
sued on in 1 year. Sub-contractors have liens to amount due 
contractor. Judsrments are liens on real estate for 5 years . 

GOVERNMENT LANDS to a very large area are still 
vacant subject to cash, homestead, pre-emption and timber cult- 
ure entry. The Land Offices are at Larned for the counties of 
Kice, Barton, Stafford, Pratt, Pawnee, Edwards and Hodgemsm, 
containing about 35,000 acres, mostly indifferent land, besides the 
Osage reservation, about 500,000 acres, including many good tracts; 
at Oherlinfor the counties of Norton, Graham, Decatur, Sheri- 
dan, Thomas, Sherman, Cheyenne and Rawlins, containing 1,700,- 
000 acres, chiefly in the last four counties; at Topeka (lands about 
exhausted); at Kirwin for Jewell, Mitchell, Lincoln, Smith, Os- 
borne, Phillips, Brooks, Graham and Norton counties, containing 
about 40,000 acres, chiefly in Graham and Norton ; at Independ- 
ence, (land about all taken); at Concordia, (only a few scattering 
tracts remain); at Ssilina for Ottawa, Saline, Lincoln, Ellsworth, 
Russell, Davis and Chase counties, containing about 8,000 acres 
rough land ; at Garden City for Fiodgeman, Ford, ScAvard, Finney 
and Hamilton counties, and contains about 4,500,000 acres vacant 
land ; at Wakeeney for Rooks, Ellis, Rush, Graham, Trego, Ness, 
Sheridan, Gove, Lane, Thomas, St. John, Scott, Sherman, Wal- 
lace, Wichita and Greeley counties, and east 8 townships of 
Chautauqua, Elk and Greenwood, and west 10 of Barber, and em- 
braces some 60,000 acres, chiefly Osage trust lands. 

STATE LANDS include School lands (1,400,000 acres) lying 
in sections 16 and 36, sold by the county treasurer at public 
auction at actual appraised value, the purchaser paying one- 
tenth cash and balance at pleasure within 20 years, paying Q% in- 
terest annually on same. If offered and unsold they may be 
bought by settlers at private sale in tracts not to exceed 160 acres 
to one person . A large area of railroad lands are also available 
at low values. 



ARKANSAS. 

Name Indian, means "Smoky 
water." Called the "Bear State." 
Visited by De Soto; by Mar- 
quette and Joliet, 1673. Settled at 
Arkansas Post by French, 1085. 
Formed part of grant of Duke of 
Orleans, regent of France, to John 
Law. Acquired by Spain, 1703. Re- 
acquired by France, 1800. Sold to 
U. S., 1803, as a part of Louisiana 
territory. Separated from Louisi- 
ana and became part of Missouri 
territory, 1812. Arkansas territory 
organized, 1819, Admitted as a 
state, June 15, 1836. Slavery ac- 
kn'^wledged. Seceded May 6, 1861. 
Witnessedconsiderableflghtingdur- 
io<^„ T? ''^'^^' ^"* "'^ ^^'^^* battles. New constitution adopted, 
1808. Re-entered Union, June 22. Present constitution adopted 




17G 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



1874. Number counties, 75. Miles railroad, 1,764. State elections 
biennial, in even-numbered years, first Monday in Sept.; number 
senators, 31 ; representatives, 94 ; sessions of legislature biennial, 
in odd-numbered years, meeting- second Monday in Jan., holding- 
60 days ; term of senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 2 years. 
Number electoral votes, 7; congressmen, 5; voters, 182,977; native 




white, 129.675; foreign white, 6,475; colored, 46,827. Idiots, In^ 
dians, convicts not voting. Number colleges, 5; school system* 
piogressive; school age, G-21. Legal interest rate, 6^ ; by coni 
tract, 10:^; iisury forfeits principal and interest. 

POPULATION, 1880, 802,525 ; male, 41G.729 ; female, 386,246 ; 
native. 792,175; foreign, 10,350; white, 591,531; colored, 310,606; 
(Continued on page 194.) 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



177 



INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Acquired by Louisiana purchase from France 1800; set apart 
for peaceful tribes. Org-anizcd 18:31; no territorial government. 
Government in hands of tribes which include Cherokees and 




Creeks, removed from Georgia 1838; Chickasaws, Natches, Ar- 
kansas and Choctaws, from Gulf region; Sacs, Illinois, Foxes and 
Pottiiwatomies, from Illinois; Seminoles, from Florida; Mianiis, 
from Ohio; lowas, from Iowa; Osages, Pawnees, Kiowas, Co- 
manches, fi-om various sections; Arapahoes and Cheyennes, 
from Montana, and Modocs, from Oregon, and others, numbering 
twenty-two in all. Also contains Oklahoma and public land strip, 
(Continued on page 195.) 



THE WJiSTEiliS' W01;LD 



NEW MEXICO. 



Origin of name not definitely known. Supposed to be that of 
Aztec god. Settled earlier than any other part U. S. Visited by 
Aivar Nunez before 1537. Explored, 1539 and 1581. by expedition 



17 



"Wagon "Wheel Gap 



Pagosa Spr. 



• Indian 
1 R U. 
! Hes. 




El Mo 



jCha\-c3 



S ""^lossVaTg^Lynn "JlHaison 
Tres / (Jtero^Dillon Jc. 

„ ,.. , o ,®Tern:uulizJP""''y°Chico, Spring 

-^— "- X Jo;:iv|j:ot;^^^^ 



\3ieriiinin 



r I'll'mw Xaa Colonias'N , Lil)erty I 

' — l" ~ CI ZI 5 ^Puerto de luna I 

J.o^Ux^\r'^^nteh,pe Spr. \^ ,^^3 Canadinas j 

H- . ' Sunnyside-o . 

olomitas _j ' \aFort Sximne< 



San Jose 

^ P 

!Bac as Ranch **(:. 

I"" Sabi 

I „ ^ . jUamiUoc^"^^ ^"^^ I "Puehlo Blanco 

I Council Ilocko Vl , Ruina 

S/O C ,0 RJJR O Q-WbitcOaka 

I A Old I J'ort Craijf^Coneraacrol ' 

.CampShermanj^jjgse^-ve yi ^. y) ?M ',iron^ vJ''"C'>^» 

I (oAlma Pcontarati^fL^^^^^Sta. J .«a»to«^-- 

|JoI™cTW J^r3/c -Bea/„ /Ingle '^'"^1^? 

I Gilao"N<Lo3Palo»n,oS(^ ^ Cutter gtoC^ ^Kescr;; 

PtJB^iyard Jies. | ^ 
_ Silver P° Ft.Thoni 



Cj. 



O <2^v3rosilla I - 

^ Mes<iujte Slaagter'sllancli 

, Camhraj 
o Canzillo 
iXaXacha ^^""""•^^""^.'57" 
I ; Pasodtl^NortJi yw rp 




'Presidio" 

SevcnUWers 



M 



MAP OP 

NEW MEXICO 

Area square miles 122,460 
Population 119,565 



from Mexico in search of g-old. Permanent settlement, 1596. 
Santa Fe, then an Indian town, chosen as seat of Spanish govern- 
ment. The natives were enslaved and forced to work in the 
fields and mines. They made progress in the arts of civilization 
and still retain traces of their acquirements. They revolted, 
1680; expelled whites and destroyed churches, etc. Santa Fe re- 
occupied by Spanish, Km. Another insurrection, 1837. Santa Fe 
(Continued on page 196.) 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



179 



ARIZONA. 



Visited by Spanish explorers, 1526. Mineral tronlth found, 
but no important settlements etf eeted because of hostile native s. 
Little attention paid the section by Spanish. All north of Gila 




river ceded to F. S. by Mexico, by treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalg-o, 
Feb. 2, 1818. Remainder actpiired from Mexico by purchase under 
Gadsden treaty, Dec. ao, 1853, Formed part of New IMexico. 
Organized as separate territory, Feb. 24, 1803. Number comities, 
'11. Miles railroad, im. All elections Tuesday after first Monday 
in Nov.; number senators, 12; representaves, 34; sessions of legis- 
(Continued on page I'JT.) 



180 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



COLORADO 



Named for Colorado river. Called "Centennial State," because 
admitted 1876. First explored by Vasquez Coronado for Spain, 
1540. Keg-ion east of Rocky mountains formed part of Louisiana 




purchased from France, 1803. Western portion acquired from 
Mexico by conquest, 1848. First exploration by Americans under 
Col. Z. M. Pike, 1806. Pike's Peak discovered. Col. S. H. Long's 
expedition. 1820, and John C. Fremont, " The Pathfinder," crossed 
Rockies, 1843-44. First American settlement near Denver, 1859. 
Mining begun. Organized as territory, Feb., 1861, out of parts of 
^Continued on page 199.) 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



181 



UTAH. 



Belonged to Mexico, and acquired by U. S. 1848. Settled 
same j^ear at Salt Lake by Mormons from Illinois. March, lo49, 
state of " Deseret " organized. Congress refused to receive con- 




; ^""^'J, ,BALifLAKe,/Par>City S' 







I^- amin gton 



0^^<s \SumijMde3 M.iTi-lI 



'fi!)>tlel)ale .^^ 



,J 



r V, s:_lZ_'Pji;un-villi_; - ■ - -t-. ~ 

: '■ ■^ Jliueraville" IWavcr ■^Jn">l'i>n>:;^'^ \ 




1^ / A J M c =?\j . Montezuma J-cL 

K ( A o w, E i?rH^<;;^ Bluff ,jW^-a-/P 

, ( / .-j-vP-^ • ■•■•.VSiGi'v^.r V^t.iilino^jw 

Lee's Ferry .9>Jj?iSr~N y\ I^ 

A R \ I fz Vo N ^A- 

' Cave Dwellings \ | 




stitution adopted. Utah territory organized Sept. 18.50, Included 
Colorado, part of Wyoming and Nevada. lirigham Young, 
Governor. Troubles witii government till 1858. Young removed, 
1854, and Col. Steptoe appointed governor. The latter was re- 
sisted, and Young lield otlice by force. Federal officers driven 
from territory, 1850. Alfred Cummings appointed governor, 
(Continued on page 5iOO.) 



182 



THE \\^li:STi!.KN WOIiLD 



NEVADA. 




Name Spanish, meaning- " Snow 
Covered " Called ''Sage Hen State." 
First settlements in "Washoe and Car- 
son valleys Jb48, by Mormons. Gold 
discovered, 1849. Silver, 1859, and 
brought a flood of emigration. Terri- 
tory organized out of part of Utah, 
March, 1861. Received additional ter- 
ritory from Utah, 1863. Admitted as 
state, Oct. 1864. Area increased May, 
1866, to present ext nt, bj^ additions 
from Utah and Arizona. Number 
counties, 15. Miles railroad, 948. Gov- 
ernor and State officers elected quad- 
rennially, and legislature every 3 
years, on Tuesday after first Monday 
in Nov.; number senators, 20; representatives, 40; sessions of leg- 
islature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday 
in Jan., holding 60 days; term of senators, 4 years; of representa- 
tives, 3 years. Voting population, 31,255; native white, 11,442; 
foreign white, 14,191; colored, $5,623. Idiots, insane and con- 
victs excluded from voting. School age, 6-18 years. Legal in- 
terest rate. 10^; by contract, any rate. 

POPULATION, 1880. 6i,266; male, 42,019; female, 20,247; 
native, 36,613; foreign, 25,653; white, 53,556; colored, 488; Chinese, 
5,416; Indians, 2.803. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Extreme length N. and S., 485 miles; width, 820 miles; area. 
109,740 sq. miles, 70,233,000 acres; two-thirds unsurveyed. Surface 
elevated table land, averaging 4,500 feet above the sea, and 
traversed bv mountain chains north and south, reaching an ele- 
vation of 5,500 feet to 13,000 feet. Sierra Nevadas at West. Hum- 
boldt longest river (300 miles); other principal streams the Col- 
orado. Several smaller streams which sink in earth or end in 
lakes. Lake Tahoe, 1,500 feet deep, 10x22 miles in area, and 6,000 
feet above sea, temperature, year round, 57 deg ; other notable 
lakes, Humboldt. Pyramid, Walker; many smaller lakes, a large 
l>roportion of which have brackish water. A feature is the 
''mud lakes" (some 100 sq. miles in area) which are thick alka- 
line deposits in dry season, with one or tAvo feet of water in he 
wet season. Many mineral springs, both warm and cold, exist. 
Great part of surface unavailable for cultivation. Considerable 
areas of grazing land (estimhted at % entire state); many val- 
leys, olfer a rich, easily worked and prolific soil. Corn, wheat, 
potatoes, oats and barley, staple crops; horses, mules, cattle, 
hog« and sheep, do well. Forests extensive and valuable. Min- 
eral resources enormous, < omstock lode supposed to be richest 
silver mine in the world ; Eureka one of the most productive . 
Amount of gold produced, 1883, $2,000,000; silver, $6,750,000. Rich 
in lead and copper; zinc, platinum, tin and nickel, plum I ago, man- 
ganese, cobalt, cinnebar, etc., found. Extensive deposits of borax 
in Churchill and Esmeralda counties. Coal and iron exist. Ranks 
second in gold; fourth in silver. Kaolin, building stones, slate, 
soda and salt are obtained. But little land improved. Govern- 
ment Innd everywhere. Rivers full of fish. 

CLIMATE mild in valleys; little snow except on mountains. 
At north mercury sometimes falls to 15 deg. below zero; air 
bracing; health good; at south frosts rare; extremes of coidun- 
knoAvn; summer heat occasionally reaches above 100 deg.; tem- 
peratin-e averages, summer, 71 deg.; June hottest month; winter, 
36 dea-. Haint'nll slight, chiefly iti spring. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Virginia City chief commercial center, 
pop. J0,vil7. Carson City (capital), and contains a branch mint, 
pop. 4,239. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



183 



LEADINGr INDUSTRIES.— Mining, reducing ores, lum- 
bering", agriculture, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Chairs, desks and 
boolis, $100; necessary household effects; appai'el; 30 days' pro- 
visions and fuel; farm utensils, 3 oxen or team and harness. 3 
cows, wagon, 30 days' food for stock ; seed, $400 ; tools. 



ORE g\ O N' \ 




books, etc., of trade or profession; dwelling of miner, 
$500; outfit of miner, $500; sewing machine, arms, etc.; 
homestead to $5,000. Assignments may be voluntary or 
forced and release debtor if there is no fraud, and 3(1;? dividend 
is paid, if % creditors representing J^ debts agree. Suits barred 
after 5 years for land, 2 years for mining claims, 6 years on written 
contracts and judgment, 4 years on accounts and verbal con- 



184 THE WESTERN WORLD 



tracts, 2 years for slander or assault. Wife's property acquired 
before marriage subject to her separate control and exempt 
from husband's debts. Arrest for debt may be made in cases of 
fraud or concealment. 

LICENSE CHARGES per month: Peddlers on foot, SiO; 
with cart, $20. Licenses issued by county auditor. Drummers' 
tax, S250 on liquor salesmen; cigars and tobacco, $150; boots 
and shoes, $75; all others, $100 per ja'ar. 

LIENS hold for 6 months on structures for labor and 
materials, and on wood for cutting if filed in 60 days or by sub- 
contractor in oO days. Judgments hold real estate 2 years. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS comprise the greater portion of 
the state and are open to entry under the various forms known 
to the law. The greater portion of these are not suited to agri- 
culture and much that is so requires irrigation. The Lakd Op- 
FiCES are at Eureka for all that poi-tion of the state east of range 
40 east of Mt. Diable meridian and includes both minimum and 
double minimvmi lands ; at Carson City for the rest of the state. 

STATE LANDS include 1,750,000 acres School lands (all 
farming timber or grazing). They are sold in tracts of 40 to ti40 
acres at $1.2.^, whether within or without the limits of railroad 
grants, one-fifth down, balance in 25 years at 6% interest payable 
yearly, except for timbered lands, which must be paid for In 
cash at $2.50 or $1.25 per acre according to quality of timber. 
There are also considerable bodies of Internal Improvement, 
Agricultural Collegre, University, Public Building- and 
State Prison lands. All state lands* are controlled by the State 
Land Office at Carson City. Railroad lands are also In the mar- 
ket upon a large scale. 



CALIFORNIA. 

Name Spanish, means Hot Fur- 
nace. Called "Golden State." Visited 
by Cortez about 1550. First settled 
by Spanish at San Diego, 1768. 
Owned bj^ Spain and formed part of 
Mexico, and with latter became in- 
dependent of Spain, 1822. Chief 
trade in furs about this time. Few 
settlers. Fremont's expedition to 
Settlers' Fort on the Sacramento, 
3844. His reports jiroused interest 
in the section. Immigration set in. 
Acquired by U. S. from Mexico by 
conquest, 1848. Gold discovered, 

1848. Rush of immigration set in, 

1849. State cons'itution, without 
the preliminary of a territorial 

organization, framed, Sept., 1849. Admitted as a state, Sept. 9, 
1850. Indians and Mexicans disappearing rapidly. Constitution 
revised, 1878. Number counties, 52 Miles railroad, 2,911. Gov- 
ernor and state officers elected quadrennially, and legislature 
every two years; number senators, 40; representatives, 80 ; ses- 
sions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first 
Monday after Jan. 1; holds (/» days; term of senators,4 years; of rep- 
resentatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 8; congressmen, 6; 
white voters, 262.583. Idiots, Indians, convicts and Chinese ex- 
cluded from voting. School system, very fair ; school age, 5-17. 
Legal interest. 7%; by contract, any rate. 

POPULATION, 1880, 864.694 ; male, 518,176 ; female, 346,518 ; 
native, 571,820; foreign. 292,874; white, 767,181; colored, 6,018; 
Chinese. 75.1.32; Indians, 16 2*7. Estimated increase, 18^. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Extreme length N. and S., 725 miles; width, 330 miles; area, 155,- 




GUIDE AKD HAND-BOOK. 



185 



S80 sq. miles, 99,83T,200 acres. Coast line, over 800 miles. San 
Francisco Bay (40 miles long, 9 wide) magnificent harbor. Much 
of state mountainous. Coast range and iSierra Nevadas run entire 
length of state and are connected by cross ranges. Between 
ranges are the San Joaquin an«l Sacramento valleys. Yosemite, 
in the Sierras, one of the greatest natural wonders of the world and 



Mur[Jhj LuikTilie 



l{ — O R EoG O X 



A", /,., \" . \l;i,U^k. ^ ,-Shtpherds M^uc-Vity 



i^^i liM I ^ ^ <^ 



y,^^;^' M.u 



1^ \>^r^MlK \^/J 
\' « -, I 'I 111 Hi \*H '-u^ili\jlH-'^ / 7 I ,, '^.It, 



.Ml.^< 






Camp Cjidy "*>j Y^ 
-s[ iiiish Rano 

J tllcS 



WKR 



1 11 II '^li |1<)1SH V ■< 

I ^ '^»-S\Independ&ni-fc 

% \\ Black Il(K.V 
pisalia '""'''i^^^t 

,1' sl I ^^ ^^itrherds;-^ 

l^^lant^Soff. Inn 1 Weldon 

MAP OF C> ' <I:^r£-'^ -_upj ,0 
CALIFORNIA y "' ^""^^'sh^ \iy^i . -- \ 





the greatest marvel of the state, where scenery is always grand or 
beautiful. Mt. Whitney. J.^),000 and Mt. Shasta 14,400 feet, highest 
peaks. Sierras average 8,0(H) feet. Coast ransre, 3,000. Chief 
rivers, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Klamath and Colorado. Princi- 
pal lakes. Mono, Tahoe, Tulare. Ver^^ rich agriculturally and in 
minerals. Soil warm, genial and rich. Two crops may be raised 
in a season. Irrigation necessiiry in parts and almost always de- 
sii'able; effected by canals and artesian Aveiis. Wheat most 



186 THE WESTERN WORLD 

valuable crop; all cereals, root crops and grasses do well; com, 
barley, grapes, fruit, nuts, silk, hops and oats staples. Mineral 
deposits include gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, coal, stones, 
salt, soda, etc. Ranks high as a fruit-growing sti^te ; fruits 
of temperate climates, sub-tropical fruits and nuts, grapes, north 
tu 41 deg.; olives, etc., grow to great^perfection. Fuie sheep- 
raising country; Cashmere goats introduced and succeed. Ranks 
first in barley, grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver ; third 
in hops, fifth in wheat and salt. Noble forests of redwood and 
other valuable growths. Land runs from $1.25 to several hundred 
dollars per acre. Improved land averages SoO unimproved $7.50 
per acre. It is the paradise of the small farmer. Plenty of room 
for men with a little something to begin on. 

CLIMATE varies with elevation and latitude. Mild and 
pleasant on coast. Men work in shirt sleeves all the year. Aver- 
age temperature at San Francisco in summer, 62 deg.; winter, 50 
deg. Warmer in interior, reaching at times KiO deg. Rainfall, 
variable, from 7 to 50 inches at San Francisco Average atS.,10 
inches. Melting snow from mountains replaces rainfall. Frosts 
rare. Health unsurpassed. 

CHIEF CITIES.— San Francisco, port of entry; regular line 
of steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and Japan ; 
pop. 233,959; Sacramento (capital), pop. 21,420; pop. Oakland, 
31.555; San Jose, 12,567; Stockton, 10,282, Los Angeles, 11,183; U. 8 
navy vard at San Pablo Bav. 

LiEADINGr INDUSTRIES —Agriculture, stock raising, 
fruit culture, mining, lumbering, etc 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution except for pur- 
chase recovery: Chairs, desks and books to $200; necessary fur- 
niture, etc.; sewing machine, apparel; 3 months' provisions, 3 
cows and calves, 4 hogs and their pigs, feed for animals 1 month, 
.*2)0 in seeds, etc.; 75 beehives, horse or vehicle of cripple, tools, 
bcwks or instruments of calling; books of abstract, miner's cabin. 
to $500; mine to $1,000. 2 oxen, mules or horses, 1 wagon or vehicle, 
S25 in poultry, 30 days' earnings, $1,000 worth shares in homestead 
association if no homestead, life insurance (premium not more 
than $500 per year), arms, homestead, $5,000, to a single person, 
Sl,r00. As ignments cannot prefer and do not release. Release 
may be had under insolvent laws. Suits for land barred after 5 
years, after 4 on written contracts, after 2 on simple contract, 
after 3 for fraud, after 1 for slander, libel, assault and seduction. 
Wife's property acquired before marriage subject to her separate 
control and exempt. She can do business if authorized by court. 
Arrest for debt can be made on declaration of fraud, removal or 
concealment. 

LICENSE CHARG-ES per month: Peddlers (unless selling 
goons made in state) in wagon, $15; on foot, $5, to county auditor. 

LIENS hold on premises for labor and material of all kinds if 
filed in 60 days, or in 30 by sub-contractor, and sued on in 90 days 
thereafter. Judsrments hold real estate 2 years. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS to over 40,0ii0,C00 acres remain 
unoccupied, chierty in the mountains, barrens and foot hills, but 
includes much good land, and is subject to all forms of entry, 
except timber culture. The Land Offices are at Bodie, Hum- 
boldt, Los Angeles, Marysville, San Francisco, Stockton, Shasta. 
Susqnville, Sacramento and Visalia for suri'ovinding districts. 

STATE LANDS, also hilly and back from railways, are for 
sale at nominal figures; tu eash, balance in 10 years with interest, 
Tliey are located in all parts of the state. A large area of railroad 
laud is also offered. 

WYOMING. 

Indian name. First settlements. Ft. Lai-amie and Ft. Bridger, 
1867. Included in Idaho, 1863, and organized as a territory from 
portions of Dakota,Utah and Colorado,1868. Present number coun- 



GUIDE AND HAND- BOOK. 



187 



tiPS, 9; all elections, Tuesday after fir-^t Monday in Nov; number 
senators, 12; representatives, 34; sessions of legislatm-e biennial. 
In even-numbered years, meeting- second Vuesday in Jan.; hold 
60 days; terms of senators and representatives, 2 y iirs each; 
voters, 10,180; native white, 0,042; foreign white, 3.19'J, colored, 
939. Good school system started; school aire, 7-21. Legal interest 




rate, 12;?; by contract, any rate. Reserve of land for scnool 
endowment" when admitted as a st»te, one-eighteenth of entire 
ai'oa of aaricultin-al lands. Miles of I'ailroad, 1885,016. 

POPULATION, 18S0, 20,789; male, 14,15"; female, 0.0:57; native, 
14,9;«); foreign, 5,8.50; white, 19,437; colored, 298; Chinese, 914; 
Indians, 2,400. Estimated increase, 29^ * 

(Continued on page 301.) 



188 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



MONTANA. 

Acquired from France 1800, but unexplored during first half 
present century. Gold discovered 18G0. F'orned part of Idaho, 
organized 1863. Sepai'ated from Idaho and organized as Montana 
territory May, 18 ji. Area increased, 1873, by3,0u0 square miles cut 


















off Dakota. Capital first at Virginia Citj'; removed to Helena 1875. 
Custer massacre June :.'5, 1876 (350 men of the 7th United States 
Cavalry annihilated by Sioux under Sitting Bull), on the Little Big 
Horn river. Number counties, 14. Miles of railroad, 1,017. All 
elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number senators, 
13; represehtatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- 
(Continued on paye 202.) 



GUIDE AKD. HAND-BOOK. 



189 



IDAHO. 

Acquired from France, 1803, by Louisiana purchase, visited by 
trappers, prospectors and missionaries in first half of the cent- 
ury Gold discovered, 18C0, in Ore Fino creek. Orframzed as 
territory March, 18tj3, out of parts of Nebraska, Dakota and 




"Washington territories, and included Montana and part of "Wy- 
oming-. Present boundaries fixed, 1868. Present number coun- 
ties, 14. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; num- 
ber senators, 12 ; representatives, 24 ; sessions of leifislature 
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in 
(Continued on page 203.) 



190 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



WASHINGTON. 

Named for Georg-e Washington. First settlement at Tumwater 
184'; preceded, however, by Hudson Bay Co.'s trading posts. 
Formed part of Oregon (which see); separated March. 1853, and 
organized as territory. Comprised all region from Pacific to 




summit of Rocky Mountains north ( f Columbia river. Parts of 
Idaho, Wyoming and Montana added 1859, giving area of 200,000 
square miles, subsequently reduced to present size. First legisla- 
ture assembled at Olvmpia February, 1854. Indian wars 1855 and 
1858. Gold discovered 1855. Island San Juan in dispute between 
United States and England 1859. Rights of the Hudson Bay and 
(Continued on page 2. 4.) , 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



191 



ALASKA. 



Discovered bv Vitus Bchring 1741, and became Russian terri- 
tory by right of discovery. Called first Alayeska by natives, 
simplified to present form. Purchased by United States for 
§7,000,000, 1867, as a deed of j?ratituc".e to Russia for her course in 




civil war. Has paid five per cent on investment ever since, and 
promises to become the source of enormous mineral, fur, agri- 
cultural and timber wealth. Now beginning to be explored. 
Governor appointed by the president of the United States. 

POPULATION— Whites, 2,000: Indians, estimated, Innuits, 
18,0U0; Aleutian, 2,200; Ninneh, 4,000; Thlinket, 7,000; Hyda. 800- 



193 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 

Exti-eme length north axid south, l,2lt0 niik's; width, bOO miles. 
Area (estimated, unsurvejed), 531,409 sq. miles; Ai'ctic division, 
125,000; Yukon, 180,000; Kuskokvim, 115,000; Aleutian, 15.000; 
Kadiak, T5,000; Southeastern, 40,000. Yukon Chief river, 80 
miles wide at mouth, navigable 840 miles ; length about i,3uO 




milcv<?; coast line, 5,000 miles, including bays. Aleutian and 
Sitka districts are the agricultui'al regions. Most fertile land 
near Cook's Inlet ; good oats, barley and root crops are raised 
here without much difficvalty. Kich grass land in the valley 
of Yukon, but extreme dampness and want of summer heat 
prevent the ripening of grain. Timber abundant on main- 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



193 



land ; yellow cedar the best, being of great value for boat-build- 
ing. Edible berries are plentiful. A fine quality of white 
marble is found on Lynn Channel ; coal, amber and lignite on 
Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook's Inlet. Gold, 
silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are found ; sulphur is al)un- 
dant in volcanic districts. Noted for its fur-bearing animals, 
the chief of which are beaver, ermine, fox, marten, otter, 
squirrel and wolf. The main source of revenue is the fur sraU 
the taking of which is regulated by law. The Avalrus is of value 
in furnisliing ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and halibut 
and salmon are abundant. Land not open to settlement. 

CLIMATE.- Pacific cojist modified by Pacific guif stream and 
long siunnicr days. Temperature at Sitka averages winter 
about that of Washington, D. C. Rainfall copious, and foggy 
weather common on coasts and islj^nds; Sitka, one of rainiest 
places ill the world outside the tropics, the annual precipittition 
65 to 00 inches, rainy days 200 to 2S5 in year. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Sitka, seat of Bishop of Greek church, 
ami headquarters of governor. Pop. 99.5 ; white, 103 ; ci-eole, 319; 
Thlinket, bl3. Fort St. Nicholas, Cook's Inlet, Fort St. Michael 
and Norton's Sound are other main settlements. Harbors at 
Port Hiirence, Michaelooski and Captain's Harbor. 

INDUSTillES.— Fishing, canning, trapping and mining. 



OREGON 




Name Spanish; means "Wild 
Tliyme." So named because of 
abundance of that herb. Visited 
by Capt. Robert Gray, of Bos- 
ton, with ship Columbia, 1792, who 
anchored in the river named for 
his vessel. Trading post establisiied 
at Astoria by Pacific Fur Co., iSl] . 
By treaty, 1818, jointly occupied uy 
United States and England, and 
included all Pacific coast region 
between 42 deg. and 5i deg. 4U min. 
north latitude. Population chietly 
Caridaian till 18:3:3, whf'u immigra- 
tion from United States began. 49th 
parallel fixed as line i etwet-ii Brit- 
ish possessions and United States. 
Otegon territory organized August, 1848, included Washington 
territory; the latter under title of " District of Vancouver' eut 
off, 1853. Indian troubles. 1844, '47 and '54. State constitution 
adopted, 1857. Idaho cut off and added to Washington territory^ 
1859. Oregon admitted as a state, i85 . Modoc war, 1873. Num- 
ber counties, 25; miles railroad, l,1b.5. State officers elected 
quadrennially, and legislature every two years; number ot sena- 
tors, 30; representatives. (50; sessions of legislature biennial, in 
odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in. Tan.; holds 4() days; 
terra of senators, 4 years; representatives, 3 years. Number 
electoral votes, 3; congressmen, 1; voters, .^9,f)39, including 
women. United States army, idiots, insane, convicts and Chinese 
not voting. Number of colleges, 7; school age, 4-20; school 
system good. Legal interest rate, S%; by contract, 10^; usury 
forfeits principal and interest. 

POPULATION,18S0, 174,7«8; male, 1(^.3„3S1; native, 141,265; white, 
16:3,075; Chinese. 9,510; Indians, 1,694. Estimated increase, 11^. 

TOPOaHAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Average length E. and W., 362 miles; average width, 260 miles, 
area, 94,560 sq. miles; 60,518,4ij0 acres. Surface rlivided into E. 
and W. Oregon by Cascade mountains, 4,00' to 11,225 feet high. 
Principal peaks, Mt. Hood, 11,325; JefEei'Son, 10,200; Three Slaters, 



194 THE T>'ESTEIIN AYORLD 



9,4''0; Diamond, 9,420; and McLaughlin, 11,000 feet. Eastern Ore- 
g-oii, two-thirds entiie state, mountainous; at N. and N. E. (Blue 
range), with wide rich valleys; less so at S. and S. E. Western 
<;regon includes Coast Range mountains, parallel with ocean, 
averaging 25 miles from same. Elevation 1,000 to 4,000 feet. 
Valleys throughout state deep, and scenery noble, including 
canons of enormous depth. Columbia river, 1,300 miles long; 
navigable 175 miles, full of cascades, and runs through entranc- 
ing scenerj'. Snake, Kogue and Umpqua are important streams; 
smaller ones numerous. Noted harbors, moutlis of Columbia 
and Rogue rivers, Tillamook bay and Port Oxford. Lakes chiefly 
in Lake and Grant counties; Malheur, Harlay, Summer, Albert, 
Christmas, Goose, Silver, largest. Soil generally superior. 
Wheat the best crop; superior in yield and quality; other crops 
do well, as do also fruits and vegetables, etc. Extremely favor- 
able to cattle and sheep. Rich in minerals; gold in Jackson, 
Josephine, Baker and Grant counties; copper in Josephine, 
Douglas and Jackson; iron ore throughout the state; coal along 
Coast range. limber resources enormous, and but little 
touched Salmon fisheries among best in world. Improved land 
averages $17.50, unimproved, $4. Area, arable two-fifths state, 
forest one-sixth state. 

ClilMATE in western Oregon moist; equable; rainfall, 59 
inches. In eastern Oregon dry. Both pleasant and healthful, 
though subject to occasional extremes at east. Crops in east do 
not suffer, however, from drouth. At west snow and ice un- 
known, except on peaks, where it is perpetual. Frosts on high 
lands. Average temperature, summer, 65 deg.; winter, 45 deg. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Portland, Astoria and Coos Bay, ports of 
entry; Roseburgh; Portland, pop. 17,577; Salem, capital. 

LEADING- INDTJSTRIES.— Agriculture, grazing, mining, 
fishing, lumbering, fruit growing, canning, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Books, pictures 
and musical instruments to $75; apparel, $100, or $50 for each 
member of family; tools, books, instruments, team, etc., neces- 
sary to occupation, $400 ; 60 dajs' feed, for all animals ; to house- 
holder. 10 sheep and fleeces ; 2 cows ; 5 swine ; furniture, etc., 
$300; 6 months' provisions. Assignment cannot prefer and does 
not release. Suits barred after 10 years for land, on judgment 
and sealed instrument, after 6 on contract, statute liabiliiyand 
injury to personal property, ?>fter 1 year for slander, assault, etc. 
Wife's property exempt. She can contract concerning same. 
No imprisonment for debt except in cases of fraud. 

LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers not less than 
$10 nor more than $20C>. 

LIENS hold first year on structures for labor and materials, 
if filed. Judements hold land 10 j-ears. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS in Oregon aggregate many mill- 
ion acres, chiefly timbered tracts in the mountains and foot- 
hills, but offering many desirable locations for homestead, cash 
or pre-emption entry. The Land Offices are at The Dalles and 
Lake View, Oregon City, Roseburgand Le Grand for the regions 
contiguous to each. 

STATE LANDS are offered to a considerable extent, as are 
also i-ailroad grant lands. The price and terms for both are made 
with a view to assist settlers. 



ARKANSAS. 



(Concluded from po^re 176.) 
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 

Length N. and S., 240 miles ; average breadth, 212 miles ; area, 
53,845 sq. miles, 34,460,800 acres. Surface low and level in eastern 
portion, gradually becomes more hillj^ toward west, and in the 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 195 



Ozark mountains at northwest reaches an elevation of 2,000 feet. 
The extreme western portion is a high plain. The chief streams 
are: Mississippi (415 miles), Arkansas (500 miles in the state). Red, 
Ouachita, St. Francis and White, all navigable. Into the larg-e 
streams flow inumnerahle lesser ones . The scenery is varied and 
frequently charming-. Hot Springs (temperature, 140 deg.). great 
natural wonder and famous for medicinal properties The soil 
varies, but the greater portion is exceptionally rich and suited 
to all crops, especially fruits, berries and gardening. Arkansas 
vegetables and fruits reach St. Louis and Chicago markets early 
and command best prices. State especially favorable to agri- 
culture and emigration. All parts magnificently timbered. Pine, 
oak, cj'press, cedar, hickory, Avalnut, linn, locust, chief growths. 
Cleared land averages SIO and woodland $3 per acre. Coal exists 
on the Ash river, iron in tiie Ozarks, salt near Ouacliita. Oilstone 
(celebrated for quality- near Hot Springs; kaolin in Pulaski 
county. Staple products, corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, oats, 
sweet potatoes, mules, tar, turpentme, lumber, etc. 

ClilDIATE genial ; temperature ranges 15 deg, to 05 deg., on 
rare occasions going to 100 deg. Avei-ages, winter, 45 deg.; sum- 
mer. 80 deg. Rainfall, 44 in., heaviest in S. E., lightest In N.W. 
Health unsurpassed, especially in N. W. 

CHIEFCITIES.— Little Rock (cap.),pop., 13.138. HotSpri gs. 

INDUSTRIES, 3,100 in number. Cniefly agricultural. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Apparel to un- 
married persons, $20\) in personal property; to heads of families, 
$500 in personality and homestead, 160 aci-es or one acre in town, 
not to exceed S2.50), tools of trade, etc. Assignment can pie- 
fer, but does not release debtor. Suits barred after 10 years on 
judgment and bond, 7 years for land, 5 years on note and written 
instrument, 3 j'ears on verbal contract, and afte'- 1 year for 
■wrongful taking of goods. Wife's propertj' exempt. She can 
dispose of .«ame as if single. 

LICENSE CHARaES per 6 months: Peddlers, $25 to state, 
and S-35 to each county. 

LIENS hold on buildings for labor and material if filed with 
county clerk in 3 months. Judgments hold land for 3 years. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS to a very large area are yet ojjen 
to homestead, cash and pre-emption entry, and include all classes 
of land found in the state. The Land Offices are at Little 
Rock, controlling 1,-500,000 acres in a district extenduig 20 mile; 
east and 80 to 100 miles west of the city, and about 25 miles wides 
at Dardanelle, controlling 1,500,000 acres in Crawford, Franklin, 
Johnson, Pope, Logan, Yell, Scott, Sebastian, and parts of Perr3% 
Garland, Saline and Montgomery counties; at Camden, con- 
trolling 1,600,000 acres in the counties of Polk, Pike, Sevier, 
Montgomery, Garland, Hot Springs, Clark, Howard, Hempstead, 
Little Kiver, Miller, LaFayette, Columbia, Nevada, Ouachita, 
Calhoun, Bradley, DrcAV. Ashley, Union, and part of Dorsey; at 
Harrison, controlling 2,560,000 acres in remainder of state. 

STATE LANDS about 1,000.000 acres. Forfeited land«« held 
at 50 cents p<;r acre; 14,000 acres Internal Improvement land; 
15,000 acres Saline lands, some small tracts of Seminary, State, 
Bank, and Real Estate Bank lands; 70,000 acres of Swamp 
lands, and a large area of School lands. All except the latter 
are controlled by the Commissioner of State Lands at Little 
Rock. Forfeited lands are free to settlers who improve them. 



INDIAN TERRITORY. 

{Conclufled from page 177.) 
both of which are the subject of a move to open them to settlers. 
Each tribe elects officers, legislatures and courts, and criminals 
are punished as in the states. No laws for collection of debt. All 
land held in common, and any Indian may cultivate as much as 



196 THE WESTERN WORLD 



he Tvants, but one-quarter mile must intervene between farms. 
Whites can hold land only by marrying an Indian. Miles of rail- 
road, 353. School system excellent; pupils educated and supported 
by the tribes, half entire revenue being set aside for the purpose. 
Thrfp colleges. 200 schools. 

POPULATION, 80,000; Cherokees, 20,000; Choctaws, 16.500; 
Creeks, 14,500; Lhickasaws, 7,000; Seminoles, 2,500; Osages, 2,400; 
Cheyennes, 3,298; Arapahoes, 2,676; Kiowas, 1,120; Pawnees, 1,438; 
Conianches, 1,475. Two-fifths of entire population can read. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-Ex- 
treme length eitj?t and west, 470 miles; average length, 320 miles; 
width, 210 miles ; area, 69,991 miles, 44,154,240 acres. Surface, 
vast rolling plain sloping eastward. Mountains, Witchita, at 
S.W.; Ozark and Washita at east. Valleys tunbered heavily with 
oak, ash, elm, sycamore, and other hard woods. Bluffs skirt 
vallej^s ; uplands are prairie which at west lack fertility; N.E. 
section also well wooded, but rocky. Beautiful country to 
look upon. Principal rivers, Arkansas, Verdigris, Neosho, 
Illinois, Canadian, Cimarron, Black Bear, Littlp Arkansas, 
Poleau, North Fork, Red, Washita. Red and Arkansas only 
navigable. Small streams numerous at east, but scarce at 
west. South of Canadian river prairies very fertile : valleys 
rich and productive throughout territory ; grass rich and 
heavy almost everywhere. Corn, cotton, rice, wheat, rye, 
potatoes are staples. Grazing interests large. Coal is found, but 
extent unknown. Furbearing animals numerous. Of the area 
Cherokees own 5,000,000 acres in N. and N.E.; Seminoles, 200,000 la 
E. central: Creeks. 3,215,495 in E ; Chickasaws, 4,377,600 in south. 

CLIMATE.— Mild in winter, warm in summer. Temperature 
averages 41 deg. winter, 80 deg. summer. Rainfall, at east, ro 
inches; center, 36; far west, 22. Health as good as anywhere in 
Union. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Tahlequah, capital of Cherokees; Tisho- 
mingo, capital of Chickasaws; Tushkahoma,of Choctaws; Musco- 
gee, of Creeks; Pawhuska, of Osages; Seminole Agency, of Semi- 
noles; Pawnee Agency, of Pawnees; Kiowa and Comanche 
Agency, of Kiowas and Comanches. 

LEADING- INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture and grazing. 



NEW MEXICO. 

{Concluded From page 17S.) 
and an New .^exico conquered from Mexico, Aug. 18, 1846, and 
same ceded to U.S. by treaty Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 1848. Re- 
volt. 1849, suppressed. Organized as Territory, 1850. Arizona 
added to the territory, 1853. Separated, 1863. 14,000 sq. miles cut 
off and added to Colorado, 1861. Santa Fe captured by Confed- 
erates, 1862, but soon abandoned. Number counties, 13. All 
elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 
12; representatives, 24 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in evcn- 
numhered years, meeting first Monday in Jan.; hold 60 days; 
terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. Voters, 
34,076; native white, 26,423; foreign white, 4,558; colored, 3,095. 
School age, 7-18 vears. Legal interest rate, (j%; by contract, 12.^. 
Mih"5 milro<^d, 187s to 1885, 1,191. 

POPULATION, 1880, 119,565; male, 64,496; native, 111,514; 
white. 10H.721 ; Indi.ms, 9,772. Estimfited increase. 1885, 21%. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Average length N. and S., b68 miles; wiath, 335 miles. Area, 
12.%000 sq. miles, 78,400,200 acres. Elevation, 3.000 to 4,000 feet. 
Mountain peaks, 12,000 feet. Surface Tirade up of series of level 
plateaus, traversed by mountains, with lofty peaks and fertile 
valleys. The Rocky mountains divide into t\vo ranges, the one 
on the east, the loftier of the tAvo endine- near Santa Fe, and the 
other, the Sieri'a Mudre, extending to the southward, to the Sierra 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. lO*^ 



Madre of Mexico. Almost two-thirds of the Territory is east of 
this range. The region to the west consists of high table lands 
and isolated pealis. East of the eastern range the land slopes 
gradualli' to the MissiSc>ippi. The Staked ^i^lain, an elevated re- 
gion, unwatered and without wood, extends into the southeast- 
ern part of the territory. Principal rivers, Rio Grande Del- 
Norte, Pecos, Canadian, Gila, Mimbres and San Franciso. Sir all 
streams are few. None of the streams are navigable within the 
territory. Timber is scarce, except in a few sections. The moun- 
tains are clothed with pine, spruce and tir ; cedar grows in foot 
hills, and cottonwood and sjcamore in valleys. Soil rich where 
water can be had for irrigation or on streams. Corn, wheat, oats, 
alfalfa, grapes, vegetables, especially onions and root crops and 
semi-tropical fruits ai'e prolitic. Sheep raising very profitable. 
Grazing interests extensive. Gold found in Grant, Lincoln, Col- 
fax and Bernalillo counties; rich copper mines in Bernalillo 
county, and in the Pinos Altos region. Zinc, quicksilver, lead, 
manganese, and large deposits of coal have been found. Irri- 
gable surface, 7,^00 sq. miles. Improved land only lig of terri- 
tory. AVoodland, ^^ of surface, unoccupied f| of surface. Room 
in all callings for enterprise. 

CLIMATE varies with different elevations. Temperature 
averages, summer, TO deg. ; winter, 33 deg. Range of temperature, 
4 desf.^^below zero to 90 degs. above. It is much warmer than the 
average in the lower altitudes, and colder in the higher. Air dr\', 
rarefied and pure. Rainfall, 9 to 11 inches. Pneumonia tome- 
timos prevails. Health average good. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Santa Fe, capital, pop. 6,635. Las Vegas, 
Silver City and Albuquerque. 

LEADING INDUSTRIES.— Mining, stock raising and 
agriculture. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: To heads of fam- 
ilies, apparel, beds and bedding, 30 days' fuel, school books, pict- 
in-es, S2i in provisions, SIO in furniture, tools to 335, and home- 
stead Sl,t 00. No statute on assignment. Suits barred after 20 
years on judgment, after 10 j'ears for real estate, after 6 on notes, 
bonds and written contracts, after 4 on accounts, verbal con- 
tracts, etc. Wife's property exempt. She can do business. 
Arrest for d;>V)t permitted. 

Ll^ ^NSE CHARGES.— Drummers, $350 per year. 

LIENS h«)ld on builduigs for labor and material if filed ia 
eOdays UTid sue<l on in 1 year; on property for rent and freight. 
Juduments arp liens on real estate. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS include the greater part of the 
territory. L\nd Ufc^FiCES at Santa Fe and Las Cruces for their 
respective sections. All forms of entry apply. Railroad lands 
are otTered in large quantities. 



ARIZONA. 

{Concluded from page 179.) 
lature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in 
Jan., holds 60 days; terms of senators and representatives, 2 
years each; voters, 30,398; native white, 9,790; foreign white, 
8,256; colored, 3,353. School age, 6-21 yeai-s. Legal interest rate, 
10^; by contract, any rate; no penalty for usury. School endow- 
ment in lands rese»ved verv large. 

POPULATION, 1880, 40,440; male, 38,303; female, 13,338; na- 
tive, 34.391; foreign, 16,049; white, 35,160; colored, 155; Chinese, 
1,630; Indians. 3.493. Estimated increase, 3)f?. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Extrcme length north and south, 378 miles; width 3j9 miles; area, 
113.9 '9 sq. miles, 73.914.560 acres; five-sixths unsurveyed. Surface 
at northeast and center elevated plateau 3,000 to 8,000 feet high, 



198 THE WESTEIIN "WORLD 



with volcanic peaks reaching' an altitude of 10,500 feet. Southern 
portion a plain, dipping" occasionallj'^ below sea level, and rising' 
only to a very moderate elevation (200 to 600 feet usually); moun- 
tains numerous; highest point San Francisco, ll,0o6 feet. Col- 
erado only navigable river (navigable 620 miles). Flows between 
perpendicular walls cut in solid rock in places 7,0 feet high. 
Other important rivers the Gila, Little Colorado, Colorado 
Chiquito and Bill William's Fork. Smaller streams ai"e only 
moderately supplied. Agriculture possible only in the valleys or 
where irrigation is practicable. One-twelfth of the territory 
may be successfullj^ Irrigated. Soil in valleys and bottoms very 
rich and prolitic. Wheat, barley, potatoes, hay, corn, onions are 
staple held crops; corn follows wheat or barley, giving two crops 
yearly. Bottoms of Gila river and its tributaries possess largest 
area of farming land. Oranges and all semi-tropical fruits, grapes 
and berries do very well where v/ater is obtainable. A large por- 
tion of the territory is covered with rich and abundant grasses, 
which afford nutritious grazing the year round, and cattle-raising 
is exti-emely profitable. Desert tracts of considerable area are 
found formed of shifting sands. Timber grows on the moun- 
tains, foot-hills, and along the streams. The varieties include 
pine and cedar on mountains; cottonwood, walnut and cherry 
on streams. Size of trees fair, and quantity large. On plains S. of 
the Gila only artemisia, cactus and mesquite are found. Abund- 
ant mineral wealth exists, which can now be developed with profit, 
owing to completion of railways; nearly all mountain ranges 
contain gold, silver, copper and lead. Superior quality of lime 
found near Prescott and Tucson; beds of gypsum in San Pedro 
valley: remarkable deposits of pure, transparent salt near Call- 
ville. Territory ranks second in production of silver. Oppor- 
tunities in agriculture, fruit-raising and mining goo-i. 

CIjIMATE exceptionally healthful, and generally mild, ex- 
cept in mountains; temperature averages 38 deg. winter, 73 deg. 
summer; much warmer at south, the thermometer reaching oc- 
casionally 115, and rarely falling below 35 deg. in winter. In 
central portion heat seldom exceeds 88 deg. to 90 deg; snow in 
mountains, but melts soon. Rainfall on Gila 6 inches; in foot- 
hills 28 inches; heaviest in July and August. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Tucson, pop. 7,007. Prescott, the capital, 
pop. 3,000. , 

LEADING INDUSTRIES.— Mining, grazing agriculture, 
lumbering, smelting, etc 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Spinning wheels 
and looms, stoves, arms, etc., apparel, library to $150; to house- 
holder, 10 goats or sheep and fleeces thereof, 2 cows, 5 
swine, months' provisions, $600 in furniture, $600 in tools, stock, 
team, etc., of trade, 3 months' feed for animals, sewing machine, 
musical instrument, homestead to $5,000. No assignment laws- 
Suits barred after 5 years on judgment, after 4 on written con- 
tract, after Son statute liability and for fraud, after 2 on account 
or \erbal contract, and after 1 year for libel, slander and assault. 
Wife's property exempt. She can dispose of same as if single if 
21 years old. Arrest for debt permitted when fraud is declared. 

'LICENSE CHARGES per month: Peddlers (unless goods 
made in Territory), $10 ; on foot, $5, to county treasurer. Drum- 
mers tax $200 per year. Tucson, $50 per quarter; Tombstone, 
$10 per day. 

LIENS hold on structures and personalty for labor, material 
and repairs. .Judgments are liens on real estate for 2 years. 

PUBLIC LANDS.— The greater portion of Arizona is gov- 
ernment land open to all foi'ms of entry. The Land Offices are 
at Prescott for the northern and at Tucson for the southern por- 
tions of the territory. Much railroad land is for sale. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. Ivd 

COLORADO. 

(Concluded from page ISO.) 
Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico. Indian troubles 
1863-4. Union soldiers furnished, 4,903. Admitted as a stjUe, Aug-. 
1,1876. Youngest state. Number counties, 39. No railioad in 
1870. Mileage, 1885, 2,842. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday 
in Nov.; number senators, 26; representatives, 49; sessions biennial, 
in odd-numbered j-ears, meeting- first Monday in Jan.; limit of 
session, 40 days ; term of senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 3 
years. Number electoral votes, 3 ; congressmen, 1 ; votei-s, 93,608; 
native white, 65,215; foi-eign white, 26,873; colored, 1,520. Convicts 
excluded from voting. Number colleges, 3 ; school system, fair 
endowment; school age, 6 21 j-ears. Legal interest, 10%; by con- 
tract, anv rate. 

POPULATION, 1880, 194,327; male, 129,131; female, 65,196; 
native, 151,537; foreign, 39,790; white, 191,126; colored, 2,435; 
Chinese. 612; Indians, 154. Estimated increase, \2fc. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Length E. and W., 380 miles; width, 2cO miles ; area, 103,845 sq. 
mile's, 66,460,800 acres, three-fifths uusurveyed. Rocky mt)untains 
traverse state N. and S. with 3 ranges having many peaks more 
than 13,000 feet high. Within the mountains and surrounded by 
them are the " Parks " extensive level plains, 8,000 to 10,000 feet 
above tiie sea and valuable for agriculture. The mountains have 
extensive foot-hills. The plains form the eastern third of the 
state. Thej'^ are somewhat alkaline, but make fine grazing 
grounds. Colorado scenery is famous. It is bold, striking and 
grand beyond words. Much ricn soil along streams and wher- 
ever irrigation is possible. Public enterprises on a large scale 
looking to extensive irrigation under way. Cereals do very well. 
Corn, wheat, oats, hay, staple crops. Cattle, sheep and hog 
raising safe and profitable. Dairying paj's, as does gardening. 
Timber resources moderate. Mountains fairly clothed with pine 
and otlier trees. Mineral wealth inexhaustible. State ranks first 
in silver, foiu'th in gold. Iron, soda, coal, copper, lead, stone, 
mica, etc., exist in large deposits. Principal rivers, Arkansas, 
South Platte, Snake, White, Green, Rio Gi-ande Del Norte and 
Colorado. 

CLIMATE dry and range of temperature comparatively 
small. Winters mild, summers cool. Average temperature, 
winter, 31 deg.; summer, 73 deg. Rainfall, mainly in May, June 
and ,Tuly, averages 18 inches. On mountains winters severe, ac- 
companied by heavy snowfall ; violent winds common ; fogs 
unknown. Health unsurpassed. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Denver, capital and metropolis, and con- 
tains assay ofiice ; pop. 35,6.50; Leadville, 14,820; Silver Clitfs, 5,040; 
Coloi-ado Springs, 4,226. State University at Boulder; Agricultural 
Colloue at Fort Collins ; School of Mines at Golden City. 

LEADING INDUSTRIES.— Mining, smelting ores, agri- 
culture, grazing-, etc 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execufon: Furniture, $100; 
6 months' provisions, tools and stock in trade, S200 ; library and 
instruments of profession, S300 ; work animals, S~00 ; cow and 
calf. 10 sheep, 6 months' feed for same, wagon and S50 m harness, 
etc., homestead, S2,000, the word homestead being entered in 
margin of recorded title. Assignments cannot prefer, wages first 
paid to S50. Suits barred after 1 year for assault, slander and 
libel ; after 6 years for judgments, and after 3 years on all other 
actions. Wife's property exempt. She can do business as if 
single. No imprisonment for debt. 

LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers, $5 to $100 as 
fixed by county commissioners. 

LIENS hold on structures for labor and material if filed in re- 
corder's office and sued on in 6 months. Judgments, if so filed, 
hold real estate in the county in which they are filed. 



200 THE WESTERN WORLD 



GOVERNMENT LAND constitutesa very large portion of 
the state and ai e subject to all forms of entry. The Land Offices 
are at Central City for Gilpin, Hear Creek, Summit and a part of 
Boulder, Jefferson, Eagle and Grand counties, including- over 
2,5(X),000 acres; at Denver, Leadville, Pueblo, Del Norte, Lake 
City, Durango and Gunnison for the territory surrounding each. 
The lands are cniefly grazing or mineral, but a small area being 
suited to agriculture. 

STATE LANDS to a large area are held for sale by the State 
Board of Land Commissioners at Denver at Sl.~5@gl5 per acre. 



UTAH. 

(Concluded from page ISl.) 
1857, and 2,500 troops, under Albert Sidney Johnston sent to Salt 
Lake to support him. Mormons yielded. Young died, 1877. Suc- 
ceeded in presidency of church by John Taylor, one of his 13 
apostles. Number counties, 2i. Miles railroad, 1,134. Tei-ritor- 
ial elections annual, first Monday in Aug.; number Senators, 12; 
Representatives, 24; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd- 
nvimbered years, meeting second Monday in Jan.; holds 60 days ; 
terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. Voting 
pop., S2,1V6 ; native white, 13,795 ; foreign white, 18,283 ; colored, 
695. School system, fair, school age, 6-18 years ; number col- 
leges, 1. Legal interest, 10^; by contract, any rate. 

POPULATION, 1880, 143,963; male, 74,509; female, 69,454; 
native, 99,969; foreign, 43.994; white, 142,423; colored, 232; 
Chinese, 501 ; Indians, 807. Estimated increase, 10^. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC - 
Average length, 35<t miles ; width, 26U miles. Area, 82,190 miles, 
52,601,600 acres. Surface i-ugged and broken, with some rich val- 
leys. Ti-aversed by Wahsatch, Uintah, Roan, Little, Sierra Lasal. 
Sierra Abajo, San Juan, Sierra Panoches and Tushar mountains. 
Southeast portion elevated plateaus, western portion discon- 
nected ridges. Chief sti-eams, Colorado, Green, Grand, White, 
Uintah, San Rafael, Rio Virgin, Sevier and San Pete rivers. 
Many of lesser note. Great Salt Lake is 130 sq. miles in area. 
Other lakes, Utah, Bear, Sevier. In N. W. is a large area of des- 
ert land. Soil in valleys and on plateaus where ii-rigation pos- 
sible verv productive. Valleys of Cache, Salt Lake. Jordan, 
Sevier, Rio Virgin, etc., yield fine crops of cereals and vege- 
tables. Wheat best crop. Fruits may be made successful. Graz- 
ing important interest. Dairying profitable and interest is grow- 
ing rapidly. Forests suflBcient for home purposes. Gold, copper 
and silver in Wahsatch mountains. Silver predominates. Coal 
in valley of Weber river. Salt found in large deposits and the 
lak(? supply inexhaustible . Territory ranks third in silver. 

CLIMATE mild and healthy. Warmer W. of Wahsatch 
mountains. Summers dry and hot in S. W. Rainfall average 16 
inches at S. and 17 at N., chiefly in Oct. and April. Spring opens 
in April. Cold weather begins late in Nov. In mountains win- 
ters severe and snows heavy. Temperature at Salt Lake averages, 
winter. 35 deg.: summer, 75 deg. 

CHIEF CITIES.-Salt Lake City, capital; pop. 20,768. 
Ogdpn,pop. 6,069 

LEADING INDUSTRIES.— Mining, stock raising and 
agriculture 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Books and office 
fixtures, SlOO; necessary furniture, etc., 60 days' fuel and pro- 
visions, farm implements, 2 oxen, 2 mules or 2 horses and harness, 
cow and calf for every 5 persons in family, wagon, 60 daj's' feed 
for stock, seed to $1(10, tools, instruments and library of calling, 
$400 in outfit of miner and 30 days' supplies, sewing inacliino. To 
heads of families, in addition, 5 sheep for each mem bei of family, 



GUIDE AND HANDBOOK. 201 



2 hogs, 3 pigs, 60 clays' earnings, homestead, S1,OOJ and $200 cash for 
each member of family. No exemption from debts for purchase 
raonej'. Assignments may prefer, but do not release debtor. 
Suits are barred after 7 years for real estate; after 6 on judg- 
ment; after 4 on written contract; after 3 for statute liability; 
after 2 on account, verhal contracts, etc.; after 1 for assault, 
slander, etc., after i in all other cases. Wife's property exempt. 
She can act as if single. Arrest for debt maybe made in cases 
Involving f . aud. 

LIENS hold, for labor and material, on structun sand mines, 
if filed in 3 and sued on in 13 months. Judgments hold real 
estate for 5 years. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS are open to the various forms of 
entry and include a large part of the territory. Desirable farm- 
ing tracts scarce. The L.\.nd Office is at Salt Lake City for the 
entire territory. 



WYOMING. 

(Concluded from page 1S7.) 
TOPOGRARHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 

Length, 3')0 miles; width, 375 miles; area, 97,575 sq. miles; 03,438,000 
acres. Surface traversed by Kocky mountains, forming the con- 
tinental divide, and is high and mountainous, vaiying in eleva- 
tion from 4,800 to 12,000 feet. The chief mountains are Mud 
Kiver, Big Horn, Laramie, Bishop, Medicine Bow aud the Black 
Hills (partly in Dakota). The chief streams are the Big Horn, 
Tongue, Powder, Green, Little Missouri, North Platte, Sweet- 
water, Snake and Big Cheyenne. At the N. W. is the Vellow- 
stone National Pai'k, 3,60 ) sq. miles in area, and one of the great- 
est natural wonders of the continent. It varies from 6,000 to 
over 13,000 feet in elevation, and its scenery is one vast panorama 
of I'itunic mountains, gorges, spray-like streams, cataracts, cas- 
cades, geysers, etc. The greatest of the latter are the Beehi\e, 
Giantess, uiant. Grand, Old Faithful and Turban. Along the 
streams and in the valleys are tracts of arable lands, which may 
be ma ^e to produce prolificaily with irrigation. Ihe mountains 
are covered with pine and other forests of coiisiderable extent, 
and in their bosoms are buried both precio'is and base minerals in 
great deposits. The soil where water can be had is good, but the 
surface is chiefly suited to grazing. Half the territorj' is grazing 
land The resources are yet open to development. About one- 
seventh of the territory is surveyed, while less than one-fifteen- 
hundredth is improved. The opportunities are thus seen to be 
prime for settlers, miners, capitalists and farmers. Cattle I'anges 
are occui)ied prettj' well, but title to land ousts the possessors. 
Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, but frost too frequent for 
corn. Big Horn country, in N. W., area, 15,000 sq. miles; fine 
agricultural country; water plentiful; game and fur-bearing 
animals niunerous; iron ore abundant, mainly red hematite; 
copper, lead, plumbago and petroleum found; gold, in the Sweet- 
water country and near Laramie City; valuable deposits of soda 
in valley of the Sweetwater. Coal abundant and of good quality 
at Evanston, Carbon, Kock Springs and other points. 

CLIMATE cold; severe in mountains, milder in valleys. 
Healthful; air pure, dry and bracing. Rainfall, 15 inches. Tem- 
perature averasres, summer, 66 deg., winter, 18deg.; ranges from 
31 deg. below to 89 deg. above. July warmest month; JanuaiT 
coldest; latter averatares 10 deg. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Cheyenne (capital), pop. 4,500; Laramie 
Citv, pop. 3,800. 

CHIEF INDUSTRIES.— Grazing, mining and agriculture; 
but little is done in nuinufacturing. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Apparel $150; to 
head of family, §-.00 in household furniture, etc., tools, stock in 



202 THE WESTERN WORLD 



trade, etc.,used in calling, S3C0; homestead, $1,500. Creditors com- 
ing in under assignment must release assignor. Suits barred after 
21 years for land, 5 on bond and written contract, 4 on verbal con- 
ti'act, and after 1 year for assault. Wife's property exempt, and 
she can act as if single. Arrest for debt allowed in cases of fraud, 
removal, concealment, etc. 

LICENSE CHARGES per month: Peddlers, $25. 

IjIENS hold on structures for labor and materials if filed in 
60 days and sued on in one year, and on propex'ty for transporta- 
tion Judgments hold real estate 3 j'ears. 

GrOVEBNMENT LANDS comprise almost the entire area 
of the territory, and are subject to all forms of entry. The 
Land Offices are at Cheyenne and Evanstonfor their respective 
halves of the territory. Sections 16 and 36 are reserved for school 
purposes, but are not yet for sale. 



MONTANA. 

{Concluded fnym ixige 1S8.) 
numbered years, meeting second Monday in Jan., holds 69 days; 
terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each. Voters, 
21,544; native Avhite, 12,162; foreign white, 7,474; colored, 1,908. 
School age, 4r-21 years ; graded schools in Deer Lodge City, Vir- 
ginia City and Helena. School lands reserved for sale when ter- 
ritory becomes state valuable and extensive. Legal interest 10^; 
by contract, ffuy rate. 

POPULATION, 1880, 39,139; male, 28,177; female, 10,982; 
native. 27,638; foreign, 11,521; white, 35,385; colored, 346; Chinese; 
1,765; Indians, 1,663 ; Indians on reservations, 19,791. Estimated 
Increase, 24^. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Extreme length E. and W., 540 miles; average width, 274 miles: 
area, 145,310 sq. miles, 92,998,400 acres, six-sevenths yetunsurveyed. 
Indian reservations, 24,150,000 acres, two-fifths good farm land, 
of which about 4,00u acres is cultivated. Eastern half, or three- 
fifths of territory, rolbng plains, rest motuitainous. Traversed 
by Rocky, Bitter Root, Snow and other i-anges. Valleys average 
about 4,000 feet above sea. Peaks reach elevation of 12,000 feet. 
Plains descend from elevation of 4,000 feet at foot of mountains 
eastward to 2,000 feet at Dakota line. Jefferson, Madison and 
Gallatin rivers unite to form Missouri. Other great streams, 
Yellowstone, Missoula, Flathead, Big Blackfoot, Bitter Root, and 
Milk rivers. Flathead Lake JO by 30 miles in area; many small 
lakes in northwest. Surface fairly supplied with small streams. 
Pine, cedar, fir and hemlock grow abundantly and to good size in 
mountains ; cottonwood, elder and willow fringe streams. Tim- 
ber supply ample. Soil good generally. Immense area of arable 
land. Wheat best crop (spring variety); oats, potatoes, hay, also 
staples. Too cold as a rule for corn. Area grazing land, over 
tAvo-thirds territory. Grazing interests great. Splendid grazing 
grounds yet untaken. Mineral wealth great. Panks fifth in 
sil v'er and in gold. Price of land nominal. Chances for enterpi'is- 
Ing settlers superb. 

CLIMATE dry. Rainfall about 12 inches. Warmer than 
same latitude farther east. Snows heavy in mountains; light in 
valleys and on plains. Tempei-ature averages, summer, 62 deg.; 
winter, 18 deg. Colder in mountains. Health excellent. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Three United States districts; court held 
twice a year at Helena, twice at Virginia City, pop. 2,000, ami 
three times at Deer Lodge, pop. 1,500, Helena, pop. 4,000, capital 
and most important town. 

LEADING INDUSTRIES.— Mining, lumbering, grazing, 
agriculture, smelting, etc. 

PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Homestead, 160 
acres, team, wagon, farm implements, tools of trade, books, etc.. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 203 



of profession, apparel, furniture necessary for family, etc. Suits 
barred after 6 years on judf?-raents and written contracts, after 2 
years on account. Wife's propertj' exempt, except for neces- 
saries of life for herself and children under 8 years old. By 
recording- proper intention she can do business. Husband then 
not liable for her debts made in course of trade. Arrest for debt 
allowed in cases of fraud, willful injury, etc. 

LICENSE CHARGES per year: Drummers, $100 for each 
county; Helena, $15 extra; Butte City, $10 extra; Missoula, $5 
extra. 

LIENS hold on property for labor and materials if filed in 
recorder's olfice in 90, or by sub-contractor in 30 days, and sued 
on by contractor in 13 and by sub-contractor in i3 months. 
Judsrments hold real estate fi vears. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS.-Alraost the entire territory is 
government land open to all forms of entry. The Land Offices 
are located at Miles City, Helena and Bozeman for the districts 
surrounding each. Sections 16 and 36 are reserved for the school 
fund, but are not yet on the market. 



IDAHO. 

(Concluded from page 189.) 
Dec.; holds 60 days; terms of senators and representatives, 3 
years each. Voters, 14,795; native white, 7,333; foreign white, 
4,338; colored, 3,126. School age, 5-21 years. Legal intex-est rate, 
\Q%; by contract, \%% ; usury forfeits three times excess of inter- 
est. School endowments of land first-class. Miles railroad 811. 

POPULATION, 1880, 33,610; males, 21,818; female, 10,792; na- 
tive, 22,636; foreign, 9,974; white, 39,013: Indians, 165. Estima- 
ted inreaso. 1(K. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.— 
Length, 140 to 490 miles : width, 45 to 286 miles. Area, 84,290 sq. 
miles, 53,944,600 acres. Five-sixths of area unsurveyed. Surface 
table land and mountains. The former, 2,000 to 5,100 feet above the 
sea, is traversed by high mountains and deep valleys. C hief 
mountains, Kootenai, Coeur d' Alene, Salmon, Clearwater, Hear 
River and Three Buttes. Chief rivers, Snake (navigable), Bru- 
neau, Boise, Weiser, Payette, Shoshone (has a falls of 300 feet), 
Salmon and Clearwater. About one-tAvelfth is arable and one- 
tenth more grazing land. One-third is barren, but may in part be 
reclaimed by irrigation. Many lakes are found as well as 
numerous water powers The mountains afford much pine and 
cedar, the forests being estimated at 9,000,000 acres. The soil, 
where water can be had, is fertile ; there is also much fertile land 
at the extreme north. S. E. occupied by Mormons. Wheat, oats, 
rj^e, barley, potatoes and hay are good crops, and dairying and 
stock raising profitable. Markets afforded by mining camps. 
Corn not successful, season too shox-t. Most of the gold is found 
in quartz veins in Idaho, Boise and Alturas couxities; silver, in 
Owyhee county; some of the mines being very x*ieh. Wood 
river district on southern slope of Salmon River mountain.'-, at 
headwaters of Wood or Malad river, gives promise of valuable 
mining operations, chiefly placers. Coal in vicinity of Boise 
City. Territory x-anks sixth in gold and silver. Land cheap, and 
may be had under various fox*ms of entry. Scenexy gi-and. 

CLIMATE severe, with heavy snows in mountains ; on 
plains less severe, but cold and bx-acing. In the valleys it is 
milder, with moderate snow fall. Summers cool and pleasant. 
Temperature avex-ages 20 deg. in winter, 70 deg. in summer. 
Rainfall small in the Rocky and Bitter Root mountains, and very 
light at the N. and W. Irrigation essential. Health superior. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Boise City (capital), Florence, Silver City. 

LEADING INDUSTRIES.— Mining, grazing, agriculture, 
smelting and lumbering. 



204 THE WESTERN VORLD 



PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution same as in Califor- 
nia, except t.'iHt only lialf as much lite insurance is allowed. 
Assignments cannot prefer, but acceptance of dividend di^- 
charges debt. Suits bari-ed after 5 years lor lands and on writ- 
ten contract ; 4 years on verbal contract ; 3 years for recovery 
of goods and fraud. Wife's property separate and exempt; she 
can make good note and do business as if single. Arrest per- 
mitted for fraud, willful injury, concealment, etc. 

LICENSE CHARGES —Drummers So per trip at Lewiston. 

LIENS hold on structures for labor and material, but sub- 
contractors hold only to extent of amount due contractor. Claim 
must be filed in 30 and suit brought in 90 daj'S. 

GOVERNililENT LANDS comprise by far the larger part 
of the territory and are subject to the various forms of entrj'. 
They are largely mountainous, but include some good farming 
area. The Land Offices are at Boise City, Lewiston, Hailey 
and (Oxford for the territory adjacent to each. Sections 16 and 
36 reserved for school funds. 



WASHINGTON. 

(Concluded from page 190.) 
Puget S'^und Co's purchased. Islands in Washington Sound ceded 
to [Jnited States by decision of Emperor of Germany, arbitrator, 
1S73. ISJ umber counties, 33. Miles railroad, 675. All elections 
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number senators, 12; repre- 
sentatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered 
years, meeting first Monday in October. Terms of senators and 
representatives, 2 years each. Voting population, 27,6.0; native 
white, 15,858; foreign white, 8,393; colored, 3,419. Number 
colleges, 2; school age, 4-21 years; school endowment i^eserved 
large. Legal interest, 10;^; by contract, any rate. 

POPULATION, 1880, 75,116; male, 45,973; female, 29,143; 
najtive, 59,313; foreign, 15,803; white, 67,199; Chinese, 3,186; Indians, 
4,405. Estimated increase. l-i%. 

TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC- 
Extreme length E. and W., 341 miles; width, 242 miles; area, 
66,880 square miles, 42,803,000 acres. Coast line nearlj' 200 miles. 
Divided into Eastern (.■)0,0J0 square miles) and Western (20,000 
square miles) "Washington by Cascade mountains. Many high 
peaks, including famous Ranier, 14,500 feet high. Eastern 
Washington forms a fairly watered plateau, irregular and gener- 
ally broken. The Blue mountains traverse the southeast corner. 
Western W^ashington includes Columbia river and Puget sound 
basins and Chehalis valley and the Coast Range of mountains. 
Columbia river (navigab)e 175 miles), Snake (navigable), Walla 
Walla, Spokane, Colville and Clarke's Fork chief streams. Excel- 
lent harbors in Puget sound. Admiralty Inlet and Hood's canal. 
Scenery, especially on Columbia, grand. Columbia river current 
overcomes tide at the mouth, and water in the bar drinkable. 
Soil of 30 per cent of total area favorable to agriculture. All 
cereals tlovirish, but corn not successful because too cold. 
AYheat, oats, hops, fruit of temperate climates,except peaches, are 
stai)les. Grazing region, entire section east of Cascades, covered 
with inexhaustible supply of bunch grass. Stock raising and 
dairying growing industries. Lumber resotn^ces unsurpassed. 
Enormous forests of majestic trees. Lumbering interests already- 
large Coal on Bellingham bay and at Seattle; area of coal- 
» bearing strata, 20,00u square miles. Gold-bearing quartz and 
silver lodos in Cascade and Coast ranges. Copper, cinnabar, lead 
and other minerals are found. Homes may be had for the 
takintr. 

CLIMATE.— On coast, dry season, April to November; rest of 
j^ear rainy. Rainfall averages at nortn 96 inches; for entire 
section, 54 inches. W^inters mild; little snow or ice. Summers 



A^'D llA^'D-i:OOK. 



205 



cool, with sea breezes. Temperature averages, winter, 30 dog.; 
summer, Gl dog.; ranj^es 30 dcg-. to yo dog. Eastern seciiun dry; 
raintall sinks as low as 10 inches. Health ftne; no malaria. 

CHIEF CITIES.— Olympia, capital; W alia Walla, pop. 4,000; 
Scutrie, po]). 4.0U0. 

LEADINa INDUSTRIES.— Agriculture, lumbering, graz- 
ing', niiniim", etc. 

"^PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Apparel, books, 
pictures, keep-sakes, bed for every 2 in family, $}'A) in lurniture, 
etc., 2 cows and calves, 5 swine, 2 stands bees, 2.) fowls, 6 months' 
provision and fuel; to farmers team and utensils,S~00; to mechanic 
or professional men, $500 in t')ols,etc., of calling; arms and tools S50; 
to draymen a team, to loggeis 3 yoke oxen and $'oy>0 in implements; 
homestead Ji 1,(100. ^-Assignments discharge debtor. Suits barred 
after iO years for land; after on written contract for rent and 
on judgment; after 3 for personalty or injury thereto, on veihal 
contract, for fraud; after 2 ft -r Jibel, assault, etc. Wife's separate 
property exempt. She can act concerning same as if single. 
Arrest permitted in actions for damige, willful injurj', in cases 
of fraud or concealment, etc , on order of court. 

IjIENS hold on structures, vessel, and lumber, for labor, and 
for material, if notice is filed iiil and suitbrought on in 12 mouths. 
Judgments hold land 5 vears. 

GOVERNMENT LANDS are to be found, subject to the 
various forms of entry in force, all over the territory. The 
Land Offices are at Olympia, Spokane Falls, Vancouver, Walla 
Walla and Yakima for the sections adjacent to each. Secticms 
16 and 36 in each township are reserved for school purposes, but 
arenot j-et for snlo. 




GIANT TREES. 



20G THE WESTERN WORLD 



ENCYCLOPEDIA 

OF USEFUL ijSTFOEMATIOlSr. 



THE AHMY OF THE UNITED STATES.— According 
to the report of the Lieutenant-General, Oct., 1884, llie army of 
the United States on the 30th of June, 1884, consisted of the fol- 
lowing forces, in officers and men: 

Officers. Enlisted 
Men. 

Ten cavalry regiments 430 7,115 

Five artillery regiments 279 2,596 

Twenty-five infantry regiments 856 11,055 

Engineer battalion, recruiting parties, ord- 
nance department, hospital service, Indian 
scoiits. West Point, signal detachment and 
general service 583 3,470 

Total 3.147 24.236 

For convenience, and to fix responsibility, the country is 
divided into three military divisions, each with several depart- 
ments, as follows: 

1. Military division of the Missouri, commanded by Major- 
General John M. Schofleld, headquartei-s Chicago, comprehends 
the departments of the Missouri (Brig.-Gen. Christopher C. 
Augur); Texas (Brig.-Gen. David S. Stanley); Dakota (Brig.-Gen. 
A. H. Terry); and the Platte (Brig.-Gen. O. O. Howard). There 
are 8 regiments of cavalry and 20 of infantry in this division. 

2. Military division of the Atlantic, commanded by Major- 
General Winfield S. Hancock, headquarters New York. Includes 
department of the East (Maj.-Gen. Hancock). This division com- 
prises 4 regiments of artillery and 2 of infantry. 

3. Military division of the Pacific,commandedbyMajor-General 
John Pope, headquarters San Francisco. Includes departments 
of California (Maj.-Gen. John Pope); the Columbia (Brig.-Gen. 
Nelson A. Miles); Arizona (Brig.-Gen. George Crook); comprises 
1 regiment of artillery, 3 of cavalry and 4 of infantry. 

The maximum military force allowed under existing laws is 
2,155 commissioned officers and 25,000 enlisted men. The report of 
the lieutenant-general of the army exhibits the actual number in 
ser^^ce as 2,147 officers and 24,236 enlisted men. The following 
table exhibits the number in each rank of the army: 

1. Commissioned officers: Colonels, 65; lieutenant-colonels, 85; 
majors, 240; captains, 606; adjutants, 40; regimental quarter- 
masters, 39; first lieutenants, 573; second lieutenants. 431; chaplains, 
34; storekeepers, 14: total, 2,147. 



GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 207 



2. The enlisted men embrace 37 sorgcant-majors, 39 quarter- 
master sergeants, 6i9 musicians, 296 trumpeters, 10 saddler- 
serg-eants, lU ordnance-sergeants, U^ hospital stewards, 128 com- 
missary-sergeants, 428 first sergeants, 2,147 sergeante, 1,727 corp- 
orals, 231 farriei'S, 98 aitiftcers, 113 saddlers, 90 wagoners and 17,244 
privates; total, 24,23*5. Resides these there are employed in the 
signal corps 491 non-commilsioned officers and private's; Military 
Academy, 7 professors, 298 cadets. 190 enlisted men; total, 508. 

The number of retired army officers is 424; numt)er of privates 
discharged duiing the fiscal year, 1884, 0,051; number died dui'ing 
same period, 249; number deserted, 3,072; number enlisted and re- 
enlisted, 7,005. 



UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY at West 

Point was founded }jy act of March 10, 1802, constituting the 
corps of engineers of the army a military academy with fifty 
students or cadets, who were to receive instruction under the 
senior engineer officer as superintendent. Later acts established 
professorships of mathematics, engineering, philosophy, etc., and 
made the academy a military body, subject to the rules and 
articles of war. In 1815, a permanent superintendent was ap- 
pointed, and a year later an annual board of visitors was provided 
I'or, to be named by the president, the speaker of the house, and 
the president of the senate. In 1843 the present system of the 
appointment of cailets was instituted, Avhich assigns one cadet to 
each congressional district and territory in the union, to be 
named bj^ the representative in congress for the time being, and 
ten appointments at large, specially conferred bj^ the president 
of the United States. The number of students is thus limited to 
312. A large proportion of those appointed fail to pass the 
examination, and many others to complete the covu'se, the pro- 
portion being stated at fully one-half hitherto. The course of 
instruction requires four years, and is largely mathematical and 
professional. The discipline is very strict, even more so than in 
the army, and the enforcement of penalties for otfences is 
inflexible rather than sevei-e. The whole number of graduates 
from 1802 to 1877 Avas about 2,700, of whom 1,200 are deceased and 
about 1,500 living. Of those surviWng, 800 are still in the army, 
and about 700 out of service. Appointees to the military academy 
must be between 17 and 22 years of age, at least five feetln height, 
and free from infirmity, and able to pass a careful examination 
in various branches of knowledge. Each cadet admitt-ed must 
bind himself to serve the United States eight yearsfrom the time 
of admission to the academy. The pay of cadets, formerly $ >0 
per month and rations, was fixed at S540 per year, with no allow- 
ance for rations, by the act of 1870. The aggregate amount of 
money appropriated by the United States for the military 
academy from 1802 to 1877, inclusive, was $11,390,128, being an 
average of about $149,949 annually. The number of actual mem- 
bers of the academy by the official register of June, 1884, was 200. 



THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES comprises 44 
naval steam vessels -all sc-ew-propellei-s except 4, besides 13 
wooden sailing-ve.ssels, 19 iron-clad vessels, 2 torpedo-rams and 
15 tugs ; total, 93, of which comparatively few are in efficient ser- 
vice. The number of guns is 550. 

The active list of the navy is composed of 1 admiral, 1 vice- 
admiral, 7 rear-admirals, 18 commodores, 43 captains, &5 com- 
manders, 74 lietitenant-commanders, 200 lieutenants, 88 lieuten- 
ants junior grade, 191 ensigns, 97 naval cadets (who have passed 
the four j-ears' academic course, and are performing two years' 
service at sea before final gi*aduation), and 199 naval cadets on 



208 THE WKSTEliN WORLD 



rjrohation at the Naval Academy, all of whom are officers of the 
line. 

Uf the staff there are 1 surgeon-g^eneral, 15 medical directors, 
15 medical inspectors, 47 surgeons-. 74 passed assistant surgeons, 8 
assistant surgeons, 1 paymaster general, 13 pay directors, 13 pay 
inspectors, 48 paymastei'S, 28 parsed, assistant paymasters, 19 as- 
sistant paymasters, I engineer-in-chief, 70 chief engineers, 88 
passed assistant engineers, 81 assistant engineers, 24 chaplains, 12 
professors of mathematics, 1 secretary for the admiral and 1 for 
the vice-admiral. 1 chief constructor, 10 naval constructors, 10 
assistant constructors and 10 civii engineers. 

TJie warrant officers consist of i.'i boatswains, 39 gunners, 51 
carpenters, 32 sailmakers and 37 mates. 

Tlic retired listi^ composed of ol'ncers of the line, as follows: 
47 rear-admirals, U, commodores, 12 captains, 10 commanders, 20 
lieutenant-commanders, 21 lieutenants, 15 lieutenants junior 
grade, 8 ensigns. Staff officers, viz.: 21 medical directors, 3 med- 
ical inspectors, 7 surgeons, (> passed assistant surgeons, 6 assistant 
surgeons, 10 pay directors, 3 pay inspectoi's, 4 paymasters, 2 passed 
assistant paj'masters, 1 assistant paymaster, ]4 chief engineers, 24 
passed assistant engineers, 25 assistant engineers, 3 civil engineers, 
1 naval constructor, 8 chaplains and professors of mathematics. 
Warrant officers, viz.: 17 boatswains, 16 gunners, 10 carpenters 
and 11 sailmakers. 

The active list is therefore composed of 1,064 officers of the 
line, 591 officers of the staff and 204 warrant officers ; total, 1,859 
officers of all grades. 

The retired list is composed of 148 officers of the line, 137 officers 
of the stall, 54 Avarrant officers, and G professors of mathematics ; 
total, 345. 

There were (July, 1884) in the ser\nce, provided for by the 
navv appropriation act for the fiscal year, 1885, 7,500 enlisted men 
750 l' oys. 

Tb.e marme corps consists of 85 commissioned officers, 384 
non-commissioned officers, 30 musicians, 96 drummers and lifers 
and 1,500 enlisted men : total, 2,095 



THE UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY was 

opened October '0, 1845, and the credit of its foundation is 
attributed to "Hon. George Bancroft, then secretary of the navy, 
under President Polk. The course of instruction, designed to 
train midshipmen for the navy, at first occupied five years, of 
which three were passed at sea. Various changes have been made 
in the course of instruction, which was made seven years in If.'Si', 
four years in 1851, and six years (the last two of which are spent 
at sea) March 3, 1873, wliere it now remains The Naval Academy, 
fij'St. located at Annapolis, Maryland, was removed to Newport^ 
R. r.. in May, 18GI, but re-established at Annapolis in September. 
18()5, where it now is, occupying lands formerly known as Fort 
Severn. The academy is under the direct care and supervision of 
the navy department. There are to be allowed in the academy 
one naval cadet tV)r every member or delegate to the House of 
Representatives, appointed at his nomination, one for the District 
of Columbia, and ten appointed at large by the president. The 
number of appointments which can be made is limited by law to 
twenty-five each year, named b.y the secretary of the navy after 
competitive examinations, the cadets being from 14 to 18 years of 
age. The successful candidates become students of the acadamy, 
and receive the pay of naval cadets— $500 per annum. Cadets 
Avho graduate are appointed in the order of merit to the lower 
grades of the line and engineer corps of the navy and of the 
marine corps as fast as vacancies occur. But such appointments 
cannot be made in excess of vacancies, and graduates who 
receive no appointments get an honorable discharge with one 
year's sea pay. The course of Instruction is thorough, involving 



GUIDE AND HANDBOOK. 



a close pursuit of mathematics, steam engineering", phj'sics, 
mechanics, seamanship, ordnance, history, law, etc. 



NEW STANDARD TIME.— In 1884, by general agreement 
and partial legislation, four standard meridians were adopted 
within the United States, bj' which i^ailway trains are run and 
local time regulated. These meridians are 15 degrees, or UUO 
miles apart, there being a difference of just one hour in time 
from one meridian to another, as there are 360 deg. in the earth's 
circumference, which divided by 24 hours gives 15 degrees to an 
hour. The Eastern meridian, 75 deg. W. from Greenwich, passes 
4 minutes west of New York City. The Central meridian, 90 deg. 
W. longitude, passes through New Orleans and St. Louis. The 
Mountain standai'd meridian. 105 deg. W. longitude,. passes near 
Pike's Peak, Kocky Mountains The Pacific meridian, 120 deg. 
W. longitude, is near the coast, San Francisco being 9^ minutes 
west of it. For places east of any meridian, one minute of time 
for each quarter of a degree of longitude {= 15 miles nearlj-), or 4 
minutes for each degree, must be subtracted from the standard 
time to give the exact local time. For a place west of any meri- 
dian, add one minute for each quarter of a degree to the standard 
time. Any United States map gives the distances in longitude 
of most places from the several standard meridians, sufficiently 
near to make practical application of the rule. The standard 
time is used usually independent of local time. 



DEPTH AND AREA SEAS AND OCEANS. 

Depth ill ft. Area in sq. miles. 

Salt Lake 1,400 1,875 

Lake Ladoga 1,200 12,000 

Lake Superior 1,000 32,000 

Lake Michigan 1,000 22,400 

Lake Huron 1,000 20,000 

Lake Baikal 750 12,000 

Lake Tchad 350 14,000 

Lake Ontario 336 i5;W 

Lake Nicaragua 300 6,000 

Caspian Sea 250 17«,()00 

Dead Sea 200 303 

Sea of Aral 100 30,000 

Mediterranean Sea — 1,000,000 

Pacific — 78,000.000 

Atlantic — 35,030,000 

Indian — 28,000,000 

Antarctic — 8,-500,000 

Arctic — 4,500,000 

The greatest known depth of the ocean is midway between 
the islands of Tristan d'Acunha and tlie mouth of the Rio de La 
I'lata. The bottom was here reached at a depth of 46,236 feet, or 
eight and three-fourths miles, exceeding by more than 17,000 feet 
the height of Mt. Everest, the loftiest mountain in the world. In 
tlic North Atlantic ocean, south of Newfoundland, soundings 
have been made to a depth of 4,580 fathoms, or 27,480 feet; while 
depths equaling 34,000 feet, or six and one-half miles, are reported 
south of the Bermuda Islands. The average depth of the Pacific 
ocean, between Japan and California, is a little over2,000 fathoms; 
between Chili and the Sandwich Islands, 2,500 fathoms; and be- 
tween Chili and New Zealand, ],."00 fathoms. The average depth 
of all the oceans is from 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms. 



210 THE VrESTERN WORLD 

NOTABLE EVENTS AND DIS- 
COVERIES. 



Alj?erine war declared by United States, 1815, March 3. 

Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Congress, 1798; expired by 

limitation 1801, Jan . 26. 
Almanacs first ]^rinted by Purback, in Vienna, 1457. 
Amendments to the constitution, 13 proposed by Cong-res'?, 

1789, Sept. 25, 10 declared adopted 1791, Dec, 18. 
America discovered bj^ the Northmen A. D. 985 ; by Columbus, 

1-192, Oct. 12. 
Anti-Slaverj^ Society (American) organized at Philadelphia, 

1833, Dec. 6. 
Anaesthesia discovered, 18U. 
I5acoa's rebellion in Virginia, 1676. 
BaJloon ascension first made near Lyons, France, 1783. 
Bank of Venice, first in Europe, 1171. 
Bank of l^ngland established, 1691:. 
Bank of North America established, 1781. 
Bank of United States, Philadelphia, 1st charter 1791, Feb. 25; 

2d charter, 1816, expired 18:^6, March 3. 
Berlin Decree by Napoleon, 1806, Nov. 21. 
Berlin Congress opened 1878, J une 13. 
Black Hawk war with the Winnebagoes, 1832. 
Boston fire, 1872, Nov. 9. Loss, $73,600,000. 
Braddock's defeat at Monongahehi. 1755, July 9. 
Brown, John, executed at Charlestown, Va., 1859, Dec. 2. 
Copyriirht law first passed by Congress (term 14 years), 1790, 

May 31. 
Cotton gin Invented by Eli Whitney, 1793. 
Crimean war, Russia agamst Turkey, France and England, 

1853-55. 
Deposits removed from TJ. S. Bank by Jackson, 1833, Oct. 1. 
Dorr rebellion in Kh.de Island, 1812. 
Dred Scott decision of U. S. Supreme Court, published, 1857, 

March 1. 
Education, Bureau of, established 1867, March 2. 
Electoral Commission Act, approved, 1877, Jan. 29. 
Electric light, invented by Lodyguin and Kosslofif, Russians, 

London, 1874. 
Emancipation proclamation, 186.3, Jan 1. 
Embargo A.ct passed by Congress, 1807, Dec. 22. 
Engraving, Wood, 142:3 begun; Line or Steel, 1450. 
Envelopes first used for letters, 1839. 
Erie, battle of Lake, Com. Perry's victory, 1813, Sept. 10. 
Ether first used in surgical operations, 1844. 
Express, first American, by W. F. Harnden, New York to 

Boston, 1821. 
Fenian raids into Canada, 1866, May 31; resumed 1870, Feb. 3. 
Ferries, operated by steam, first used between New York and 

Brookl3^n, 1824. 
Fillibustering raids of Wm. Walker, 1853-60. 
Fire Company, Union, Philadelphia, first volunteer company 

in America, 1736. 
Flag, American, first used by Washington at Cambridge, 1776, 

Jan. 1. Legally established by Congress, 1777, June 14. 
France, first revolution, 1789. Keign of Terror, 1793. 
Franco-German war, 1870-71. 

Free-Soil Party, first national convention, Buffalo, 1848, Aug. 9. 
French and Indian War in America, 1754-63. 
Fugitive Slave law passed Congress, 1850, Sept. 12. 



GUIDE AND HA^-D-BOOK. 211 



Oas, illuminating-, fii-st used, Cornwall, Eng-.,1T92; in U. S., 

Boston, 18-22. 
Geneva tribunal on Alabama claims, convened 1871, Dec. 15. 
German Empire re-established, 18;i, Jan. lii. 
Ghent, treaty of, U S. and Great Britain, 1815, Feb. 18. 
Glass tirst used for windows in England, 674; made in Virginia, 

1615; Massachusetts, 1639. 
Gold tirst discovered m California, 1848. 
Greenback Party, national platform, 1876, May 17. 
Grey town, Nicaragua, bombarded by Com. Hollins. 1854, 

July 13. 
Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, U S. and Mexico, 1848, Feb. 2. 
Gunpowder used by Chinese, A.D., 80. Greek fire used bj^ 

Byzantines, A.D., 668, known 410 B.C. 
Harpers Ferry, Va., insurrection (John Brown), 1859, Oct. 16. 
Hartford convention (anti-war), 1814, Dec. 15. 
Homoeopathy introduced into the US, 1825. 
Hospital, Pennsylvania, first in America, established 1751, 

Feb. 7. 
HungiUT, rebellion in, 1848-49. 
Independence, Declaration of, 1776, July 4. 
Insui-anee, Fire, first ofiice in America, Boston, 1724. 

Life, first, London, 1772; first in America, Philadelphia, 1813. 

Marine, A.D. 533; tii-st in England about 1598; tirst in 

America, Philadelphia, 1721. 
Interior, Department of, established, 1849, March 3. 
Iron steamships, first. Great Britaiti, 1813. 
Italj-, war with Austria, (7 weeks' war)), 1866. 
Jamestown, Va., first permanent English settlement in America, 

founded 1607. 
Jesuits, Order of, founded by Ignatius Loyola, 1541. 
Judiciary Act passed by Congress, 1801, Feb. 13. 
Kerosene first used for illuminating purposes, 1826. 
Knives, first in England, about 1550. 
Know-Nothing Party (American), in New York, 1853 ; National 

platform and candidate for presidency, (M. Fillmore), 1856 
Ko<zta, Martin, taken from Austrian vessel by Capt. Ingra- 

ham, 18.53, July 2. 
Lee's surrender to Gen. Grant at Appomattox C H., Va., 

1865, April 13. 
Liberty Party, national convention, Buffalo, N. Y., 1843, 

Aug. 30. 
Library, first American, Harvard College, Cambridge, 1638. 

first subscription, Philadelfjhia, 1731. 

Lightning rods, first used by Benj. Franldin about 1752. 
Lincoln, assassination of, 1865, April 14 

London, Great fire of, 1666, Sept. 26. 

Plague in, 1665. 

Lopez captured and garroted at Havana, 1851, Alig. 16. 

Louis XVI beheaded 1793, Jan. u.1. 

Magna Charta signed. 1215. 

^latches, friction, first used, 1829 

Mexico, war with, declared by Congress, 1846, May 13, closed 1848, 
Feb. 2. City of, captured by Gen. Scott, 1847, Sept. 14. Cession 
of territory to U. S., 1848, Feb. 2. Cession of Gadsden pur- 
chase to the U.S., 185:^, Dec. 30. War with, by France, Spain 
and Great Britain, 1861-63. Proclamation of Empii'e, under 
Maximilian, 1863, July 10. Republic restored, Maximilian shot, 
1867, June 19. 

Milan decree by Napoleon, 1807, Dec. 17. 

Missouri Compromise (restricting slavery to south of 36 deg. 
30 min.), passed 1820, March 3, repealed 1854, May 24. 

Modoc war in California begun, 1872, Nov. 29. 

Monroe doctrine declared in Pres. Monroe's message, 1823, 
Dee. 2. 

Mormons arrive at Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1847, July 24. 

Musical notes first used, 1338 ; printed, 1502. 



212 THE WESTERN WORLD 



Nantes, Edict of, tolerating- Protestants, 1598, April 13; Kevoca- 
tion of, 1685, Oct. 22. 

Napoleon I declared first Consul, 1799, Nov. 10; proclaimed 
Emperor. 1804, May 18; abdicated after Waterloo, 1815, June 22. 

Napoleon III elected President French Republic, 1848, Dec. 10. 
Coup d'etat dissolving Assembly, 1851, Dec. 2; proclaimed 
Emperor 1852, Dec. 2 ; deposed and Republic proclaimed, IblO, 
Sept. 4. 

Naval Academy, TJ. S , at Annapolis, opened, 1845, Oct. 10. 

Navig'ation Act, first by British Parliament, 1660. 

Needles, modern, first came into use, 1545. 

Netherlands, revolt of, 1565-80. 

Newspaper, first authentic, 1494; first daily, Frankfort Ga- 
zette, 1616; first in England, Weekly Neives, 1G22 ; first French, 
Gazette de France, Paris, 1631; first attempt at parliamentai-y re- 
porting, 1641 ; first advertisement appeared in 1648 ; first Amer- 
ican, " Publick Occurrences, Foreign and Domestick," Boston, 
1690, Sept. 25; first English daily, London, Daily Courant, 1702; 
first continuously printed in America, Boston News Letter, 1702 ; 
first daily in United States, The Pennsylvania Packet, 1784. 

Omnibuses first used in New York, 1830. 

Orders in Council, British, issued 1807, Jan. 7. 

Ordinance of 1787, passed by Continental Congress, 1787, 
Sept 15. 

Organs, first authentic use of, 755; in England, 951 . 

Ostend Manifesto, as to Cuba, by Pierre Soule, James Bu- 
chanan and J. Y. Mason, 1854, Oct 21. 

Paper made by Chinese, from silk, 120, B.C.; from vegetable 
fiber, A.D., 651 ; from cotton, a.d., 711 ; from rags, 1085. 

Paris, treaty of, ceding French American possessions to Great 
BiMtain, 1763, Feb. 10; second treaty of , closing Crimean war, 
1856, March 30. 

Patent right law, first enacted in TJ. S., 1790, April 15. 

Peace conference convened at Washington, 1861, Feb. 4. 

Pencils, leaden styles used, a.d., 50; modern, used in Eng- 
land, 1565. 

Pens, steel, first made, 1803 ; gold, first used about 1825. 

Phonograph invented by T. A. Edison, 1877. 

Photographs first produced in England, 1802, perfected, 1841. 

Piano- forte invented in Italy, about 1710. 

Pilgrims, landing at Plymouth, Mass., 1620, Dec. 21 (com- 
monly called Dec. 22). 

Pins used in England about 1450; in America, machine-made,1832. 

Pontiac's conspiracy to unite Indians against the English,1762. 

Postotfice first established, between Vienna and Brussels, 1516. 

Postage stamps first used in England 1840; in the United 
States, 1847. 

Printing; clay tablets used by Assyrians and Babylonians, 
B.C.; Wooden blocks used by Chinese, a.d., 952. Block books; 
Biblia Pauperum, 1420; movable types, L. Coster, of Haarlem, 
1423; J. Gutenberg, of Mentz, 1438; First Bible, Faust & 
Schoeff er, 1456; first book printed with date, Latin Psalter, Faust 
& Schceffer, 1457 ; first book in English, " History of Troy," 
printed at Cologne, by William Caxton, 1471; first book printed 
in England with date, Caxton's "Game and Playe of the Chesse,' 
1474; fli'St in America, Escala, Espiritual of Chimaco, printed by 
Juan Hablas, Mexico, 1535; first press in the United States, at 
Cambridge, Mass., Stephen Daye, 1639. 

Pyramids first erected, 2240 b. c. 

Railroad, Passenger, first opened in England, 1825, Sept. 27; 
freight, first in the United States.Crum Creek quarries to Ridley 
Creek in Pennsylvania. Passenger, first in America, Baltimore 
and Ohio 1828. Steam, first in New York state,Albany to Schen- 
ectady, 16 miles, 1830. 

Reformation in Germany, 1517 ; in England, 1532. 

Republican Party, first convention, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1856, 
Feb. 22. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BCOK. 213 

Resumption of specie payments in U. S., act approved, 18T5, 
Jan. 14 ; took effect 1879, Jan. 1. 

RevolutionaiT war, beginning-, battle of Lexington, 1775, 
April 19; end oi: last battle, Combahee, 1782, Aug. 2J; prelimi- 
nary treat}' of peace, 1782, Nov. 30. 

Richmond, Vh., evacuated by Confederates, 1865, April 3. 

Russia, Serf Emancipation in, 1861. 

Saint Bartholomew, massacre of, 1572, Aug. 24. 

San Juan boundary decided in favor of the U. S., 1872, Oct. 21. 

Savannah, first steamer crossed the Atlantic, 25 days. Savan- 
nah to Liverpool, 1819, May 24. 

Seminole war, first in Georgia and Florida, 1817-18; in Florida, 
1835-42. 

Sewing Machine first patented, England, 1755; first complete, 
E. Howe (American), 1846. 

Shay's Rebellion in Masstichusetts, 178G-87. 

Shiloh, Tenn. (or Pittsburgh Landing), battle of, 1862, April 6-7. 

Sioux war in Minnesota, 1862-63. 

Sleeping cars first used, 1858 ; Pullman's patent, 1864. 

Smith, Joseph, Mormon leader, killed at Carthage, 111., 1844, 
June 27. 

Stamp Act enacted ; 1765, March 22; repealed, 1766, March 19. 

Statutes of the United States, first revised and codified, 1873. 

Steam Engine, boiler, discovered by Marquis of Worcester, 
1663. Newcomen's engine patented, 1705; perfected by James 
Watt, 1773 ; high pressure engine invented by Oliver Evans 
(American \ 1779. 

Steam vessels, Papin, France, 1707; Jonathan Hulls, England, 
1736 ; William Henry, Ccniestoga River, Pa., 1763; James Rum- 
sey, Md., 1786; John Fitch, Delaware River, 1786; Robert 
Fuiton, New York to Albany, 1807. 

Sumter, Fort, captured l)y Confederates, 1F61, April 14. 

Sunday Schools, first established by Robert Raikes, Gloucester, 
England, 1781. 

Telegraph, first electric, Paddington to Drayton, England, 1835; 
Morse's, invented, 1835; first in operation in America, Wash- 
ington to Baltimore, 1844, May 27; submarinecable, fii-st laid be- 
tween Dover and Calais, 1851; first Atlantic cable operated. 1858. 

Telephone (speaking), A. Graham Bell, first presented Philadel- 
phia Centennial Exhibition, 1876; practically successful as a 
telegraph, 1877, May 14. 

Telescope, invented, 1603. 

Theatre, first in America, Williamsbui'g, Virginia, 1753. 

Thirty Yeai-s' War in Germany, 1618-1648. 

Tobacco introduced into England from Virginia, 1583. 

Tripoli war with the United States, 1803-'5. 

Turner, Nat. slave insurection in Virginia, 1831, Aug. 

Union of England and Scotland, 1707; Great Britain and Ire- 
land, 18C.0. 

Utrecht, treaty of, 1713, April 11. 

Vaccination, discovered bj' Dr. Jenner, England, 1796. 

War of 1812 with Great Britain declared by proclamation, 1812, 
June 19; ended by Treaty of Ghent, 1815, Feb. 18. 

Washington inaugurated first president, 1789, April 30. 

Washington, Treaty of, with Great Britain, war claims, 1871, 
June 17. 

Watches first made in Nuremburg, 1477. 

Waterloo, battle of, 1815, June 18. 

Whisky insurrection in Pennsylvania, 1791-94. 

Wilmot Proviso, restricting slavery, offered in House of Repre- 
sentatives, bj' David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, 1846, Aug. 8. 

Yellowstone National Park, act of congress, 1871, Feb. 28. 

Yorktown, surrender of Cornwallis to Washington, 1781, Oct. 19. 

THE THREE WISE MEN, or Magi, who brought gifts to 
the infant Christ, wei-e Mclchior, offering gold; Jasper, bringing 
frankincense, and Balthazar, who brought myrrh. 



214 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



OCCUPATION OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED 

STATES.— The following list shows the number engaged In each 
general calling in the United States: Agriculture and kindred 
pursuits, 8,340.000; professions and personal service, 4,500,000; 
manufacturing and mining, 4,100,000; trade and transportation, 
2,000,000. 



WEDDING ANNIVEBSAHIES. 

First anniversary Cotton -wedding . 

Second anniversary Paper wedding. 

Third anniversary Leather wedding. 

Fifth anniversary ' . . Wooden wedding. 

Seventh anniversary Woolen wedding. 

Tenth anniversary Tin wedding . 

Twelfth anniversary Silk and fine linen wedding. 

Fifteenth anniversary Crj^stal wedding. 

Twentieth anniversary China wedding. 

Twenty-fifth anniversary Silver wedding. 

Thirtieth anniversary Pearl Avedding. 

Fortieth anniversary Ruby wedding. 

Fiftieth anniversary riolden wedding. 

Seventy-fifth anniversary Diamond wedding. 



TUNNELS OF THE WORLD.-Mount St. Gothard, 48,840 
feet long (the longest in the woi'ld); Mount Cens, 39,840 feet long; 
Ploosac, 2.5,080 feet long; Nochistongo. :il.659 feet long; Sutro, 
21,130 feet long ; Riquivel, 18,628 feet long ; iVertbe, 15,153 feet 
long ; Blaizy, 13,455 feet long ; Thames and Medway, 11,880 feet 
long. 




GARDEN OF THE GODS, COEOKADO. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 215 

THE BIGGEST THINGS ON 
EARTH. 



THE HIGHEST RANGE OF MOUNTAINS is the 

Himalaya, the mean elevation being- estimated at from 16,000 to 
18.000 feet. The loftiest mountain is Mountain Everest or Guari- 
sanker, of the Himalayas range, having- an elevation of :i9,002 feet 
above the sea level. 

THE LARGEST CITY in the world is London. Its popu- 
lation numbers ;i0iO,871 souls. New York, with a population of 
l,2r)n,O00, comes fifth in the list of jrreat cities. 

THE LARGEST THEATER is the new Opera House in 
Paris. It covers nearly three acres of ground. Its cubic mass is 
4,287.000 feet. It cost about 1 0,0^X1.000 fran.s. 

THE LARGEST SUSPENSION BRIDGE is the one 
between New York citj' and Brooklyn. The length of the main 
span is 1,595 feet, G inches ; the entire length of the bridge is 
is .^.<180 feet. 

THE LOFTIEST ACTIVE VOLCANO is Popocatapetl— 
"smoking mountam"— thirtj'-five miles southwest of Pueblo, 
Mexico. It is 17,784 feet above the sea-level, and has a ci'ater 
three miles in circumference and a thousand feet deep. 

THE LARGEST ISLAND in the M'orld, which is also re- 
garded as a continent, is Australia. It is 2,500 miles in length 
from east to west, and 1,850 miles from north to south. Its area 
is 2.984,287 square miles. 

THE LONGEST SPAN OF WIRE in the world is used 
for a telegraph in India, over tlie river Kistnah, between Bazorah 
and Sectynagrum. It is more than 0,000 feet in length, and is 
1,200 feet high. 

THE LARGEST SHIP in the world is the Great Eastern. 
She is 680 feet long, 83 feet broad and 60 feet deep, being 28,627 
tons burden, 18,915 gi'oss, and i:],344 net i-egi-ster. She was built at 
Millwall on the Thames, and was launched January 31, J857. 

THE LARGEST UNIVERSITY is Oxford, in England, in 
the city of the same name, 55 miles from London. It consists of 
21 colleges and live halls. Oxford was a seat of learning as early 
as the time of Edward the Confessor. University College claims 
to have been founf^ed bv Alfred. 

THE LARGEST BODY OF FRESH WATER on the 
globe is Lake Superior, 400 miles long. 160 wide at its greatest 
bi'eadth, and having an area of 32,'W square miles. Its mean 
depth is 900 feet and its greatest depth is said to be about 200 
fathoms. Tts surface is ai)out 6J5 feet above the level of the sea. 

THE BIGGEST CAVERN is the Mammoth Cave in Ed- 
monson Countj', Ky. It is near Green River, about 6 miles 
from Cave Citj' and 28 from Bowling Green. The cave consists 
of a succession of irregular chambers, some of which are large, 
situated on different levels. Some of thes-; are traversed by 
navigable branches of the subterranean Echo river. Blind fish 
are found in its waters. 

THE LONGEST TUNNEL in the world is that of the St. 
Gothard, on the line of railroad between Lucerne and Milan. 
The summit of the tunnel is 900 feet below the surface at Ander- 
matt, and 6,600 feet beneath the peak of Kastelhorn of the St. 
Gothard group. The tunnel is 26^4 feet wide and is 18 feet and 10 
inches from the floor to the crown of the arched roof. It is 9J4 
miles ions, 1<^ miles lonsrer than the Mt. Cenis tunnel. 

THE BIGGEST TREES in the Avorld are the mammoth trees 
of California. One of a grove in Tulare county, according to 
measurements made by members of the state geological survey, 
was shown to be 276 feet in height, 108 feet in circumfererence at 



216 THE WESTEKX WORLD 



the base, and 76 feet at apv)in.t12 feet above ground. Some of 
the trees are 876 feet high and 34 feet in diameter. Some of the 
lai'gest that have been felled Indicate an age of from 2,000 to 3,500 
years. 

THE LARGEST LIBRAHY is the Bibliotheque National 
in Paris, founded by Louis XIV. It contains 1,400,000 vol- 
umes, 300,000 paraplets, 175,000 manuscripts, 300,000 maps and 
charts, 150,000 coins and medals. The collection of engravings 
exceeds 1,300,000, contained in some 10,000 volumes. The portraits 
number about 100,000. The building which contains these treasures 
is situated on the Kue Richelieu. Its length is 540 feet, its 
breadth 130 feet. The largest library in New York is, in respect 
of separate works, the Astor. About 190,000 volumes are ou its 
shelves. 

THE LARG-EST DESERT is that of Sahara, a vast region 
of northern Africa, extenduig from the Atlantic Ocean on the 
west to the valley of the Nile on the east. The length from east 
to west is about 3,000 miles, its average breadth about 900 miles, 
its area 2,000,000 square miles. Rain falls in torrents in the Sahara 
at intervals of five, ten and twenty years. In summer the heat 
during the day is excessive, but the nights are often cold. In 
winter the temperatiu-e is sometimes below freezing point. 

THE GREATEST PYRAMID is that of Cheops, one of the 
three pj^ramids forming tlie Memphis gi-oup, situated on a plateau 
about 137 feet above the level of the highest rise in the Nile. Its 
dimensions have been reduced by the removal of the outer por- 
tions to furnish stone for the city of Cairo. Its masonry consisted 
originally of 89,033,000 cubic feet, and still amounts to 82,111,000 
feet. The present vertical height is 45U feet, against 479 originally. 
The total weight of the stone is estimated at 6,316,000 tons. 

THE GREATEST FORTRESS from a strategical point of 
view is the famous sti-onghold of Gibraltar, belonging to Great 
Britain, situated upon the most southern point of land upon the 
coast of southwestern Spain. It occupies a rocky peninsula, 
jutting out into the sea, about three miles long and three-quarters 
of a mile wide. One central rock rises to a height of 1,435 feet 
above the sea level. Its northern face is almost perpendicular, 
while its east side is full of tremendous precipices. On the south 
it terminates in what is called Europa point. The west side is less 
steep than the east, and between its base and the sea is the nar- 
row, almost level span on which the town of Gibraltar is built. 
The fortress is considered impregnal)le to military assault. The 
regular garrison in time of peace numbers about 7,000. 

THE LARGEST INLAND SEA is the Caspian, lying 
between Europe and Asia. Its greatest length is 760 miles and its 
area 180,000 square miles. Great Salt Lake, in Utah, which may 
properly be termed an inland sea, is about 90 miles long and has a 
varying breadth of from 20 to 35 miles. Its surface is 4,200 
feet above the level of the sea, whereas the surface of the Caspian 
is 84 feet below the ocean level. 

THE LARGEST EMPIRE in the world is that of Great 
Britain, comprising 8,557,558 square miles, more than a sixth part 
of the land of the globe, and embracing under its rule nearly a 
sixth part of the population of the world. In territorial extent 
the United States ranks third, containing 3,580,342 square miles, 
including Alaska; in population it ranks fourth Avith its 50,000,000 
of peer>lo. Russia ranks second, having 8,351,940 square miles. 

THE HIGHEST MONOLITH is the obelisk at Karnak, in 
Egypt. Karnak is on the east bank of the Nile, near Luxor, and 
occupies a part of the site of ancient Thebes. The obelisk is 
ascribed to Hatasu, sister of Pharaoh Thothmes III, who reigned 
about 1600 B.C. The whole length is 132 feet, its weight 400 tons. 
Its height, without pedestal, is 108 feet 10 inches. The height of 
the obelisk in Central Park, without pedestal, is 68 feet 11 inches, 
its weitrht about 168 tons. 

THE LARGEST BELL in the world is the great bell of 
Moscow, at the foot of the Kremlin. Its circumference at the 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 217 



bottom is nearly 68 feet, and its height more than 21 feet. In its 
stoutest part it is 23 inches thick, and its weight lias been computed 
to be 443,722 pounds. It has never been hung-, and was probably 
cast on the spot where it now stands. A piece of the bell is 
broken otf. The fracture is supposed to have been occasioned Ijy 
■water having been thrown upon ic when healed by the building- 
erected over it being on tire. 

FAMOUS BRIDGES.— The largest bridge ever built (with- 
out mentioning trestleworks) was the Tay bridge, 10,32U feet in 
length ; the lai'gest bridge nuw in use is the Montreal bridge over 
the St. Lawrence, 8,791 feet; probably the longest bridge tuat 
Avill be built in a century from now is the Forth bridge, to be 
9.200 feet long ; the highest bridge in the woi-id is at Gerabit, 
France, crossing the river at the height of 413 feet ; the most 
wonderful bridge in the world is the Brooklyn bridge, the per- 
manent weight being 14,680 tons ; the bridge of saddest retlec- 
tions is the Bridge of Sighs at Venice, Italy ; probably the bridge 
most celebrated in song and story, is the London bridge . 



NAMES OF DAYS. 

Sunday (Saxon 3unnandiieg, daj' of the sun). 

Monday (German, Montag, day of the moon). 

Tuesday (Anglo-Saxon Tiwesdaeg, from Tiw, the god of Avar). 

Wednesday (Anglo-Saxon, Wodensdteg, from Odin or 
Woden, the god of storms and boundaries). 

Thursday (Danish, Thor, the god of thunder). 

Friday (Saxon, Frigedfeg, day of Freya, goddess of marriage, 
fecundity and fidelity). 

Saturday (day of Saturn, the god of time.) 

The names of the seven days of the week originated with the 
Egyptian astronomers. They gave them the names of the sun, 
moon and five planets; viz., Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and 
Saturn 

The Chinese and Thibetans have a week of five days, named 
after iron, wood, water, feathers and earth. 



ORIGIN OF NAMES OF MONTHS. 

January.— The Roman Janus presided over the beginning of 
everything; hence the first month of the year was called after 
him. 

February.— The Roman festival Februs was held on the 15th 
day ot this month, in honor of Lupercus, the god of fertility. 

March.— Named from the Roman god of war. Mars, 

ApriL— Lat. Aprilis, probably derived from aperire, to open; 
because spring generally begins and the buds open in this month. 

May.— Lat. Mains, probably derived from Maia, a feminine 
divinity worshiped at Rome on the first day of this month. 

June.— Juno, a Koman divinity worshiped as the Queen of 
Heaven. 

July (Julius).— Cfesar was born in this month. 

August.— Named by the Emperor Augustus Caesar, b c 30, 
for himself, in memory of several victories gained during this 
month . 

September (septem, or 7). —September was the seventh month 
in the old Roman calendar. 

October (octo, meaning 8).— Eighth month of the old Roman 
year. 

November (novem, or 9) — November was the ninth month in 
the old Roman j'ear. 

December (decern, or 10).— December was the tenth month 
of the early Roman year. 



218 THE WESTERN WORLD 

LEXICON 

OP 

MYTHOLOGIES AND CLASSICS. 

Acheron, a river of Hades. 

Achilles, bravest of the Greeks in the war against Troy, invul- 
nerable except in his right heel, 
Actaeon, a famous hunter, changed by Diana into a stag, and 

killed by his own dogs. 
Adonis," a beautiful youth beloved by Venus, 
^geus, a king of Athens who threw himself into the sea, 

called in consequence the ^gean Sea. 
^neas, son of Anchises and Venus, the hero of VirgiPs 

iEneid. 
yEolus, god of wind and storm, 
^scukipius, son of Apollo, god of medicine. 
Agamemnon, commander of Grecian forces in siege of Troy. 
Ajax, a Grecian hero in Trojan war. 
Ammon, a title of Jupiter. 
Amphion, a king of Thebes, who built the city by playing on 

a lyre. 
Amphitrite, the wife of Neptune, and goddess of the sea. 
Andromache, wife of Hector of Troy. 
Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, rescued from a sea-monster 

and married by Perseus. 
Antceus, a giant overcome by Hercules. 
Aphrodite, gofidess of love and beauty. 
Apis, the sacred bull of the Egyptians worshiped as a god. 
Apollo, god of poetry, song, music and the arts. 
Argonauts, companions of Jaton, on the Argo, in search of the 

golden fleece. 
Argus, the keeper with a hundred eyes, who was to guard lo. 

After his death, Juno turned him into a peacock, putting 

his eyes on the bird's tail. 
Ariadne, daughter of Minos, king of Crete, wife of Bacchus. 
Arion, a Greek bard, who, when cast into the sea by robbers, 

was saved by a dolphin, who was charmed with his music. 
Astrsea, goddess of justice. 
Atlanta, Boeotian maiden very swift of foot. 
Ate, goddess of mischief. 
Atlas, leader of the Titans, carried the world on his head and 

hands. 
Atropos, one of the Fates. 
Aurora, the goddess of morning. 
Avernus, lake of the lower world. 
Bacchus, god of wme. 

Bellerophon, rider of the winged horse Pegasus. 
Bellona, goddess of war. 
Bucephalus, Alexander the Great's horse. 
Cadmos, a Phoenician, inventor of the alphabet. 
Calliope, the muse of epic poetry. 
Cassandra, daughter of Priam, king of Troy. 
Castor and Pollux, twin brothers, who, from their love for each 

other, were placed as a constellation in heaven under the 

name of Gemini, " the twins." 
Centaur, half man, half horse. 
Cerberus, the three-headed dog of Pluto that guarded the 

entrance to hell. 
Ceres, the goddess of agriculture, grain, fruits and corn. 
Charon, ferryman over the Stj-x. 
Chary bdis. a whirlpool between Italy and Sicily. 
Chimsera, a monster who vomited fire. 



GUIDE AND HANDBOOK. 219 



Chloris, goddess of flowers. 

Circe, a famous sorceress. 

Clio, muse of liistory. 

Clotlio, youngest of the Fates. 

Comus, g-od of mirth and joy. 

Cupid, god of love. 

Cj'nthia, Diana. 

Cytherea, Venus.' 

Dajdalus, a sculptor and architect. 

Damon and Pj'thias, models of friendship in the face of death. 

Daphne, a nymph beloved by Apollo. 

Delphi, a town in Phocis, celebrated for its oracle of Apollo. 

Deucalion, a king of Thessalj'. 

Diana, sister of Apollo, goddess of the moon and of hunting. 

Dido, foundress of Carthage. Fell in love with ^neas, but not 
finding her love returned, killed herself. 

Dryads, wood nymphs. 

Echo, a nymph who pined for Narcissus, until nothing was left 
but her voice. 

Elysium, heaven. 

Endymion, a youth celebrated for his beauty, and for the per- 
jjetual sleep in which he lay. 

Erebus, god of darkness. 

Eurydice, wife of Orpheus. 

Euterpe, muse of lyric poetry and music. 

Fates, Clotho, Lacnesis, and Atropos, who determined the birth, 

life and death of mortals. 
Faunis, god of agriculture. 
Flora, goddess of flowers. 
Furies, Alecto, Megteraand Tisiphone. 
Ganymede, cupbearer of the gods. 
Gordius, the king of Phr3^gia, who tied the inextricable knot, 

which Alexander the Great cut with his sword. 
Gorgons, Medusa, Euryale and Sthenio, three female monsters, 

who turned all they looked upon into stone. 
Graces, Aglaia, Thalia and Euphrosyne, attendants of Venus. 
Harpies, women with wings and claws. 
Hebe, the goddess of youth, daughter of Juno, and wife of 

Hercules. 
Hecate, goddess of enchantments. 
Hector, son of Priam, slain by Achilles. 
Hecuba, mother of Hector. 

Helena, the beautiful wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. 
Helle, a maiden drowned in the sti-ait, which alter her is called 

Hellespont. 
Hercules, god of strength, son of Jupiter and Alcmena. 
Heimes, Mercury. 
Hei'O, priestess of Venus, beloved by Leander, who used to 

swim the Hellespont to meet her. 
Hesperus, son of Atlas, turned into a star. 
Hone, the hours, daughters of Jupiter. 
Hyacinthus, a beautiful lad, accidentaly killed by Apollo, and 

from his blood sprang the flower that beai'S his name. 
Hydra, a water serpent with fifty heads, killed by Hercules. 
Hygeia, goddess of health, daughter of -(Esculapius. 
Hymen, god of marriage. 

Hj-perion, father of the sun, son of Titan and the earth, 
lachus, Bacchus, god of mirth and drinking. 

Icarus, son of Di\?dalus. Fleeing from Crete, his father attached 
wings made of wax to his body. The wax melted on his soaring 
too near the sun, and he fell into the sea. 
lo, daughter of Inachus, king of Argos, beloved by Jove. 
Iris, the swift-footed messenger of the gods. 
Isis, Egyptian goddess, confounded with the sun. 
Janus, god of the sun, having two faces. 

Jason, leader of the Argonauts, who brought the golden fleece 
from Colchis. 



220 THE WESTERN WORLD 



Juno, daughter of Saturn, sister and wife of Jupiter. 

Jupiter, chief among tlie gods, called also Jove. 

Laocoon, a Trojan priest of Apollo, who with his two sons was 
crushed by serpents. 

Lares, deities who preside over the home. 

Latona, mother of Apollo and Diana. 

Laverna, goddess of thieves. 

Leander, a Greek youth, Avho swam the Hellespont every night 
to visit Hero, until he was drowned in a storm. 

Lethe, a river of Hades, whose waters, when drunk, caused f or- 
getfulness. 

Mars, god of war, son of Jupiter and Juno. 

Medea, Grecian princess, who assisted Jason to obtain the golden 
fleece, and then became his wife. 

Medusa, one of theGorgons, killed by Perseus. 

Melpomene, the muse of tragic and lyric poetry. 

Mentor, the wise friend of Ulj'sses. 

Mei-cury, god of commerce and grain. 

Midas, a Phrygian king who desired of Bacchus that everything 
he touched might turn into gold; his request being granted, 
even his food turned to gold, but he was saved by washing 
in the river Pactolus. 

Minerva, goddess of wisdom. 

Momus, god of mockery and censure. 

Morpheus, god of dreams and sleep. 

Muses, daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. They were Cal- 
liope, muse of epic poetrj'; Clio, of history; Erato, of amatory 
poetrj" Thalia, of comedy; Melpomene, of tragedy; Terpsich- 
ore, of dancing; Euterpe, of lyric poetry; Polyhymnia, of 
poetry and eloquence; and Urania, of astronomy. 

Naiads, nj-mphs ot waters. 

Narcissus, a beautiful youth, who fell in love with his own 
image reflected in a well, and pined away until he Avas changed, 
into a flower called by his name. 

Nemesis, goddess of .I'ustice and punishment. 

Neptune, god of the sea, and brother of Jupiter. 

Nereids, sea nymphs. 

Nestor, a king of Pylos, famous for his eloquence and wisdom. 

Niobe, daughter of Amphion, king of Thebes. Her children 
having been killed, she wept for them until she turned into 
stone. 

Nox, goddess of darkness. 

CEdipus, king of Thebes, who solved the riddle of the Sphinx. 

Olympus, a lofty mountain on the borders of Thessaly, the seat 
of the gods. 

Ops, goddess of plenty and patroness of husbandry. 

Oreads, mountaid nymphs. 

Orestes, son of Agamemnon, who avenged his father's murder 
by slaying his guilty mother. 

Orion, a celebrated giant and hvinter. 

Orpheus, a poet who moved inanimate objects by the music of 
his lyre and charmed Avild beasts. 

Osiris, the chief Egj'ptian deity. 

Pactolus, a river in Lj'dia, said to bring down golden sands, 
from Midas having washed in it. 

Pjean, Apollo as the healing deity. 

Pallas, Minerva. 

Pan, son of Mercury, chief god of woods, shepherds, fishing, etc. 

PandoTa. a woman made by Vulcan. She Avas presented with 
gifts by all the gods She opened a box she had received 
from Jupiter, and out of it flew all manner of diseases. 

Parc^e, the Fates. 

Paris, son of Priam who carried off Helen, and so occasioned 
the Trojan war, in Avhich he was slain. 

Parnassus, a mountain in Greece sacred to Apollo and the 
muses. 

Pegasus, a winged hoi'se of the muses. 



GUIDE AND UAND BOOK. 221 



Penates, household gods. 

Penelope, the wife of Ulysses. 

Perseus, a son of Jupiter, who cut off the head of Medusa, and 

thus saved Andromeda, whom he married. 
Phaeton, a son of Sol, who obtained leave to drive a chariot of 

the sun for oijC day, and upset it. 
Phlegethon, a river of fire in the lower world. 
Pha*be, g-oddess of the moon, sister of Phoebus. 
Phoebus, Apollo, god of the sun. 
Pha?nix, a fabulous bird, which at death burned itself to ashes, 

from which a new phcenix arose. 
Phosphorus, Lucifer, the morning star Venus. 
Pluto, king of the lower world. 
Plutus, god of riches. 

Polyhymnia, muse of lyric poetry and eloquence. 
Pomona, goddess of fruit. 

Poseidon, Greek god of the sea, the Roman Neptune. 
Priam, last King of Troy, slain by Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. 
Priapus, god of fruitfulness and vineyards. 
Prometheus, said to have made a man of clay, and put life into 

him by fire stolen from heaven. Jupiter chained him to Mt. 

Caucasus, where a vulture fed continually on his liver. 
Proserpine, wife of Pluto and queen of the lower regions. 
Proteus, a sea-god and prophet; he could assume any form. 
Pthah, great Egyptian god. 
Psyche, a nymph beloved by Cupid. 

Pygmies, a nation of dwarfs in Africa, onlj' a span high. 
Pygmalion, a king of Cyprus, who fell in love with the image of 

a maiden which he made. Venus changed it into a woman, 

whom he married. 
Pyramus, lover of Thisbe. 

Python, a serpent killed by Apollo near Delphi. 
Khadamanthus, one of the judges in the lower world. 
Romulus, founder of Rome. 

Saturn, father of Jupiter, by whom he was dethroned. 
Satj'rs, lascivious sylvan deities. 
Scylla, a rock between Italy and Sicily, opposite Charybdis. On 

this rock lived Scylla, a fearful monster, which barked like a 

dog, and had six mouths and twelve feet. 
Serapis, an Egyptian divinity. 
Sinon, the Greek who persuaded the Trojans to admit the wooden 

horse filled with Greek Avarriors. 
Sirens, sea nj'mphs, who, on the coast of Italy, enticed mari- 
ners ashore by sweet voices, and killed them. 
Sisyphus, a wicked king of Corinth, who was compelled by Pluto 

to roll to the top of a hill a stone which continually fell 

back again. 
Styx, a river of Hell, across which the spirits were ferried by 

Charon. 
Tantalus, son of Jupiter, who, offending his father, was made to 

stand up to his chin in water, with fruit hung over his head; 

the water receded when he wished to drink, and the fruit 

eluded him when he was hungry. 
Tartarus, the lower world. 
Telemachus, son of Ulysses and Penelope. 
Terpsichoi'e, muse of dancing. 
Thalia, muse of comedy. 
Themis, goddess of justice. 
Theseus, a king of Athens. 
Thespis, founder of Greek tragedy. 
Thetis, mother of Achilles, 
Timon, celebrated misanthrope of Athens. 
Timotheus, a celebrated musician of Miletus. 
Titans, giant sons of Titan, who helped their father contend 

against Jupiter; they were overthrown by his bolts. 
Troy, a city of Asia Minor, destroyed by the Greeks after tea 

years' siege. 



J222 



THE WESTEllX WORLD 



Ulysses, a king of Ithaca, famed among the Greek warriors 

before Troy for his craft and eloquence. 
Urania, muse of astronomy. 
Venus, goddess of love, beauty and pleasure. 
Vertumnus, god of the seasons. 
Vesper, the star Hesperus. 
Vesta, daughter of Saturn, goddess of the household fires and 

domestic life 
Vulcan, god of fire, son of Jupiter and Juno. 
Zephyrus, the west wind. 
Zeus, Jupiter. 

HEIGHT OF CHIEF MONUMENTS AND SPIRES of 

the world are as follows : Washington Monument, United States, 
550 feet; Cathedral of Cologne, Germany, 511 feet; Cathedral of 
St. Stephen, Vienna, Austria, 476 feet ; Cathedi-al of Strasburg, 
Germany, 468 feet; Cathedral of St. Peter's, Rome, Italy, 448 feet ; 
Great Pyramid, Egypt, 450 feet; King Shafra's Pyramid, Egypt, 
447 feet; Church of Notre Dame, Antwerp, Belgium, 430 feet; 
Cathedral of Amiens, France, 42:i feet; Torazzo's Tower, Italy, 396 
feet; Cathedral of Florence, Italy, 387 feet; St. Paul's Cathedral, 
London, England, 362 feet; Hotel de Ville, Brussels, Belgium, 358 
feet; Cathedral of Milan, Italy, 355 feet; St. Patrick's Cathedral, 
New York, United States, 344 feet; Giralda's Tower, Italy, 350 feet; 
Bartholdi's Statue, United States, 324 feet; Cathedral of Bremen, 
Germany, 324 feet ; St. Mark's, Venice, 328 feet; Asimelli Tower, 
Italy, 321 feet; Cathedral of Norwich. England, 315 feet; Board of 
Trade, Chicago, 303 feet; Lincoln Cathedral, England, 300 feet; 
Bunker Hill Monument, United States, 221 feet; Leaning Tower, 
Italy, 174 feet. 

THE LARGEST TELESCOPE in the world is the Lord 
Rosse, which has an aperture of 72 inches. The largest in this 
country is at San Jose, Cal., having an apertui'e of 28 inches. 




GUIDE AND HAND- BOOK. 223 



LARGEST ELECTRIC LIGHT in the world was in 1883 
at trte Sydney lig-hthouse, Austialia, whicli has a power of 
180,000 candles, and the fourth largest is at San Jose, Cal., 2+,- 
000 candle power (the light at Paris, in Palais d' Izadustrie, equal 
to 150,000 candle power, and the Marseilles light of -10,000 candles, 
beinsf greater). The Svdney light is visible 50 miles ; that of San 
Jose sheds light two miles around. Since 1883 numerous lights 
equaling these have been put in operation. Paris, France, is to 
have one of enormous power. 



NOMS DE PLUME. 

Agate WhitolaAv llcid, 

A. L. O. E. (A lady of England). .Charlotte Tucker. 

Artemas Ward Charles F. Browne. 

Boz Charles Dickens. 

Bret Harte F. B. Harte. 

Butfalo Bill W. F. Cody. 

Carleton C. C. Coffin. 

Danbury News Man J. M. Bailey. 

Diedrich Knickerbocker Washington Irving. 

Elia Charles Lamli . 

Eli Perkins M. G. Langdon. 

Fanny Fern. Mrs. Sarah P. W. Parton. 

Fat Contributor A. M. Griswold. 

Gail Hamilton Mary Abigail Dodge. 

Gath George Alfred Townsend. 

Geoffrey Crayon Washington Irving. 

George Eliot Mrs. M. C. E. Lewes-Cross. 

Grace Greenwood Mrs. Lippincott. 

Harry Castlemon Charles Fosdick. 

H. H. (Helen Hunt) Mrs. Helen Jackson. 

Hugh Conway F. J. Fargus. 

Ik. Marvel Donald G. Mitchell. 

Jean Paul Jean Paul Frederick Richter. 

Joaquin MiHer C. H. Miller. 

Josh Billings Henry W. Shaw. 

J oshua Coffin H. W. Longfellow. 

Lemuel Gulliver .lonathan Swift. 

Mark Twain Samuel L. Clemens. 

Marion Harland Mrs. M. V. Terhune. 

M. Quad C. B. Lewis. 

Max Adeler Charles H. Clarke. 

Mrs. Partington B. P. Shillaber. 

Oliver Optic W. T. Adams. 

One of the Fools A. W. Tourgee. 

Ouida Loxtisa de la Rame. 

Owen Meredith Lord Lytton. 

Peter Parley S. C. Goodrich. 

Peter Parley Wm. Martin. 

Petroleum V. Nashy D. R. Locke. 

Poor Richard Ben.iamin Franklin. 

Porte Craj'on D. H. Strother. 

Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe. 

Rob Roy John Macgregor. 

Sam Slick J, C. Haliburton. 

Sophia May Miss R. S. Clarke. 

Saxe Holm Ruth Ellis. 

Timothy Titcomb J. G. Holland. 

Tom Brown Thomas Hughes. 



DERIVATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGXJAGE.- 

Over % of the words in the English language are derived from 
the Latin, over }4 from the French, about one-tenth from 
the Saxon, and a little less from the Greek. 



224 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



SEVEN WONDERS OF THE "WORLD.— The pyramids 
of Egypt. Pharos of Alexandria. Walls and hanging gardens 
of Babylon. Temple of Diana at Ephesus. The statue of the 
Olympian Jupiter. Mausoleum of Artemisia. Colossus of 
Rhodes. 

THE SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE.— Flourished in 
Greece in the sixth century, B.C. There names were: Solon, 
Chilo, Pittacus, Bias, Periander, Cleobulus and Thales. 



THE SEVEN SLEEPERS.— Were, according to an early 
legend, seven noble youths of Ephesus, who tied from persecu- 
tion to a cavern, where they were discovered and walled in to 
starve to death. They were made to sleep, and in that state lived 
twoVenturies. There names are said to have been : Maximian, 
Malchus, Martinian, Denis, John, Serapion and (Joustautine. 



THE SEVEN HILLS OF ROME.— Rome was built upon 
the Aventine, Capitoline, Coelian, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal 
and Viminai hills. Their altitude above the Tiber is only about 
150 feet. 



FOOD.— The time required to digest the various kinds of food 
will be found below: 



Hrs. Min 

Rice, boiled 1 

Eggs, whipped 1 30 

Trout, fresh, fried. . 1 30 

Soup, barley, boiled. . . 1 30 

Apples, sweet, raw — 1 30 

Venison steak, broiled. 1 45 

Sago, boiled 1 45 

Tapioca, boiled 3 

Barley, boiled 3 20 

Milk, boiled 2 

Liver, beef, broiled 2 

Eggs, fresh, raw 2 

Apples, sour, raw 2 

Cabbage, raw 2 15 

Milk 2 15 

Eggs, roasted 2 15 

Goose, roasted 2 15 

Turkey, roasted 3 30 

Cake, sponge, baked ... 3 30 

Hash, warmed 3 FO 

Beans, pod, boiled 30 

Parsnips, boiled 3 30 

Potatoes, Irish, baked. 3 30 

Custard, baked 2 50 

Oysters, raw 2 45 



Hrs. 

Eggs, soft boiled 3 

Beefsteak, broiled 3 

Mutton, broiled 3 

Mutton, boiled 3 



Mi7i. 



Soup, bean, boiled.... 


3 




Chicken soup, boiled . . 


3 




Pork, salt, broiled 


3 


15 


Mutton, roasted 


3 


15 


Bread, corn, baked — 


3 


15 


Carrot, boiled 


3 


20 


Sausage, broiled 


3 


20 


Oysters, stewed 


3 


30 


Butter 


3 


;^> 


Cheese, old 


3 


;w 


Bread, fresh, baked... 


3 


30 


Turnips, flat, boiled. . . 


3 


30 


Potatoes, Irish, boiled. 


3 


30 


Eggs, hard boiled 


3 


30 


Green corn, boiled , . . 


3 


;i5 


Beans and beets, boiled 


3 


45 


Salmon, salted, boiled. 


4 




Veal, fresh, fried 


4 


30 


Cabbage, boiled 


4 


45 


Suet, boiled 


5 


30 



VALUE OF A TON OF GOLD AND SILVER.-A ton 

of pure gold is worth $602,798.90, and $1,000,GOO in gold coin weighs 
3,686 tt)S. A ton of pure silver is worth $37,705, and $1,000,000 in 
silver coin weighs 58,921 lbs. 



ROOSTER IN POLITICS was first used by the press to 
head the announcement of political victories at the election of 
1844, when the Democrats "crowed" over the defeat of Henry 
Clay by James K. Polk. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 225 



SALT RIVER.- A political terra applied to an imaginary- 
stream up which defeated candidates are said to journey. 
Although many go up no one ever comes down this stream. 



MAINE IiAW.— A political term, sj-nonymous with pro- 
hibitory legislation, owes its origin to the fact that Maine was 
the first state to pass a stringent law prohibiting the sale of 
liquor. The law was adopted by Maine in 1851, and has since 
been adopted by several other states. 



RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS OF THE WORLD. 

Roman Catholics 201,000,000 

Protestants 106,ua),iK)0 

Eastern Churches 81,000,000 

Followers of Confucius 80,000,000 

Sinto Religion 14,000,000 

Judaism 7,0(0,000 

Buddhists 340,0(K;),000 

Mohammedans 201,0)0,000 

Brahmins 175,000,000 

The number of the various churches are distributed as 
follows : 

R.Cath. ProtesVts. East Ch. 

America. 47 300,000 30,000 000 

Europe 147,300,000 71,500,000 69,300,000 

Asia 4,900,000 1,800,000 8,500,000 

Africa 1,100,000 l,:i00.000 3,200,000 

Australia and Polynesia 400,000 1.500,0'jO . . 

Total 201,000,000 106,000,000 81,000,000 



NOTES ON BELTING.— Don't overwork belts by over- 
loading them or by running them tighter than necessary. 

The whole arrangement of shafting and pulleys should be un- 
der the direction of a mechanical engineer, or competent ma- 
chinist. Destruction of machinery and belts, together with un- 
satisfactory results in the business, is a common experience 
which may, in most cases, be traced to want of knowledge and 
care in the arrangements of the machinery, and in the width and 
style of the belts bought, and in the manner of their use, while the 
manufacturers of the " outfit ■" are often blamed for bad results 
which are caused by the faulty management of the mill-owner 
himself. 

Having properly arranged the machinerj- for the reception of 
th<.' belts, the next thing to be determined is the length and width 
of the belts. 

When it is not convenient to measure with the tape-line the 
length required the following rule will be found of service: — 
Add the diameter of the two pulleys together, divide the result 
bj^2, and multiply the quotient by 3J^4. then add this product to 
twice the distance between the centers of the shafts, and you 
have the length i-equire '. 

The width of belt needed depends upon three conditions:—!. 
The tension of the belt. 2. The size of the smaller pulley, and 
the proportion of the surface touched by the belt. 3. The speed 
of the belt. 

The working adhesion of a belt to the pulley will be in pro- 
portion both to the number of square inches of belt contact with 
the surface of the pulley, and also to the arc of the cii'cuinfer- 



226 THE WESTERN WORLD 



ence of the pulley touched by the belt. This adhesion forms the 
basis of ail right calculation in ascertaining- the width of belt 
necessary to transmit a given horse-power. 

J n the location of shafts that are to be connected with each 
other by belts, care should be taken to secure a proper dis- 
tance one from the other. Ir, is not easy to give a definite rule as 
to what this distance should be. Circumstances generally have 
much to do with the arrang-ement, and the engineer or machin- 
ist must Use his judgment, makii g all ihings conform, as far as 
may be, to g^eneral principles. This distance should be such as to 
allow of a gentle sag- to the belt when ui motion. 

A general rule may be stated thus:— Where narrow belts are 
to be run over small pulleys,— 15 feet is a good average,— the belt 
havintr a sag- of 13^ to 2 inches. 

For larg-er belts, working on larger pulleys, a distance of 20 to 
25 feet does well, with a sag of 2}4 to 4 inches. 

For main belts working on very large pulleys, the distance 
should be 25 to 30 feet, the belts working well with a sag of 4 to 5 
inches. 

Jf too great a distance is attempted, the weight of the belt 
will produce a very heavy sag, drawing so hard on the shaft as to 
produce arreat friction in the bearings, while at the same time 
the l)elt Avill have an unsteadj' flapping motion, which will de- 
stroy l)Oth the belt and machinery. 

If possible to avoid it, connected shafts should never be placed 
one directly over the other, as in such case the belt must be kept 
very tight to do the work. For this purpose, belts should be care- 
fully selected of well stretched leather. 

It is desirable that the angle of the belt Avith the floor should 
not exceed 45 deg. It is also desirable to locate the shafting and 
machinery so that belts should run off from each shaft in oppo- 
site directions, as this arrangement will relieve the bearings from 
the friction that would result when the belts all pull one way on 
the shaft. 

The diameter of the pulleys should be as large as can be ad- 
mitted, provided they will not produce a speed of more than 
3,760 feet of belt motion per minute. Some authorities limit this 
speed to 3,000 feet. 

The pulley should be a little wider than the belt required for 
the work. 

The motion of driving should run with, and not against, the 
laps of the belts. 

Tightening or guide pulleys should be applied to the slack 
side of belts and near the smaller pulley. 

Quick-motion belts should be made as straight and as uniform 
in section and density as possible, and endless if practicable, that 
is, with permanent joints. 

Belts which run loose, will, of course, last much longer than 
those which must be drawn tightly to drive— tightness being 
evid.-nce of overwork and disproportion. 

Never add to the work of a belt so much as to overload it. 

The transmitting power of a double belt is to that of a single 
belt as 10 is to 7. In ordering- pulleys, the kind of belt to be used 
should alvvays be specified. 

The strongest part of belt leather is near the flesh side, about 
J^ file way through from that side. It is therefore desirable to 
run the grain (hair) side on the pulley; in order that the strongest 
part of the belt may be subject to the least wear. 

The flesh side is not liable to crack, as the grain side will do 
when the belt is old, hence it is better to crimp the grain than to 
stretch it. 

Leather belts run with grain side to the pulley will drive 30 
per cent more than if run with flesh side. The belt, as well as 
the pulley, adheres best when smooth, and the grain side adheres 
best because it is smoothest. 

A belt adheres much better and is less liable to slip when at a 
quick speed than at a slow speed. Therefore it is better to gear 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 227 



a '/tiill with small piillej-s and run them at a hig-h velocity than 
v,'U'id \arge pulleys and to run them slower, A mill thus geared 
cc«ts less and has a much neater appearance than with larg'c 
heavy pulle3's . 

Belts should be kept clean and free from accumulations of 
dust and grease, and particularly from contact with lubricating 
oils some of which permanently injure leather. 

Leather belts must be well protected against water, and even 
moisture. 

India-rubber is the proper substance for belts exposed to the 
weather, as it does not absorb moistui'c and stretch and decaj^ 

Belts should be kept soft and pliable. 

TIGHT BELTS.— Clamps with powerful screws are often 
used to pat on belts with extreme tightness, and with most inju- 
rious strain upon the leather. Thej"^ should be vei'y judiciously 
used for horizontal belts, which should be allowed sufficient 
slackness to move with a loose undulating ^^bration on the re- 
turning side, as a test that they have no more strain imposed than 
is necessary simplj' to transmit the power. 

RULES FOB CALCXJLATINa THE HORSE POWER 
WHICH CAN EE TRANSMITTED BY BELTING. -No 
rules can be given whfch will apply to all cases. Circumstances 
and conditions must and will modify them, Belts, for instance, 
for machines which are frequently stopped and started, and 
shifting belts must be wider, to stand the wear and tear and to 
overcome the starting friction, than belts Avhich run steadily and 
uninterruptedly. For belts, however running under ordinarily 
favorable conditions the rules given below may be regarded as 
safe and reliable. 

The average thickness of single belts is 3-16 of an inch, and 
when made -of good ox-hide, well tanned, their breaking strength, 
per inch of width, has been determined as follows: 

In the solid leather 675 lbs. 

At the rivet holes of splices. 363 " 

At the lacing holes 210 " 

The safe working tension is assumed to be 45 Rs. per inch of 
width, which is equal to a velocity of about 6(t square feet per 
minute per horse-power, which is safe practice for single belts iu 
good condition 

To find the horse-power of a belt : Multiply the circumference 
(in inches) of the pulley by the number of revolutions per minute, 
and the product by the width of the belt, and divide by 8,640. 



FUSING POINT.— The following articles melt at the 
degree of heat Fahrenheit above zero opposite each : 



Antimony 797 

Brass 1,90'^ 

Bismuth ,^0 

Copper 1,743 

Cast Iron 2,913 

Gold 2,283 

Glass 400 



Guttapercha 150 

Lead 617 

Lard 96 

Silver 1,833 

Tin 428 

Zinc 707 

Ice 35 



FREEZING POINT.— The following table indicates the 
degree of cold above zero Fahrenheit, at which the liquids named 
solidify : 

Strong Wine 20 I Milk 29 

Turpentine (Spirits) 15 | Water 33 



BOILING POINT.— The degrees above zero Fahrenheit at 
which liquids boil is indicated below : 

Quicksilver 630 I Petroleum 305 

Lins^^ed Oil 6(M) Water. 210 

Alcohol 175 1 Blood Heat 98 



228 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



VEIiOCITY OF FALLING BODIES.-The velocities of 
tailing bodies are as the times of their descent and the spaces 
fallen through are as the square of the times. The force of 
gravity varies slightly at different latitudes. At 45 deg. the ve- 
locity for the first second of the fall is 16.083 feet. For practical 
purposes it is sufficiently accurate to call it 16 feet. The follow- 
ing table exhibits the relation of time, space and velocity: 



Time 
in Sec. 


Space fallen 
through in feet. 


Velocity acquired 


Space fallen through 


at end of time, 
feet. 


in last second of fall, 
in feet. 


1 


16 


33 


16 


2 


64 


64 


48 


3 


145 


96 


80 


4 


357 


139 


113 


5 


403 


161 


145 


6 


580 


193 


177 


7 


789 


235 


309 


8 


1,060 


357 


341 


9 


1,303 


290 


373 


10 


1,600 


323 


306 



VELOCITY OF SOUND.— The velocity through air in- 
creases with the temperature. At 

33 deg. Fahrenheit, velocity = 1,093 feet per second. 
63 " " " =1,126 " 

90 '* " " =1,156 " 



TELEaHAPH MILEAGE , ETC.— The United States has 
about three times as many miles of telegraph line as Russia, 
which has about 55,000 miles, being the most of any foreign 
country. The Westei-n Union Line had 150,000 miles of line in 
1884, or 433,000 miles of wire. It transmits over 40,000,000 messages 
in a year, and realizes a profit of about $7,750,000 per annum. At 
an average cost to the sender of forty-eight cents per message, 
the average profit to this company is about nineteen cents a mes- 
sage. Total telegraph mileage in the world is 561,000. 



THE IRON FURNACES in the United States number 
about 090 and have an annual capacity of over 5,200,000 tons of 
pig iron. The full capacity is not taxed, the requirements not 
reaching so high . 



THE AVERAGE WEIGHT OF PERSONS in America 
is : Man, 144 pounds ; woman, 122 pounds. 



BIG TREES.— There are in Calaveras county, California, 10 
trees over 30 feet in diameter, and 86 with diameters ranging from 
14 to 23 feet. These trees are believed to be from 900 to 2,000 years 
old. They average 200 feet high, the tallest being 244 feet. 



THE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES OF THE GOV- 
ERNMENT of the United States is about $190,000,000 for all 
purposes. 



GUIDE AND IIAXD-BOOK 



229 



NEWSPAPEES, NUMBER IN UNITED STATES.— 

The number of dailj' newspapers in the United States is over 
],400, and the number of jiapers printed every day is upwards of 
5,300,000. The number of tri-weeklies, 60; semi-weeklies, 200; 
w-eek lies, 10,500; fortnif^htlies, 425; monthlies. 1,000 ; quarterlies, 
etc., 120. The total number of papers and periodicals iiublished 
is about 14,000. 

BOOKS, NUMBER OF, PUBLISHED.— The number of 
new books published in the world averages over 100 different 
ones per day. 

DIVORCES.— The number of divorces per 1,000 marriages, 
is 4 in London. 11 in Berlin, 15 in Munich, 25 in Vienna, 25 in 
Paris, 48 in Chicago, 73 in Boston, and 218 in San Francisco. 



SIGNERS OF THE MAGNA CHARTA.-Out of the 26 

barons who signed the Magna Charta, only three could write 
their names, the remainder made their marks. 



BIGGEST DIAMONDS.— The six largest diamonds in the 
world are the Kohinoor, weighing 103 carats ; Star of Brazil, 125 
carats ; llegent of France, 136 carats ; Austrian Kaiser, 139 carats ; 
Russian Czar, 193 ; Rajah of Borneo, 367 carats. 



SNOW, when melted, produces one-eighth of its volume of 
water. 

CARRYING CAPACITY OF A TEN-TON FREIGHT 
CAR. ' 



Cattle 18 to 20 head. 

Hogs 50 " 60 " 

Sheep 80 "100 " 

"Whisky 60 baiTCls. 

Salt 70 " 

Lime 70 " 

Flour 90 " 

Eggs -...130tol60 " 

Flour 200 sacks. 

Wood 6 cords. 



Butter 20,000 pounds. 

Lumber 6,' 00 feet. 

Barley 300 bushels. 

Wheat 340 

Flaxseed 360 

Apples. 70 " 

Corn 400 

Potatoes 430 " 

Oats 680 

Bran 1,000 



DURABILITY OF "WOODS.— Experiments by driving 
sticks, made of ditferent woods, each 2 feet long and 1}^ inches 
square into the ground, only one-half an inch projecting 
outward, have been made. It was found that in live years, all 
those made of oak, elm, ash, tir, soft raahoganv, and nearly 
every variety of pine, were totally rotten. Larch, hard pine 
and teak wood were decayed on the outside only; while acacia 
and poplar, with the exception of being also slightly attacked on 
the exterior, were otherwise sound. Hard mahogany, lo(!Ust and 
cedar of Lebanon were in tolerably good condition; but only 
Virginia cedar was found as good as when put in the ground. 
This is of some importance to builders, showing what woods 
should be avoided, and what others used bj- preference in under- 
gi'ound work. The duration of wood when kept dry is very 
great, as beams still exist which are known to be nearly 1,400 
j-ears old. Piles driven by the Romans prior to the Christian 
era have been examined of late, and found to be perfectl3' sound 
after au immersion of nearly 2,000 yeai-s. Hard wood stumps 



230 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



decay in 5 to 7 years; spruce stumps decay in about the same timf 
hemlock stumps in 8 to 9 years; cedar, poplar, 8 to 12 years; pint 
stumps last a g-eneration. Cedar, oak, poplar, yellow pine ai' ' 
chestnut are the most durable woods in dry places. 



LIMIT OF PERPETUAL SNOW AND GROWTH 01' 

TREES.— On the Andes, in lat. 2 deg., the limit of perpetual 
snow is 14,760 ft. In Mexico, lat. 19 deg-. , the limit is 13,800 ft.; on 
the peak of Teneriffe, 11.454 ft.; on Mount Etna, 9,000 ft.; on 
Caucasus, 9,900 ft.; on the Pyrenees, 8.400 ft.; in Lapland, 3,100 ft.: 
in Iceland, 3,890 ft. The walnut ceases to grow at an elevation 
of 3.600 ft.: the yellow pine at 6,200 ft.; the ash at 4,800 ft.; and 
the fir at 6,700 ft. The loftiest inhabited spot on the globe is the 
Pox't House of Ancomarca, on the Andes, in Peru, 16,000 feet 
above the level of the sea. The fourteenth peak of the Hima- 
layas, in Asia, 25,695 feet high, is the loftiest mountain in the 
world. 



AR] 

Azores 

Bahamas 

Boi'neo 


3A0F 

Sq. 


IMPOI 

.Miles. 

998 

5,423 

200,000 

34,700 

6,200 

42,883 

9,000 

11,000 

1,682 


ITANT ISLANDS. 

Madagascar 

Malta 

New Zealand 


Sq.Miles. 

. 233,315 

95 

94,000 




Sandwich 

San Domingo 

Sicily 

Staten Island 


6,000 


Crete 




18,000 


Cuba 

Cyprus 




440 
113 


Hayti 

Long Island . . . . 




St. Helena 

Vancouver's 


47 
13,000 









FASTEST ONE MILE TIME.— Trotting horse Maud S, 
2 mi n., 9)4 seconds; pacing horse Johnston, 2 min., GM seconds; 
running. Ten Broecke, 1 min., 39% seconds; running man, W. 
Cummin gs, 4 min., 16* seconds; swimming man, C. F. Senk, 13 
min. 42J4 seconds. 



AGES ATTAINED BY BIRDS. 



Blackbird lives 

Blackcap lives 

Canai-y lives 

Crane lives 

Crow lives 

Eagle lives 

Fowl (common) Ivs. 

Goldfinch lives 

Goose lives 

Heron lives 

Lark lives 

Linnet lives 

Nightingale lives. . . 



13 years. 

15 years. 

24 j^ears. 

27 years. 
100 years. 
100 years. 

12 years. 

15 years. 

50 years. 

60 years. 

18 yesrs. 

23 years. 

18 years. 



Parrot lives : 

Partridge lives 

Peacock lives 

Pelican lives 

Pheasant lives 

Pigeon lives 

Raven lives 

Robin lives 

Skylark lives 

Sparrow Hawk lives 

Swan lives 

Thrush lives — ... 
Wren lives 



65 years. 

15 years. 

24 years. 

58 years. 

15 years. 

20 years. 
100 years. 

12 years. 

30 years. 

40 years. 
100 years. 

10 years. 
3 years. 



AGES ATTAINED BY DIFFERENT ANIMALS.— 

An elephant lives 400 years; a whale, 400; a tortoise, IdO; a 
camel, 40; a horse, 30; a bear, 25; a lion, 30; an ox, 25; a cat, 15; a 
dog, 16; a sheep, 10; a squirrel, 8; a guinea pig, 7. 



THE TTSE OF CAPITALS. —1. Every entire sentence 
should begin with a capital. 2. Proper names, and adjectives 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 231 



derived from those, should be.arin with a capital. 3. All appelln- 
tions of the deity should beg'in with a capital. 4. Official and 
honorary titles begin with a capital, f). Every line of poetry 
should begin Avith a capital. 6. Titles of books and the heads of 
their chapters and divisions are i)rintod in capitals. 7. The pro- 
noun, I, and the ey^lamation, (), are always capitals. 8. The 
days of the week, aiid the nxonths of the year, bcKin with capi- 
tals. !t. Every quotation should beg-in with a capital letter. 10. 
Barnes of reiigious denominations beg-in with capitals. 11. In 
preparing- accounts, each item should begin with a capital. 12. 
Aiii^ word of special importance may begin with a capital. 



VITALITY OF SEEDS, showing the limit of time beyond 
which the seeds named become useless for sowing. 

Beans 2 years. Onion 1 year. 

Beets 7 jears. Parsnip ! year 

Cabbage 4 years. Peas 3 years. 

Carrot 2 years. Radish....- 3 years. 

Celery 3 years. Squash ]0 years. 

Cucumber 10 years. Sweet Corn 2 years. 

Lettuce 3 years. Tomato 7 years. 

Melon 10 years. Turnip 4 years. 



THERMOMETERS.— Fahrenheit, boiling point, 212 dog.; 
freezing point, 32 deg. Centigrade, boiling point, IdO deg.; 
freezing point, deg. Reaumur, boiling point, 80 deg.; freezing 
point, deg. 

RULES FOR OBTAINING WEIGHT OF IRON.-For 

round bars multiply the square of the diameter in inches by 
the length in feet, and the product by 2.6. The product will be 
the weight in pounds, nearly. 

For square and flat bars multiply the area of the end of the 
bar in inches by the lengili In feet, and that bj-3.32. The product 
will be the weight in pottnds, nearly. 

Wrought iron, usually assumed : A cubic foot, 480 lbs ; a 
square foot, 1 inch thick, 40 lbs ; a bar 1 inch square, 1 foot long, 
3V^ lbs : a bar 1 inch square, 1 yard long, 10 lbs. 

To find the weight of cast iron balls when the diameter is 
given, multiply the cube of the diameter by .1377. 

To tind the diameter of cast iron balls when the Aveight is 
given, midtiply the cube of the weight by 1.93G. 

To find the weight of a spherical shell : From the weight of a 
ball of the outer diameter subtract the weight of one of the in- 
ner diameters, 

"WEIGHT OF GRINDSTONES.-Square the diameter (in 
inches); multiply by thickness (in inches); then by the decimal 
.06363 ; the product will be the weight of the stone in pounds. 



RAILROAD IRON MILE OF TRACK -To find the 
number of gross tons of rail to the mile : divide the weight per 
yard by 7 and multiply by 11. Example. For 56 poinid rail : 
56 divided by 7 equals 8 multiplied by ll,equals88tons. The number 
of tons of 2,000 lbs. required per mile is very nearlj' 1% times the 
weight per yard. 



CROSS-TIES PER MILE OF SINGLE TRACK. -18 

inches from center tt) center, 3,")20 ties; 20 uk-Ik-s, 3,768 ties; 22 
inches, 2.8><9 lies ; 22.5 inches, 2,SI6 ties ; 24 inches, 2,610 ties ; 25.7 
inches, 2,464 ties; 27 inches, 2.347 ties; 27.7 inches, 2,288 ties; 30 
inches, 2,112 ties ; 33 inches, 1,920 ties ; 86 inches, 1,760 ties. 



232 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



FENCES. —According to the best estimates there are 6.000,000 
miles of farm fences in the United States, costing- over $2,000,- 
000,000. In many states the fences on a farm cost more than the 
buildings standing on it, and that, too, where lumber is abundant 
and cheap. 



■WEIGHT OF VARIOUS MATERIALS.-The following 
table gives the weight per cubic foot of the various materials, 
etc., named : 



Materials 

Asphaltum 

Basalt 

Brick, common. 

" pressed 

" fire 

Bi-ickwork, in moi'tar. . 

"• " cement.. 

Cement, Portland, loose 
Rosendale " 

Chalk, solid 

Charcoal, from birch . . 



" " oak.. 

" " pine. 

Clay 

Coal, anthracite 

" bituminous 

" cannel 

Coke 

Concrete, in cement 
ordinary 



Lbs. 

87 

181 

from 100 to 125 

134 

150 

110 
112 



60 

145 

34 

26 

21 

18 

119 

93.5 

84 



46 
137 
119 

Earth .from 77 to 125 

Emery 250 

Flint 163 

Glass, flint 193 

" common window 157 

plate 173 

"' flooring 158 

Granite, gray 163 

red 165 

Gutta-percha 60 



Materials. 

Gypsum 

Gunpowder, coarse.. 

fine 

Ivory 

Limestone 

Lime, quick 

Marble 

Masonry, ashlar 

rubble 

Mortar, average 

Millstone 

Pitch 

Plaster of Paris, cast 

Plumbago 

Porphyry 

Pumice-stone 

Quartz 

Sand, i-iver , 



coarse 

Sandstone 

Slate, American 

AVelsh 

Snow, fresh fallen 5 to 13 

" wet and compact- 
ed by rain 15 to 50 



Lbs. 

143 

57 

56 

114 

168 

53 

168 

160 

180 

1U6 

155 

73 

80 

140 

170 

57 

165 

117 

100 

150 

175 

180 



Sulphur 
Tallow .... 

Tar 

Trap 

Tile 

Wax, bees. 



125 

58.6 

63 

170 

115 

60.5 



WEIGHT OF VARIOUS WOODS per cubic foot are 
given below : 

Timber Lbs. 

Apple 49 

Ash 47 

Beech 43 

Birch 45 

Box 60 

Cedar, West Indian 47 

" American 35 

" Lebanon 30 

Cherry 42 

Chestnut 41 

Cork 15 

Ebony 74 

Elm 35 

Hemlock 25 

Hickory 53 

Hornbeam 47 



Timber. 


Lbs. 


Ironwood 


.. 71 


Larch 


... .35 


Lignum-vitre 


... 83 


Mahogany, Spanish 

" Honduras... 


. . 53 


... 35 


Maple, rock 


. . . 49 


soft 


. . . 42 


Oak, live 


. . . 611 


" white 


. . . 52 


" red 


... 45 


Pine,white 


. . )ir) 


" yellow, Northern. . 


. . . 35 


Southern.. 


. . . 45 


Sycamore 


... 37 


Teak 


. . 46 


'Walnut 


. . 35 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK 



233 



"WEIGrHT OF lildUIDS.— The weight of fresh water is 
in practice usually assumed at 62}4 'f^s. per cubic foot. But 62^4 
would be nearer the truth at oidinary temperatures, about 70 
deg.; or a D>. =27.759 cubic inches. 



Liquid. Lbs. 

Water, distilled, GO deg. F. 8.33 

" sea 8.55 

Dead Sea 10.4 

Acid, Acetic 8.78 

" Nitric 10.16 

" Sulphuric 15.48 

" Muriatic 9.93 

Alcohol, pure 6.7 

proof, 7.62 

" of commerce. .. 6.93 

Cider 8.4 



Liquid. Lbs. 

Honej' 12. 

Milk 8.55 

Molasses 11.66 

Oil, Linseed 7.85 

" Olive 7.62 

" Turpentine 7.16 

" Whale 6.65 

Naphtha 7. 

Petroleum 7.39 

Tar 8.4 

Wines (average) 8.3 



Atmospheric air at 60 deg. Fahr., and under pressure of one 
atmosphere, or 14.7 lbs. per sq. inch weighs 1-815 part as much as 
water at 60 deg. Specific gravity = .00123= .0765 lbs. per cubic 
foot. 



"WEIG-HT OF VARIOUS METALS.-The weights of the 
various metals per cubic loot are given below : 



Metals. Lbs. 

Aluminum 166 

Antimony, cast 419 

Bismuth 613 

Brass, cast 524 

Bronze 534 

Copper, cast .*>37 

Copper Avire 555 

Gold, 24 caret 1,208 

Gold, standard 1,106 

Gun metal 528 

Iron, cast 450 



Metals. Lbs. 

Iron, wrought 485 

Lead, cast 708 

Lead, rolled 711 

Mercury 849 

Platinum I,3t4 

Platinum, sheet 1,436 

Silver, pure 6.54 

Silver, standard 644 

Steel 490 

Tin, cast 455 

Zinc 437 



WEIGHT OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS. 



Per bu. 

Wheat 60 lbs. 

Corn (shelled) .56 " 

Corn (on the cob) 70 " 

Rye 56 " 

Barley 48 " 

Buckwheat (in Pa.). . . . 50 '' 

(in Ky.).... 52 " 

(in Ma&s.).. 48 " 

Oats (ia Ills., Mass.) 32 " 

" (mOhio) 33 " 

*' (in Kentucky) 33^^" 

" (in Maine and Pa.) . 30 " 

Clover-seed 60 " 

Flax-seed 56 " 

Timotliy-seed 45 " 

Hemp-seed. 48 ' 

Bluegrass-seed 14 ' 

Red-top seed 14 " 



Per bu. 

Fungarian-grass seed.. 50 lbs. 

l$room-corn seed 52 " 

Sorghum seed 40 " 

Corn-meal 50 " 

Bran 20 " 

Beans 60 " 

Onions (in Pa. and Ky.) . 57 " 

" (in Mass.) 52 " 

Salt, Turks' Island 76 " 

" Syracuse 56 " 

" Liverpool 50 " 

Potatoes 60 "■ 

DriedApples (iri Pa.) . . . 22 " 

(in 111.)... 24 " 

'' Peaches (in Pa.)... 33 " 

(in 111.)... 32 " 



CAPACITY OF BOXES.-A box 24 inches long by 16 
inches wide and 28 inches deep will contain 5 bushels. A box 24 
inches long by 16 inches wide and 14 inches deep will contain 2^is 
bushels. A box 14 inches wide, 23 1-25 inches long and 10 inches 
deep, will contain 1]^ bushels. A box 16 inches square and 8 2-^ 



234 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



inches deep, will contain 1 bushel. A box 16 inches long by 8 2-5 
inches wide and 8 inches deep, will contain )4 bushel. A box 8 
inches square and 8 2-5 inches deep, will contain 1 peck. A box 
8 inches long' by 8 2-5 inches wide and 4 inches deep will contain 
1 gallon. A box 8 inches long by 4 inches wide and 4 1-5 inches 
deep will contain H gallon. A box 4 inches square and 4 1-5 
inches deep Avill contain 1 quart. 



RULE FOR MEASURING CAPACITY OF SQUARE 

CISTERNS.— Multiply the length in feet by the width in feet, 
and multiply that by 1 .728, then divide by 231. The quotient will 
be the number of gallons capacity of one foot in depth. 

CIRCULAR CISTERN.— Multiply the square of the diam- 
eter by .7854, or the square of the circumference bj^ .07958, in 
order to find the area of the cistern, then multiply the area by 
the depth in inches, and divide the product by 231. The quotient 
will equal the number of gallons the cistern will contain. In 
measuring cisterns, etc., 31^ gallons are estimated to one barrel ; 
63 gallons to one hogshead. 



SIZES OF PAPER.— Size of flat writing papers, card-bf^ard, 
etc.: Letter, 10x16 ; flat cap, 14x17 ; crown, 15x19; demj', 16x21 ; 
folio post, 17x22; medium, 18x23; royal, 19x24; card-board, 22-28 ; 
colored medium cover paper, 20x25 ; glazed and plated cover 
paper, 20x24; flat foolscap, 13x16 ; double flat letter, 16x20 ; check 
folio, 17x24 ; double cap, 17x28 ; super royal, 20x28 ; imperial, 
23x31 inches. 

SIZES OF BOOKS.— A sheet folded in 2 leaves makes a 
folio size ; 4 leaves, quarto, or 4to; 8 leaves, octavo, or 8vo; 13 
leaves, duodecimo, or 12mo; 16 leaves, sixteenmo, or 16mo. 
These names are still retained to designate the sizes of books, 
though the reason for them has ceased. 



SEED TO THE ACRE.— The opinions of farmers diflFer 
materially ; and then the climate and soil have much to do with 
the quantity. The quantity of seed sown broadcast to the acre, 
is about as follows : 



Wheat 


. l^to 2 bu. 
. Wz to 2^ " 


Flax 


'Ufa 2 bii 


Barley 


Timothy 


12^ 


to 24 qts 


Oats 


..2 to 4 " 


Mustard 


8 


to 20 " 


Rye 


. 1 to 2 " 


Red-top 


12 


to 16 " 


Buckwheat . . . 


. % to m " 


Flat Turnip. ... 


2 


to 3 lbs 


Millet 


.1 to 1^ " 


Red Clover 


10 


to 16 " 


Indian-corn .. 


.1 to 2 " 


White Clover.. . 


3 


to 4 " 


Beans 


. 3 to 3 " 


Kentucky Blue- 






Peas 


. 21^ to m " 


grass 


10 


to 15 " 


Hemp 


. 1 to 13^" 


Orchard Grass . . 


20 


to 30 " 



The quantity per acre, when planted in rows, in drills, is 
about thus : 



Broom-corn... 1 to 2J^ 

Beans 1^ to 2 

Peas 11^ to 2 

Peanuts 1 to 2 



bu. 



Onions 4 to 5 

Carrots 2 to 2}^ 

Parsnips 4 to 5 

Beets 4 to 6 



lbs. 



HAY.— A ton is ."^12 cubic feet in the mow, that is, when It 
has settled down and become solid. 



GUIDE AXD HAND-BOOK. 235 

TO MEASURE CORN IN CRIBS when the Sides are 

Straight.— Multiply the length, breadth ami height in inches to- 
gether, and divide b5'3744: (26 inch gauuei, or the number of cubic 
inches in a bushel of ears. When the Sides are Flaring-, mul- 
tiply half the sura of the top and bottom width, the perpendic- 
ular height, and the length in inches together, and divide the 
product as in the previous rule. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



LONO MEASURE. 

12 inches make 1 foot. 

3 feet " 1 yard. 

5Vi yards or 16J^ feet " 1 rod. 

•i I'ods " 1 chain. 

10 chains or iO rods " 1 furlong. 

8 furlongs, or 5,280 feet " 1 mile. 



SQUARE OR SURFACE MEASURE. 

144 square inches. make 1 square foot. 



square feet 
3014 square yards. 

16 square rods 

10 square chains . . 
640 acres 



1 square yard. 
1 square rod. 
1 square chain. 
1 acre. 
1 square mile. 



CUBIC MEASURE. 



1728 cubic inches make 1 cubic foot. 

27 cubic feet *' 1 cubic yard . 

230 cubic inches " 1 standard gallon (U. S.). 

2150.42 cubic inches " 1 standard bushel (U. S.). 

50 cubic feet round timber " 1 ton. 

40 cubic feet hewn timber " 1 ton. 

40 cubic feet shipping timber.. *' 1 tori. 

16 cu bic feet " 1 cord foot. 

8 cord feet, or 128 cubic feet. . " 1 cord of wood. 

16^ cubic feet " 1 perch of stone. 

36 bushels, or 57J4 cubic feet. . . "' 1 chaldron (for coal, etc.) 



SURVEYOR'S MEASURE. 

7.92 inches make 1 link . 

100 links, or 22 yards " 1 chain. 

FO chains " 1 statute mile. 

69.121 miles " 1 geographical degree. 



CLOTH MEASURE. 

l}4 inches make 1 nail. 



4 nails . 

4 quarters 
3 quarters 

5 quarters 

6 quarters 



1 quarter. 
1 yard. 
1 ell Flemish. 
1 ell English. 
1 ell French. 



S36 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



MISCELLANEOUS "WEIGHTS.— Barrel of flour weighs 
196 lbs; salt, 280 lbs.; beef, 200 lbs.; pork, 20« ibs.; fish, 200 lbs.; 
'keg powder, 25 lbs ; stone of lead or Iron, 14 lbs.; pig of lead or 
iron,21J^ stone. Anthracite coal, broken, cubic foot averages 54 
lbs ; a ton. loose, occupies 40 to 43 cubic feet. Bituminous coal, 
broken, cubic foot averages 49 lbs.; a ton, loose, occupies 43 to 
48 cubic feet. 

Cement (Hy.) Rosendale Bush. = 70 lbs. 

" " Louisville " =62 *' 



" " Portland 

Gypsum, gi'ound 

Lime, loose 

Lime, well shaken — 
Sand at 98 lbs. per cubic ft 



= 96 

= 70 
- 70 
= 80 
= 1223^" 



18.29 bush,=ton 1.181 ton=cu.yd. 



A cable's length. = 240 yards. 

20 articles = 1 s-ore. 

12 dozen = 1 gross. 

12 gross = 1 great grs. 



A cord of wood..= 128 cu. ft. 

1 hand = 4 inches. 

1 span =9 inches. 



SHOEMAKERS' MEASURE.— No. 1 of small size is i% 
inches long. No. 1 of large size is 8 11-24 inches long. Each suc- 
ceeding number of either size is one-third of an inch addi- 
tional length. Sixty pairs of shoes equal one case. 



VALUE OE SCRIPTURAL COINS : 

Dollars. Cents. 

AGerao 2.5 

10=ABekah 25.09 

20= 2=AShekel 50.187 

1,200 = 120 = .50 = A Maneh. or Mina (Heb.). 25 9 35 

60,000 = 6,000 = 3,000 = 60 = A Talent 1,!'05 62.5 

A Solidus Aureus, or Sextula, was worth 2 64 09 

A Siclus Aureus, or Gold Shekel, was worth . . 8 3 

A Talent of Gold was worth 24,309 



lSCRIPTURAL WEIOHTS reduced to Troy weight; 

Lhs. Oz 

The Gerah, one-twentieth of a Shekel .... 

The Bekah, half a Shekel 

The Shekel 

The Maneh, 60 Shekels 2 6 

The Talent, 50 Manehs, or 3,000 Shekels. . .125 



SCRIPTURAL LIQUID MEASURE reduced 
measure: 

Gals. 

ACaph 

13=ALog 

5.3= 4= A Gab 

6 = 12= 3=AHin 1 

83 = 24= 6= 2=ASeah 2 

96 =72=18=6=3=A Bath, Ephah or Fir- 
kin 7 

960 = 720 = 180 = 60 = 30 = 10 = A Kor, Chores, or 

Homer 75 



wt 


Gr. 





12 


5 





10 


(t 














to 


wine 




Pint!^. 




0.626 




o.m 




3.;j;{3 




3 




4 



4.50 
5.35 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 237 



SCKIPTTJRAL DRY MEASURE reduced to corn meiisure; 

Bush. Pks. Gal. Pints. 

A Gachal O.Ul 

20=ACab 2.833 

36= 1.8= An Omer, or Gomer 5.1 

120= 6 = 3.3=ASeah 10 1 

360 = 18 =10 = 3 = An Ephah .... 3 3 

1,800 =90 =50 =]5=5 = A Letech 4 
3,600 = 180 =100 = 30 = 10 = 2 = A 

Homer, or Kor 8 1 



SCRIPTURAL LONG MEASURE reduced to feet and 
inches: 

Feet. Inches, 

A Digit .913 

4= A Palm 3.648 

12= 3=ASpan 10 944 

24= 6= 2= A Cubit 1 9.888 

96= 24= 8= 4= A Fathom 7 3.552 

144= 36= 12= 6= 1.5= Ezekiel's Reed 10 11.328 

192= 48= 16= 8= 2. = 1.3 = AnArabianPole 14 7.104 
1,920 = 480 = 160 =80 = 20. = 13.3 = 10 = A Measur- 
ing Line 145 11.04 



Miles. Feet. 

A Cubit 1.824 

400 = Stadium, or Furlong 729.6 

2,000 = 5 = A Sabbath Day's Journey 3,648 

4,000= 10= 2 = An Eastern Mile 1 2,016 

12,000= 30= 6= 3=AParasang 4 768 

96.000 = 240 = 48 = 24 = 8 = A Day's Journey 33 864 




238 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



COMPOSITION OF SOLDERS.— Fine solder, two-thirds 
tin and one-third lead ; g-iazing solder, half tin and half lead ; 
plumbing solder, one-third tin and two-thirds lead. 



NUMBER POUNDS IN A BUSHEL IN DIFFERENT 
STATES. 



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paag ^ . .^^^^^^ . .^ ..^ 


^-^ •-* • 


ssBj£) atiia ^ ■ :-'-i^'-'"'-' : -." -.^ 




ilqfomfi h^ ; ;^i5^i5^i§ \ -^ [^ \ \^ ]^ i i i^^-- 


•paasxBl^|g : !§§ :g:SS : ;S :^ [SS :S : ::^§ :gg 


'"^'^''plua h'^ ; :?3?5g?g5§3g ; :gge§ 


i§3 i :§§ : iiS : :gSi 




'"^^paSa ^ ■ i'^^^'^^^S^ : :?!?.?. i^l : :|^ : JS^ :§5?.; 


•SBaj|^ :§§::: igS :S : iSSSSS : :8SSS :' 


■suBaa S :8SSSSSSS :S :SSSS ;§ : :SSSS8| 


•sdiuanj, i isigig : Itgoo :g 













•suoiuo S :gS^S5li?5SggS :S :S : ig iSSSSSS 


aaaMQ ' ■'''"' --.^mic .mvo • • -^o • -to • -icn -lo • 


•S^o:^B:^0<I § lOooocoooooggogo iggoogooo 


"IBarauaoo 


o .»c-<i<-*ira miciCkiiio • -o • • ■>* • -lOiciS • irt •! 


■^^ 1 ^ i ^^^^^^^ i i^ i ; ; ; ; ;? Ms^ ;^^ 


•uaoo 
paiiaqS 


;.SSgg§gSgSSSgggSg;?ggg3SS«!SiS 


•c^B^qAi3l^na S^^gggSSS^^^^g ;S5gS^ :gS^2S 


•^aia^a ! ^S5^^^^Sg^^^^5^ i^^^^^^^^S^^ 


•scjBO 1 g?8^g?g? \UU^B^^Iin^SUS?i^n?^U^^U^ 


•8Aa 


gsssssgsgssssssgssssgsgsss 


•^^aq^vi 


SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSi JS :SSS 


STATES. 




c 
5P 


1 

-c 
c 


c 




ill 

a; c3 03.;: 




New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. 
Ohio . 


Pennsylvania... 
Rhode Island... 
South Carolina. 

Tennessee 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Wisconsin 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



COMMON NAMES OF DRUGS. 

Common Karnes. Chemical Names. 

Aqua fortis Nitric acid. 

Aqua regia Nitro-rauriatic acid. 

Blue vitriol . Sulphate of copper. 

Cream of tartar Bitartrate potassium. 

Calomel Chloride of mercury. 

Chalk Carbonate calcium. 

Caiistic potash Hj'drate potassium . 

Chloroform Chloride of f ormyl. 

Common salt Chloride of sodium. 

Copperas, or green vitriol Sulphate of iron. 

Corrosive sublimate Bi-chloride of mercury. 

Diamond Pure carbon . 

Dry Alum Sulphate aluminum and potas- 
sium. 

Epsom salts — Sulphate of magnesia. 

Ethiops mineral Black sulphide of mercury. 

Fire damp Light carburetted hydrogen. 

Galena Sulphide of lead . 

Glauber's salt Sulphate of sodium. 

Glucose (?rape sugar. 

Iron pj'rites Bi-sulphide iron. 

JcAveler's putty Oxide of tin 

King's j'ello w Sulphide of ai'senic 

Laughing gas Protoxide of nitrogen. 

Lime Oxide of calcium . 

Lunar caustic Nitrate of silver. 

Mosaic gold Bi-sulphide of tin . 

Muriate of lime Chloride of calcium. 

Saltpetre Nitrate of potash . 

Oil of vitriol Sulphuric acid. 

Potash Oxide of potassium. 

Realgar Sulphide of arsenic. 

Red lead Oxide of lead. 

Rust of iron Oxide of iron. 

Salraoniac Muriate of ammonia. 

Salt of tartar Carbonate of 

Slacked lime Hydrate calcium. 

Soda Oxide of sodium. 

Spirits of hartshorn Ammonia . 

Spirit of salt Hydro-chloric or muriatic acid. 

Stucco, or plaster of Paris Sulphate of lime. 

Sugar of lead Acetate of lead . 

Verdigris Basic acetate of copper. 

Vermillion Sulphide of mercury. 

Vinegar Acetic acid (diluted). 

Water Oxide of hydrogen. 

White precipitate Ammoniated mercury. 

White vitriol Sulphate of zinc 



COMPARATIVE YIELD OF GRAINS, VEGETABLES 
AND FRUITS PER ACRE. 



Lhs. 
per acre. 

Hops U-2 

Wheat 1,260 

Barley 1,600 

Oats 1,840 

Peas 1,9"0 

Beans 2,000 

Plums 2,000 



Lhs. 
per acre. 

Cherries 2,000 

Onions 2,800 

Hav 4,CU0 

Pears 5,000 

Grass 7,000 

Carrots 6,' 00 

Potatoes .... 7,500 



Lhs. 
per acre. 

Apples 8.000 

Turnips 8,420 

Cinq'efoil gra's 9,604 
Vetches, green. 9,8(X) 

Cabbages 10,900 

Parsnips 11,200 

Mangel Wurzel22,000 



240 



THE "V\"ESTERN WORLD 



AVERAGE VELOCITY. 

Per hour. 

A man walks 8 miles. 

A horse trots 7 " 

A horse runs 20 '* 

Steamboat runs 18 " 

Sailing vessel runs 10 " 

Slow rivers flow 3 " 

Rapid rivers flow 7 '* 

A moderate wind blows 7 " 

A storm moves 36 " 

A hurricane moves 80 " 

A rifle ball moves 1,000 

Sound moves. 743 *' 

Light moves 192,000 miles per sec. 

Electricity moves 28t3,000 " " 



AVERAGE PER CENTAGE OF ALCOHOL IN 
LiaiTORS. 



Scotch Whiskj' 54.53 

Irish Whisky 53.9 

Rum 53.68 

Gin 51.6 

Brandy 53.39 

Burgundy 14.57 

Cape Muscat 18.25 

Champagne (still) 13.80 

Champagne (sparkling). . . 12.61 

Cider.... 5.2 to 9 8 

Constantia 19.75 

Gooseberry Wine 11.48 



Currant Wine 20.50 

Port 22.90 

Madeira 22.27 

Tenerifife 19.79 

Sherry 19.17 

Claret 15.1 

Elder 8.79 

Ale 6.87 

Porter 4.2 

Malaga 17.26 

Khenish 12.8 

Small Beer 1.28 



PROMISSORY NOTES, LAWS OF. 

Demand Notes are paj-able on presentation without grace, 
and bear legal interest after a demand has been made, if not so 
written. An indorser on a demand note is held only for a lim- 
ited time, variable in different states. 

A Negotiable Note must be made payable either to beai'er, 
or be properly indorsed by tbe person to whose order it is made. 
If the indorser wishes to avoid responsibility, he can indorse 
" without rccmtrmy 

A Joint Note is one signed by two or more persons, who 
each become liable for the whole amount. 

Three Days' Grace are allowed on all time notes, after the 
time for payment expires; if not then paid, the indorser, if any, 
should be legally notified, to be held. 

Notes Falling- Due Sunday, or on a legal holiday, must be 
paid the day previous. 

Notes Dated Sunday are void. 

Altering a Note ni any manner by the holder makes it 
void. 

Notes Given by Minors arc void. 

The Maker of a note that is lost or stolen is not released 
from payment if the amo'int and consideration can be proven. 

Notes Obtained by Fraud, or given by an intoxicated per- 
son cannot be collected. 

An Indorser has a right of action against all whose names 
were previously on a note indorsed by him. 

Deposits of Money in a Bank placed to the credit of de- 
positors, are always subject to their check for full amount due. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 241 

ORIGIN AND MEANING OF PERSONAL NAMES. 

MALE. 

Names. Origin. Meaning. 

Aaron Hebrew Mountain. 

Abraham Hebrew .- Father of many. 

Adam Chaldaic Ked Earth. 

Albert Saxon All bright. 

Alexander Greek A helper of men. 

Alfred Saxon All peace. 

Amos Hebrew A burden. 

Andrew Greek Courageous. 

Anthony Latin Floui-ishing. 

Archibald German A bold observer. 

Arthur British A strong- man. 

Alonzo Spanish Chivalry. 

Allan Scotch Pious Minstrel. 

Benjamin Hebrew Son of a i-ight hand. 

Cecil Saxon Harmony. 

Clarence Saxon Clear. 

Charles German High spirited, noble. 

Christopher Greek Christ bearing. 

Claude Saxon Virtuous. 

Cyrus Persian Great. 

Daniel Hebrew God is judge. 

David ...Hebrew Well beloved. 

Donald Spanish A fine gentleman. 

Edgar Saxon Fortunate, happy. 

Edward Saxon Happy reaper. 

Eugene. Greek Nobly descended . 

Francis German Free . 

Frank French . . . .Generous, brave, openhearted. 

Frederick German Rich, peace. 

Gabriel Hebrew The strength of God. 

George Greek A husbandman . 

Guy French The mistleloe shrub. 

Henry German A rich lox'd , 

Herbert German ..A bright lord. 

Hugh Dutch High, lofty. 

Horace Greek Light of the sun. 

Hans German Melodious singer. 

Isaac Hebrew Laughter . 

Jacob Hebrew Asupplanter. 

James Roman Charity, beguiling. 

John Hebrew The grace of the Lord. 

Joseph Hebrew Addition. 

Jesse Hebrew The root of David. 

Laurence Latin Crowned with laurel. 

Lewis French Def endc. 

Luke Greek A wood or grove. 

Louis. French For the pe(j|)le. 

Michael Hebrew Who is like God. 

Mark Latin A hammer. 

Martin Latin Martial. 

Matthew Hebrew A gift. 

Maurice Latin Spring of a moor. 

Moses Hebrew Drawn from the water. 

Nathaniel Hebrew, Gift of God; no guile. 

Nicholas Greek Victory of the people. 

Nathan Hebrew Given; agift. 

Noah Arabian Peace ; rest. 

Owen British Well descended . 

Oliver Saxon Peaceful ; serene. 

Oscar Polish Heart breaker. 

Patrick Latin A nobleman . 

Paul.. Latin Small; little. 



242 THE WESTERN WORLD 



Peter Greek A rock or stone. 

Philip Greek A lover of horses. 

Percy Saxon A Lord. 

Ituymond German Quiet; peace. 

Iteuben Hebrew The son of vision. 

llichard Saxon Powerful. 

Kobert — German Famous in counsel . 

]ioger German Strong- counsel. 

Samuel .Hebrew Heard of God . 

Stephen Gi-eek ...A crown or garland. 

Silas Greek Worthy to be praised. 

Sidney British Bruised ; troubled. 

Theodore Greek The gift of God. 

Thomas Hebrew A twin . 

Timothy Greek A fearerof God. 

Vincent Latin Conquering. 

Walter — German A woodmaster. 

William German Defending many. 

Wesley English Brightly shining. 

Zachariah Hebrew Remembering the Lord. 

• FEMALE NAMES. 

Abbie English A refuge. 

Adeline ". German A princess. 

Agnes German Chaste. 

Alice German Noble. 

Amy French Beloved. 

Amelia French Loving. 

Anna Hebrew A prophetess. 

Ada Hebrew A mountain. 

Angelina Roman Sweet messenger. 

Barbara Latin Foreign or strange. 

Beatrice .Latin Making happy. 

Bertha Greek Bright or famous. 

Blanche B'rench Fair. 

Bessie Saxon Little Eliza, 

Belle Spanish The best; the gayest. 

Bridget .Celtic Shining; bright. 

Catharine Greek Pure ; good. 

Charlotte French All noble. 

Caroline Latin Noble spirited . 

Clara Latin Clear and bright. 

Constance Latin Constant. 

Carrie . .Latin Pet Caroline. 

Cornelia Roman Bright sunbeam . 

Cora Greek Keen wit. 

Bora ... Celtic Prolific . 

Delia Spanish Accommodating. 

Delia Celtic Shining ; bright. 

Edith Saxon Happiness . 

EliSlDeth, r ^'^^^^^ T^^ °^*^ "* ^''^' 

Emily Saxon A nurse. 

Emma German A nurse. 

Effie Scotch Heart's devotion. 

Elsie Welsh Mirthful . 

Emmaline Saxon My little nurse. 

Ettie Herman Sprightly; household pet. 

Frances German Free. 

Florence Italian Vernal duty. 

Flora British Lovely bloom. 

Gertrude German All truth . 

Grace Latin Favor. 

Helen Greek A most beautiful woman. 

Hannah. . Hebrew. .The Lord has come to her relief. 

Harriet British A fine lady . 

Hattie — English A handsome lady. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



243 



Henrietta. British Of noble birth. 

Isabella Spanish Fair Eliza. 

Ida Greek A lofty mountain. 

Jane British God'sg-race. 

Jeanette Scotch Little Jane. 

.losephine French A saver of life. 

Julia Roman Charming ; virtuous. 

Juliet Roman Noble and sprightly. 

Jessie Scotch My present. 

Katrina German My beautiful Kate . 

liucy Latui Shining. 

Lj'dia Greek Descended from the Lord. 

Louisa French Defender of the people. 

Laura Greek Famed ; worthy. 

Lillie Saxon Purity. 

Mabel Latin Lovely. 

Margaret German A pearl . 

Martba Hebrew Bitter. 

Maud Greek A lady of honor. 

Minnie Hebrew Numbered ; prepared. 

Mary Hebrew A drop of salt water ; a tear. 

Maria Spanish Mary . 

Matilda British Queenly. 

Nellie Saxon Fair and faithful. 

Olive Persian Peace. 

Paulina Latin Feminine of Paul. 

Rose Latin Perfection. 

Susan Hebrew A lily. 

Sarah Hebrew A princess. 

Viola Spanish Joyous visitant. 



RELATIVE VALUE OF FOOD FOR STOCK. 

One hundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to ; 



Pounds. 

... 4G9 



Articlefi. 
Beets, white Silesia 

Turnips 369 

Rye-straw 397 

Clover, red, green 373 

Carrots 371 

Mangolds 

Potatoes, kept in pit .... 264 

Oat-straw 317 

Potatoes.... 360 

Carrot leaves (tops) 135 

Hay, English 100 



Ay^tides. Pounds. 

Lvicerne 89 

Clover, red, dry 88 

Buckwheat 7Si^ 

Corn 621^ 

Oats 59 

Barley 58 

Rye 531^ 

Wheat 44H 

Oil-cake, linseed 43 

Peas, dry 37^^ 

Bc'iins 23 



HOUSEWIFE'S TABLES. 

1 pound of wheat flour is equal to 1 quart. 

1 pound and 2 ounces of Indian meal make. 1 " 

1 pound of soft butter is equal to 1 " 

1 pound and 2 ounces of be.-t brown sugar make 1 " 

1 pound and 1 ounce of powdered white sugar make 1 " 

1 pound of broken loaf sugar is equal to 1 " 

4 large tablespoonf uls make }4 gill. 

1 common-sized tuml)ler holds }4 pint. 

1 common-sized wine-glass is equal to J^ gill. 

1 tea-cup holds 1 gill. 

1 large wine-glass 2 ounc's 

1 tablespoonf ul is equal to ^ ounce 



POPULATION OF THE WORLD.— Asia, 670,000,000; 
Europe, 320,000,00-0 ; Africa, 200,(00,000 ; North America, 75,000,000; 
Oceanica, 40,000,000 ; South America, 30,000,000. 



244 



THE WESTERN WOULD 



aUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS IN THE VARIOtJS 
STATES. 





Requirement 

as to 
Citizenship. 


Residence in 


States. 


State 


Co. 


Voting 
Prec'ct 


Alabama. . .. 
Arkansas... . 
California... 
Colorado .... 


CitizeiLS or declared intention. 
Citizens or declared intention. 

Actual citizens 

Citizens or declared intention. 


!yr.. 
lyr.. 
].yr.. 
6mos 
lyr.. 
lyr.. 

lyr.. 

1 yr. 

lyr.. 

6mos 

6mos 

6mos 

2yrs. 

1 yr 

3mos 

lyr.. 

lyr. 
3raos 
} mos 
6raos 

lyr.. 

6 mos 
6 mos 


3 mos 
6 mos 
90dys 

6 mos 
Imo. 

6 mos 

6 mos 
90dys 
eOdj's 
GOdys 

lyr:: 

6 mos 
6 mos 

J mo. 
60dys 

SOdys 


Imo... 
1 mo . . . 
30dys.. 


Delaware . . . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 


Actual County taxpayers 

( United States citizens or 1 
1 declared intention f 

Actual citizens .... 




Actual citizens. 

Citizens or declared intention . 


30dys.. 
30dys.. 


Kansas 

Kentucky... 
Louisiana... 
Maine 


Citizens or declared intention. 

Free Avhite male citizens 

Citizens or declared intention . 
Actual citizens 


30dys.. 
60dys.. 
30dys.. 


Maryland . . . 

Ma s fh 1 mpfts 




... 


Citizens . .. .. 


6 mos 


Michigan .... 
Minnesota. . . 
Mississippi . 
Missouri — 
Nebraska . . . 

Nevada 

N.H'mpshire 
New Jersey. 
New York 


Citizens or declared intention. 
Citizens or declared intention. 

Actual citizens 

Citizens or declared intention. 
Citizens or declared intention . 
Citizens or declared intention. 


lOdys.. 
lOdys.. 

T'n.6ra 


Actual citizens 

Actual citizens . 


lyr.. 
lyr.. 
12 mo 
lyr 


5 mos 
4 mos 
90dys 


36dy8.1 


N. Carolina. 
Ohio 


Actual citizens 

Actual citizens.. 


Oregon 

Penn . . 


Citizens or declared intention. 
Actual citizens 


6 mos 
lyr.. 
lyr.. 




2 mos.. 




Actual tax-paying citizens. . . . 

Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 


T'n.6m. 


S.Carolina.. 
Tennessee 


lyr.. 

12 mo 

lyr. 

lyr. 

12 mo 

lyr.. 

lyr.. 


60dy 
6 mos 
6 mos 




Texas 

Vermont 


Citizens or declared intention . 

Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 


6 mos.. 


Virginia 

W.Virginia. 
Wisconsin... 


eOdys 


T'n 3tti 






Citizens or declared intention. 





OIL IN SEEDS. 



Kinds of Seed. Per cent Oil. 

Rapeseed 5.5 

Sweet Almond 47 

Turnip seed 4.5 

White mustard hi 

Bitter Almonds 37 

Hempseed 19 

Linseed 17 

Indian corn 7 



Kinds of Seed. Per cent Oil» 

Oats 6>i 

Clover hay 5 

Wheat bran 4 

Oat-straw 4 

Meadow hay d^ 

W heat-straw. 3 

AVheat flour 3 

Barley 2^ 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



245 



DIFFERENCE IN TIME.-The following table shows the 
time at different places when it it 13 o'clock (noonj at New York 
city. 





Time when 




Tim 13 when 


Names of Cities. 


it is 13 noon 


Names of Cities. 


itisl3noon 




at N.Y. 




at N.Y. 


Albany, N. Y 


13.01p.m. 


Nashville, Tenn . . 


11.09 a.m. 


Atlanta, Ga 


11.18 a.m. 


Newark, N. J 


11.59 A.M. 


Auburn, N.Y 


11.50 a.m. I 


Newburgh, N. Y.. 


13.00 m. 


Baltimore, Md 


11.50 a.m. 1 


Newberry port. 




Bangor, Me 


13.31p.m. j 


Mass. 


12.12 P.M. 


Boston, Mass 


13.13 p.m. 


New Haven,Conn. 


12.04 p.m. 


Bridgeport, Conn.. 


13.03 P.M. 


New Orleans, La. 


10.56 A.M. 


Brooklyn, N. Y.... 


13.00 M. 


Newport, R.I 


13.11 P.M. 


Buffalo, N. Y 


11.40 a.m. 


Norfolk, Va 


11.51a.m. 


Burlington, Iowa.. 


10.51 A.M. 


N'riharapton,Mass 


13.05 P.M. 


Burlington, V. T.. 


13.03 P.M 


Norwich, Conn. . . 


13.07 P.M. 


Charleston, S. C... 


11.36 A.M. 


Ogdensburg,N.Y. 


11.54 A.M. 


Chicago, III 


11.05 A.M. 


Omaha, Neb 


10.33 A.M. 


Cincinnati, 


11.18 a.m. 


Philadelphia, Pa.. 


11..^5 A.M. 


Cleveland, 


11.39 A.M. 


Pittsburg, Pa 


11.36 a.m. 


Oolumbus, 


11.34 A.M. 


Pittstleld, Mass... 


12.02 P.M. 


Concord, N. H ... 


13.10 P.M. 


Portland, Me 


13.15 P.M. 


Council Bluffs, la. . 


10.34 A.M. 


Poughkeepsie,N.Y 


12.00 m. 


Davenport, Iowa. . 


10.53 A.M. 


Providence, R.I.. 


12.10 P.M. 


Dayton, 


11.19 A.M. 


Richmond, Va... 


11.46 a.m. 


Denver, Col 


9.57 A.M. 


Rochester, N. Y.. 


11.43 a.m. 


Des Moines, Iowa . 


10.43 A.M. 


Sacramento, Cal.. 


8.50 A.M. 


Detroit, Mich 


11.34 A.M. 


St. Louis, Mo 


10.55 A.M. 


Dubuque, Iowa. . 


10.54 A.M. 


St. Paul, Minn.... 


10.44 A.M. 


Easton, Pa 


11.55 A.M. 


Salt Lake City, 




Elmim,N. Y 


11.49 a.m. 


Utah 


9.28 A.M. 


Evansville, Ind.... 


11.07 a.m. 


San Antonio, Tex. 


10.23 A.M. 


Fort Wayne, Ind.. 


ILISA.M. 


San Francisco, ("al. 


8.46 A.M. 


Galveston, Tex.... 


10.37 A.M. 


Savannah, Ga. . . . 


11.32 A.M. 


Harrisburg, Pa 


n.49A.M. 


Springfleld, 111 


10.58 A.M. 


Hartford, Conn... 


13.05 P.M. 


Springtleld, Mass. 


12.05 P.M. 


Indianapolis, Ind.. 


11.12 P.M. 


Syracuse, N.Y... . 


11.51 A.M. 


Kansas City, Mo... 


10.37 A.M. 


Terre Haute, Ind. 


11.07 A.M. 


Keok'ik, Iowa .... 


10.50 a.m. 


Toledo. 


11.22 A.M. 


Leavenworth, Kan . 


10.3T A.M. 


Trenton, N. J 


11.54 A.M. 


Little Kock, Ark.. 


10.47 A M. 


Troy, N. Y 


11.58 A.M. 


Louisville, Ky 


11.14 a.m. 


Utica. N.Y 


11.56 A.M. 


Lowell, Mass 


12.10 P.M. 


Vicksburg, Miss.. 


10.53 A.M. 


Memphis, Tenn . . . 


10.55 a.m. 


Washington, D.C. 


11.48 a.m. 


Milwaukee, Wis... 


11.05 A.M. 


Wheeling. W. Va. 


11.33 A.M. 


Mobile, Ala 


11.04 a.m. 


Wilmington, Del. 


11..54 A.M. 


Montgomery, Ala . . 


11.10 a.m. 


Worcester, Mass.. 


12.10 P.M. 



NUMBER OF TACKS TO THE POUND. 



Name. 
1 oz. 

3 " . 

4 " . 



Length . 



.a-16 

.5-16 

.7-16 
.9-16 



No. 

inch 16,000 

..10,666 
.. 8,000 
.. 6,400 
.. 5,333 
.. 4,000 
.. 2,666 
.. 2,000 



Name . Length . No . 

10 oz 11-16 inch 1,600 



.13-16 

■H 

.15-16 
.1 
. 11-16 

■ 1}4 



1,333 
1,143 

1,000 

888 
800 
727 
666 



246 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



NUMBER OF NAILS TO THE POUND. 



Name. 


Size. 


No. 


Name. 


Size. 


No. 


3 penny, 1 


ine 1}^ inch 


760 nails. 


rl6 penny 


33^ inch 


32 nails 


3 " 


: : ; ]g !1 


480 " 


20 '* 


....4 


24 " 


4 " 


300 " 


30 " 


....i}4 " 


18 " 


5 " 


14£ " 


200 " 


40 *' 


5 " 


14 " 


6 '* 


...2 


160 " 


50 " 


....5V^ " 


13 " 


7 " 


::; M " 


128 " 


6 " 


fence 2 


80 " 


8 " 


92 " 


8 " 


" 2^ " 


50 " 


9 " 


2% " 


72 " 


to " 


*' 3 


34 " 


10 " 


... 3 


60 " 


12 " 


" 3M " 


29 " 


13 " 


... 3M " 


44 " 









TIME AT WHICH MONEY DOUBLES AT INTEREST. 

Per Cent. Simple Interest. Compoundlnterest. 

3 50 years. 35 years 2 days. 

2V^ 40 years. 28 years 26 days. 

3 33 years 4 months. 23 years 164 days. 

S14 38 years 208 days. 20 years 54 days. 

4 25 years. 17 jears 246 days. 

'i}4 33 years 81 days. 15 years 273 days. 

5 30 years. 15 years 75 days. 

6 16 years 8 months. 11 years 328 days. 

7 14 years 105 days. 10 years 89 days. 

8: 13^ years. 9 years 2 days. 

9 11 years 40 days. 8 years 16 days. 

10 10 years. 7 years 100 days. 



WAGES PAID IN EUROPE AND UNITED STATES. 

— Comparative rates of weekly wages paid in Europe and in the 
United States in 1878. The wages paid in the United States vary, 
diminishing in the East and South and increasing at the West 
and North-west. 





"So 

1 


1 

Q 




c 

s 

o 


>> 
rt 


2 S 


"^1 


Bakers 

Blacksmiths 

Bookbinders. . . 


4"40 
4 40 


A. 

3 90 

3 72 

4 25 
■4i5 


s 

5 55 

5 45 

4 85 

4 00 

6 00 

5 42 
3 15 

i'go' 


3 50 
3 55 
3 82 

3 m 

3 97 

4 00 
2 87 

2 92 

3 92 
3 80 

3 60 

4 80 
3 12 
3 58 
3 65 


S 
3 90 
3 94 
3 90 

3 45 

4 95 

4 18 

3 .50 

2 60 

4 00 
4 35 

3 90 

3 90 

4 32 
4 30 
3 60 


6 50- 5 60 

7 04- 8 2 

6 50- 7 83 

7 58- 9 03 
7 70- 8 48 

7 33- 8 25 

3 40- 4 25 

4 50- 5 00 
7 25- 8 16 
7 68-10 13 
7 13- 8 46 
7 52- 7 75 

- 7 35 

5 00-7 30 

6 00- 7 30 


8-13 
9-13 
9- 20 


Bricklayers 

Cabinetmakers- 
Carpenters and 

Joiners 

Farm laborers.. 
Laborers, etc... 

Painters 

Plasteres 


6 00 
4 80 

540 

'sbo' 

4 20 

5 40 
600 


6- 10* 
7-15 

7M2 

■5^'9' 
6- 13 
9- 15 


Plumbers 

Printers 


■4'62' 

3 30 

4 10 
3 90 


5 50 
4 70 

4 75 

5 10 
4 40 


12- 20 

12- 18 






9- 18 


Tailors 

Tinsmiths 


'4'86' 


6- 18 
9- 13 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



247 



PRICES OF THE NECESSABIES OF LIFE in Europe 
and the United States. 









c 


s 


>, 


25 


s 






C5 


ft< 


o 


^ 


O 


o 






rf8 


(7f,s. 


Cts. 


Cts. 


Cts. 


Cts. 


Beef— roast... 


, Ih 


20 


22 


22 


20 


23 


H-12]4 


Corned 


..lb 


16 


16 


13 


12 


18-20 


4- 7 


Beans 


:% 






10 
3-7 


13 

6 


3^-4^ 


5-9 


Bread 


4- .5 


3 


4-4>^ 


Butter 


..lb 


20-50 


25 


23 


28 


29-38 


16-40 


Coal 


ton 






$4 25 


$11 00 


S365-$410 


$3-6 75 


Codfish 


..lb 








9 


0- 8 


&-9 


Coffee 


..lb 


;^o-4(i 


30 


35 


32 


28-50 


16-40 


Eggs 


doz 


20-3.5 


IS 


30 


18 


14-30 


10-24 


Flour 


..lb 




4 


5»4 


10 


3)4- m 


3^^^ 


Lard 


. lb 


2(1 


20 


21 


22 


12-18 


6-10 


Milk 


.X 






4 
14^ 


7 
15 


5- 9 
16-17 


^6 


Mutton fore q 


10 


16 


5-12^ 


Oatmeal 


..lb 






8 




3^-4^ 


4-5 


Pork, fresh. . 


..lb 


10 


14 


17 


13 


10-16 


4- 5 


" salted... 


lb 


16 


14 


17 


18 


10-16 


6-12 


" bacon . . 


. lb 


IS 


20 


20 


22 


13-16 


7-12 


" sausage 


..lb 


20 


16 


19 


20 


18 


6-10 


Potatoes 


.bu 


56 


50 


50 


$ 1 15 


68-f2 00 


60-80 


Rice 


..lb 






9 


6 




5-10 


Soap 


..lb 






10 


4 


5^-9 


3-8 


Sugar . . 


..lb 


15-20 




11 


8^ 


5J^-10 


7-10 


Tea 


..lb 






75 




40-88 


25-$1.00 













FASTEST TRANSATLANTIC TIME ON RECORD.- 

he time of passage given in the table below represents the 
quickest ocean trips on record. It will be seen that we ai-e gain- 
ing in speed. 



New York to Queenstown 
New York to Queenstown 
New Y''ork to Queenstown 
New York to Queenstown 
NewY'ork to Queenstown 
QueetKtown to New York 
New Y'ork to Queenstown 
Queenstown to New York 
New York to Queenstown 
Philadelphia to Queenst'n 
New York to Havana. . . 

Havana to New York 

New Y'ork to Aspinwall.. 
Aspinwall to New Y^ork.. 
S.Francisi'o to Y'okohama 
Yokohama to S.Francisco 
Queenstown to New York 



MLS 



2,950 
2,950 
2.9.50 
2,950 
2,9.50 
2,9"0 
2,951) 
2,9:50 
3.950 
3,050 
1,335 
1,335 
3,3(10 
3,300 
4,764 
4,764 
3,950 



Steamer. 



Date. 



Oregon 

Arizona 

.Yrizona 

Britannic. 

City of Berlin. 
City of Berlin. 

Russia 

tiussia 

Russia 

Illinois 

C'y Vera Cruz. 
Cityof N.Y^'rk. 
H5^ Chaunccy 
Hv, Chauncey 
Cty of Peking 

Oceanic 

Etruria 




6 6 53 

7 7 48 
7 9 23 
7 13 46 
7 15 48 

7 18 03 

8 6 30 

8 3 58 

9 8 13 
8 18 13 
4 43 
3 10 7 
6 14 .. 
6 5 30 

15 9 .. 
14 13 . . 
6 5 31 



248 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD MEASTJIIE will be 
found In the following table. It the loy is longer than is con- 
tained in the table add together the contents of two logs making 
up the required length. The first column on the left gives the 
length of the log in feet. The figures under D denote the 
diameters of the logs in inches. Fractional parts of inches are 
not given. The diameter is taken at the top, or small end. To 
find the number of feet of boards which a log will produce Avhen 
sawed, take the length of feet in the first column on the left hand 
and the diameter at the top of the page in inches. Allowance 
must be made for very crooked logs. 



Length 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


of Log. 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


20 


21 
194 


22 

210 


23 

237 


24 


10 feet... 


54 


66 


76 


93 


iO^ 


!07 


1.37 


154 


179 


256 


11 " ... 


.59 


72 


83 


102 


114 


131 


151 


169 


196 


213 


231 


261 


270 


12 " .. 


64 


78 


90 


111 


12+ 


14:^ 


164 


184 


213 


2:^2 


2.52 


285 


m) 


13 " ... 


69 


84 


97 


120 


134 


1.54 


177 


199 


231 


251 


273 


308 


327 


14 " ... 


74 


90 


104 


129 


144 


166 


191 


214 


249 


270 


293 


332 


350 


15 " ... 


79 


96 


111 


1.38 


154 


177 


204 


229 


266 


2S9 


314 


355 


3:6 


16 " ... 


84 


102 


118 


146 


164 


189 


217 


244 


284 


308 


;^i5 


379 


401 


17 " ... 


89 


108 


126 


1.55 


173 


200 


231 


2.59 


301 


327 


;i56 


402 


426 


18 " ... 


94 


114 


133 


164 


183 


212 


244 


274 


319 


346 

;-65 


377 


426 


451 


19 " ... 


99 


121 


140 


173 


193 


22;^ 


257 


287 


3;}6 


398 


447 


477 


30 " ... 


104 


127 


147 


182 


2ft3 


2m 


271 


304 


;i54 


;«4 


419 


473 


501 


21 " ... 


109 


1.33 


154 


191 


213 


247 


284 


319 


371 


403 


440 


497 


527 


22 " ... 


114 


1.39 


161 


200 


223 


259 


297 


;^^4 


389 


422 


461 


520 


.552 


23 " ... 


119 


145 


168 


209 


2:^3 


270 


311 


349 


407 


441 


481 


542 


568 


24 " ... 


124 


1.51 


176 


218 


243 


282 


325 


3(i4 


424 


460 


,502 


5<i8 


613 


2.5 " ... 


129 


157 


las 


227 


2.53 


293 


3:^7 


379 


442 


479 


.52:3 


591 


628 


26 " ... 


134 


163 


190 


2.36 


26;? 


305 


3.50 


394 


4,59 


498 


544 


615 


(53 


27 " ... 


139 


169 


197 


245 


273 


316 


363 


409 


477 


,517 


565 


639 


678 


28 " ... 


144 


175 


204 


254 


28;^ 


32H 


376 


424 


494 


,536 


586 


663 


70;^ 


29 " ... 


149 


181 


211 


26R 


293 


.339 


389 


4;^9 


.512 


.5.% 


607 


687 


728 


30 *' ... 


154 


187 


218 


272 


303 


,351 


402 


4,54 


529 


574 


628 


711 


753 


31 " ... 


159 


193 


225 


281 


313 


362 


415 


469 


547 


593 


649 


735 


7V8 





D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


I). 


D. 




25 


26 
.309 


27 
3:^9 


28 
.359 


29 
.377 


30 
407 


31 

440 


32 
456 


33 

486 


34 

496 


35 
543 


36 


10 feet . . 


2a3 


573 


11 " ... 


311 


.3*0 


.374 


396 


415 


447 


48'. 


.5(2 


,5;i5 


546 


59K 


630 


12 " ... 


.340 


.371 


408 


432 


4.53 


489 


.528 


,548 


584 


596 


65;i 


688 


13 " ... 


.369 


404 


442 


469 


491 


.5,30 


572 


,594 


633 


646 


708 


746 


14 " ... 


.397 


435 


476 


,5a5 


.529 


571 


618 


640 


682 


696 


762 


803 


15 " ... 


426 


4a5 


.511 


.541 


.567 


612 


662 


686 


731 


746 


817 


861 


16 " ... 


4.55 


496 


545 


578 


605 


a53 


706 


732 


780 


796 


872 


919 


17 " ... 


483 


.527 


579 


614 


643 


694 


751 


778 


829 


846 


927 


976 


18 " ... 


.512 


5.58 


613 


6.50 


681 


7,35 


795 


824 


87H 


896 


981 


1034 


19 " ... 


.541 


.590 


647 


688 


719 


776 


8:^9 


870 


927 


946 


1036 


1092 


20 " ... 


,569 


621 


681 


724 


757 


817 


884 


916 


976 


996 


1091 


1148 


21 " ... 


.598 


a52 


716 


760 


796 


a59 


928 


962 


1025 


1046 


1146 


1206 


22 " ... 


627 


684 


7.50 


796 


m 


900 


972 


1008 


1074 


1096 


1200 


1264 


23 " ... 


6,55 


715 


784 


8.33 


872 


941 


1017 


10.54 


112;i 


1146 


1255 


1318 


24 " ... 


6S4 


746 


818 


889 


910 


982 


1061 


1100 


1172 


1196 


1310 


1376 


25 " ... 


713 


777 


8.53 


906 


948 


1023 


1105 


1146 


1221 


1246 


1365 


1434 


26 " ... 


742 


808 


887 


942 


986 


1064 


1149 


1192 


1270 


1296 


1420 


1492 


27 " ... 


771 


a39 


9r^l 


979 


1024 


1105 


1193 


12;^ 


1,519 


i;^6 


1475 


1550 


28 " ... 


800 


870 


955 


1015 


1062 


1146 


12:^7 


1284 


i;^68 


1396 


1,530 


1608 


29 " ... 


829 


901 


989 


10.52 


1100 


1187 


1281 


VM 


1417 


1446 


]5a5 


1666 


30 " ... 


8.58 


9,32 


102;^ 


1088 


11.38 


1228 


i;«5 


1376 


14(J6 


1496 


1640 


1724 


31 " ... 


887 


963 


1057 


1125 


1176 


1269 


1369 


1422 


1515 


1546 


1695 


1782 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



249 



TO FIND THE CONTENTS OF ANY LOG.-Add to- 
gether the two extreme diameters, and divide by 2 for the mean 
diameter. Subtract one-third for the side of the square the log 
will make when hewn. Square the side thus obtained, and 
multiply the product by the length of the log in feet, and divide 
the last product by 144 (or by 13 twice), the quotient will be the 
cubical contents in feet, and twelfths of a foot. 



SHRINKAGE OF GRAIN.— Wheat from the time it is 
threshed will shrink 7 per cent in six months, under the most fa- 
vorable circumstances. Corn shrinks much more from the time 
it is husked, averag-ing about 20 per cent during the ttrst six 
months. In the case of potatoes— taking those that rot and are 
otherAvise lost— together with the shrinkage, there is but little 
donl»t that between October and June the loss to the owner who 
holds them is not less than 3U per cent. 



BOARD AND PLANK MEASUREMENT- AT SIGHT. 

— Tills table gives the sq. ft. and in. in board from 6 to 25 in. wide, 
and from 8 to 36 ft. long. If a board be longer than 36 ft., unite 
two numbers. Thus, if a board is 40 ft. long and 16 in. wide, add 
30 and 10, and you have 53 ft. 4 in. For 2-in. plank double the 
product. 

To find the contents of any piece thicker than one inch, 
multiply the contents of a similar piece one inch thick as given 
in the table, by the thickness in inches. All stuff less than one 
inch thick is counted as an inch thick. 





6 in. 


7 in. 


Sin. 


9 in. 


10 


in. 


11 


in. 


12 


in. 


13 


in. 


14 


in. 


15 in. 


W 


• 


W. 


W 


• 


W. 


W. 


w. 


W. 


w. 


W. 


w. 


^ ^ 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


n. 


ft. 


n. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


8... 


4 





4 


8 


5 


4 


T" 


~0 


6 


8 


7 


4 


8 





8 


~8 


9 


4 


10 


9... 


4 


6 


5 


3 


6 





6 


9 


7 


6 


8 


3 


9 





9 


9 


10 


6 


11 3 


10... 


5 





5 


10 


6 


8 


7 


6 


8 


4 


9 


2 


10 





10 


10 


U 


8 


12 6 


11... 


5 


6 


6 


5 


7 


4 


8 


3 


9 


2 


10 


1 


11 





11 


11 


12 


10 


13 9 


12... 


6 





7 





8 





9 





10 





11 





12 





13 





14 





15 


13... 


6 


6 


7 


7 


8 


8 


9 


9 


10 


10 


11 


11 


13 





14 


1 


15 


2 


16 3 


14... 


7 





8 


2 


9 


4 


10 


6 


n 


8 


13 


10 


14 





15 


2 


16 


4 


17 6 


15... 


7 


6 


8 


9 


10 


U 


11 


3 


12 


6 


13 


9 


15 





16 


3 


17 


6 


18 9 


16... 


8 





9 


4 


10 


8 


13 





13 


4 


14 


8 


16 





17 


4 


18 


8 


30 


17... 


8 


6 


9 


11 


11 


4 


13 


9 


14 


2 


15 


7 


17 





18 


5 


19 


10 


31 3 


18... 


9 





10 


H 


12 


13 


6 


15 





16 


6 


18 





19 


6 


21 





22 6 


19... 


9 


6 


11 


1 


13 


8 


14 


3 


15 


10 


17 


5 


19 





■zo 


7 


22 


2 


^ 9 


20... 


10 





11 


8 


13 


4 


15 





16 


8 


18 


4 


20 





31 


8 


23 


4 


:>5 


21... 


10 


6 


12 


3 


14 





15 


9 


17 


6 


19 


3 


31 





33 


9 


24 


6 


36 3 


22... 


11 





12 


10 


14 


8 


16 


6 


18 


4 


20 


2 


33 





33 


10 


25 


8 


27 6 


23... 


11 


6 


13 


5 


15 


4 


17 


3 


19 


2 


21 


1 


33 





24 


11 


26 


10 


28 9 


24... 


12 





14 





16 





18 





30 





23 





34 





26 





28 





30 


25... 


12 


6 


14 


7 


16 


8 


18 


9 


20 


10 


22 


11 


35 





27 


1 


29 


2 


31 3 


26... 


13 





15 


<■? 


17 


4 


19 


6 


21 


8 


23 


10 


36 





28 


2 


30 


4 


33 6 


27-. 


13 


6 


15 


9 


18 


020 


3 


23 


6 


24 


9 


37 





39 


3 


31 


6 


;J3 9 


28... 


14 





16 


4 


18 


8 


31 





23 


4 


35 


8 


38 





30 


4 


33 


8 


a5 


29... 


14 


6 


16 


11 


19 


4 


Si 


9 


24 


2 


26 


7 


39 





31 


5 


33 


10 


36 3 


30... 


15 





17 


6 


30 





23 


6 


25 





27 


6 


30 





33 


6 


35 





37 6 


31... 


15 


6 


18 


1 


20 


8 


2S 


3 


25 


10 


28 


5 


31 





33 


7 


36 


2 


38 9 


32... 


16 





18 


8 


21 


4 


34 





26 


8 


29 


4 


33 





;34 


8 


37 


4 


-to 


33... 


16 


6 


19 


3 


33 





34 


9 


27 


6 


30 


3 


33 





35 


9 


38 


6 


41 3 


34... 


17 





19 


10 


33 


8 


25 


6 


2S 


4 


31 


9 


34 





36 


10 


39 


8 


43 6 


35... 


17 


6 


20 


5 


33 


4 


26 


3 


39 


2 


32 


i 


35 





37 


11 


40 


10 


43 9 


36... 


18 





21 





34 





37 





30 





33 





36 





39 





43 





45 



250 



THE WESTERN WORLD 





16 


in. 


17 


in. 


18 


in. 


19 


in. 


20 


in 


31 


in.'33 


in. 


23 


in. 


24 


n. 


35 in. 


i| 


W. 


W. 


W. 


W. 


W 


• 


w. 1 ^y. 


W. 


W. 


W. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in.! ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


8... 


10 


8 


11 


4 


13 





13 


8 


13 


4 


14 


0114 
9ii6 


8 


15 


4 


16 





16 8 


9... 


13 





13 


9 


13 


6 


14 


3 


15 





15 


6 


17 


3 


18 





18 9 


10... 


13 


4 


14 


2 


15 





15 


10!16 


8 


17 


6 


18 


4 


19 


2 


30 





20 10 


11... 


14 


8 


15 


7 


16 


(5 


17 


5 


18 


4 


19 


3 


30 


3 


31 


1 


22 





33 11 


13... 


16 





17 





18 





19 





30 





31 





22 





23 





34 





35 


13,.. 


17 


4 


18 


5 


19 


6 


30 


7 


21 


8 


33 


9 


23 


10 


34 


11 


36 





37 1 


14... 


18 


8 


19 


10 


31 





23 


2 


23 


4 


34' 


6 


25 


8 


36 


10 


38 





39 2 


15... 


30 





31 


3 


33 


6 


33 


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36 


3 


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6 


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9 


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(» 


31 3 


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31 


4 33 


8 


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35 


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8 


28 





29 


4 


m 


8 


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33 4 


17... 


33 


8 


34 


1 


25 


6 


36 


11 


38 


4'29 


9 


31 


2 


33 




34 





35 5 


18... 


34 





35 


fi 


27 





38 


6 


30 





31 


6 


33 





34 


6 


36 


Q 


37 6 


19... 


35 


4 


36 


11 


38 


6 


m 


1 


31 


8 


3;^ 


3 


34 


10 


36 


5 


38 





39 7 


2()... 


m 


8 


38 


4 


;^) 





31 


8 


m 


4 


35 





36 


8 


38 


4 


40 


() 


41 8 


21... 


38 





39 


9 


31 


6 


3;^ 


3 


;i5 





36 


9 


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6 


4<1 


3 


43 





43 9 


23... 


39 


4 


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2 


33 





34 


10 


m 


8 


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6 


40 


4 


42 


2 


44 





45 10 


23... 


30 


8 


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7 


34 


6 


36 


5 


38 


4 


40 


3 


43 


2 


44 


1 


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47 11 


2t... 


as 





34 





36 





38 





40 





42 





44 





46 


4 


48 





50 


25... 


;i4 


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37 


6 


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7 


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8 


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58 4 


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63 6 




A COON HUNT 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 251 



FACTS FOB BUILDERS.— One thousand shingles laid 
four inches to the weather will cover over 100 square feet of sur- 
face, and five pounds of shingle nails will fasten them on. 

One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number 
of square feet of surface to be covered, because of the lap in the 
sidmg and matching of the floor. 

One thousand laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 11 pounds 
of lath nails will nail them on. 

Eight bushels of good lime, 16 bushels of sand and 1 bushel of 
hair will make enough mortar to plaster 100 square yards. 

A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime and a cubic yard of sand 
will lay 100 cubic feet of wall. 

Five courses of brick will lay 1 foot in height on a chimney, 9 
bricks in a course will make a flue 8 inches wide and 20 inches 
long, and 8 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 inches wide and 
16 inches long. 

A cask of lime will make into mortar sufficient, commonly, 
for from 1,000 to 1,100 bricks; 1,000 may be considered a safe 
estimate. 

Sand is estimated by the load, a load containing from 19 to 21 
bushels. This is suflicient for about 2 casks of lime; therefore we 
may estimate 1 cask of lime to 10 bushels of sand. 



^WHITEWASH.— Make the whitewash in the ordinary man- 
ner, then place it over a tire and bring it to a boil; then stir into 
each gallon a tablespoonful of powdered alum, a half pint of 
good flour paste, and half a pound of glue dissolved in water, 
while it is boiling. 

RELATIVE HARDNESS OF WOODS.-Taking shell 
bai'k as the highest standard of our forest trees, and calling that 
100, other trees will compare with it as follows: 

Shell Bark Hickory 100 Yellow Oak 60 

Pignut Hickory 96 White Elm 58 

White Oak 84 Hard Maple 56 

White Ash 77 Red Cedar 56 

Dogwood 75 Wild Cherry 55 

Scrub Oak 73 Yellow Pine 54 

White Hazel 72 Chestnut 52 

Apple Tree 70 Yellow Poplar 51 

Red Oak 60 Butternut 43 

White Beech 65 White Birch 43 

Black Walnut 65 White Pine 30 

Black Birch 62 



BIBLE FACTS.— The first translation of the Bible was the 
celel)rated Greek version of the Old Testament, called the Sep- 
tuagint, made B.C. 285. The meaning of the title is seA-enty, 
and was bestowed upon the word because of the approval of tlie 
version by the Sanhedrim, the highest .Jewish tribunal, cora- 
l>osed of seventy-one inembei-s. The first English translation 
was John Wycliffe's, from the Latin, about 1382. The first 
printed English version of the New Testament was William T5'n- 
daPs translation from the original in 1.525. First Bible (complete) 
printed in English, was Miles ( -overdale's, 1.535. The first English 
version printed in Roman letters was the '* Geneva Bil)le," by a 
company of English exiles in 1.560,- in general use about 60 yeare. 
The common translation in use for the last 274 years, is "King 
James" version, by 54 divines, issued at his cnmma)td in 1611, after 
seven years labor upon it. The New Revised Edition of the 
Bible, of which the New Testament was published May 17, 1881, 
was pi'cpared, and laboriously finished, by 52 English divines, 
appointed in May, 1870, and 30 American, appointed in 1871. Since 
1800, the English and American Societies have printed of the 



252 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



Protestant version of the Bible or New Testament, over 125,000,- 
000 copies. The Bible is now printed in 226 different languages 
and dialects. The total numberof languagesand dialects spoken 
throughout the world is about 915. The Bible contains 3,566,480 
letters, 773,746 wox-ds, 31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters, and 66 books. 
The word and occurs 46,377 times. The word Lord occurs 1,855 
times. The word reverend occurs but once, which is in the 9th 
verse of the 111th Psalm. The middle verse is the 8th verse of 
the 118th Psa'm. The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of Ezra con- 
tains all the letters of the alphabet except the letter J . The 19th 
chapter of of II Kings and the 37th chapter of Isaiah are Hlike. 
The longest verse is the 9th verse of the 8th chapter of Esther. 
The shortest verse is the 35th verse of the 11th chapter of St. 
John. There are no words or names of more than six syllables. 



SHORT RULES FOR CASTING INTEREST. 

For finding the interest on any principal for any number of 
days, the answer in each case being in cents. Separate the two 
right hand figures to express it in dollars and cents. 

Four Per Cent.— Multiply the principal by the number of 
days to run; separate the right hand figure from the product, and 
divide by 9. 

Five Per Cent.— Multiply by number of days and divide 
by 72. 

Six Per Cent.— Multiply by number of days; separate right 
hand figure, and divide by 6. 

Seven Per Cent.— To find the interest on any sum at 7 per 
cent, take the interest given by the tables at 6 per cent., add one- 
sixth to thiit amount, and you have the interest at 7 per cent. 

Ei^ht Per Cent.— Multiply by number of days and divide 
by 45. 

Nine Per Cent.— Multiply by number of days; separate right 
hand figui-e and divide by 4. 

Ten Per Cent. — Multiply by number of days and divide 
by 36. 

Twelve Per Cent.— Multiply by number of days; separate 
right hand figure and divide by 3. 

Fifteen Per Cent.— Multiply by number of days and divide 
by 24. 

Eigfhteen Per Cent.— Multiply by number of days; separate 
right hand figure and divide by 2. 

Twenty Per Cent.— Multiply by number of days and divide 
by 18. 

A short way for reckoning interest on odd days, at any rate 
per cent, is as follows: Multiply the principal by the number of 
days, and for 6 per cent, divide by 60; for 7 per cent, by 51; for 
8 per cent, by 40; for 10 per cent, by 36; for 12 per cent, by 30. 



POWER REaniRED TO GRIND GRAIN WITH PORT- 
ABLE MILLS. 



Horse 
power. 


Size of 
stones. 


Revolutions 
per minute. 


Bush. Corn 
per hour. 


Bush. Wheat 
per hour. 


2 to 5 

5 to 8 

8 to 11 

13 to 18 

20 to 30 


13 inch. 
20 " 
30 " 
36 " 

48 " 


800 to 900 
a50 to 700 
550 to 600 
450 to 500 
350 to 400 


1 to 4 

5 to 8 

10 to 15 

18 to 25 

25 to 35 


1 to 3 

4 to 6 

7 to 10 

12 to 15 

15 to 18 



TO STOP SQUEAKING SHOES drive a peg in the center 
of the sole. 



GUIDE AldD HAND-BOOK. 253 



OATMEAIi.— It takes about 12 bushels of oats to make a 
barrel of 300 lbs. of oatmeal; another rating estimates that H lbs. 
of oats produces 8 lbs. of oat meal. 

One Bushel of buckwheat, or 50 lbs., will produce 25 lbs. of 
buckwheat meal; more may be obtained, but the quality will be 
impaired. 

One Bushel of good wheat (60 lbs.) is estimated to make 40 
lbs. of flour; i. e., 3J^ bushels of wheat for 100 lbs. of flour. 



SUN DIAI/-HOW MADE.— Upon a level, hard surface, 
describe with compasses, a circle eight or ten inches in diameter. 
Drive a piece of heavy wire, six or eight inches long, perpendicu- 
larly in the center, leaving it just high enough to allow the 
extreme end of the shadow to fall upon the circle about 9:30 or 
10 o'clock. Mark this point and the point where the end of the 
shadow touches the circle in the afternoon. Draw a line from a 
point exactly half-way between the two to the center of the 
circle. This line will be the meridian line or noon mark. The 
dial should be made either April 15, June 15, September 1, or 
December 24, as on these four days, and no other, the noon-mark 
or sun-dial will coincide with 12 o'clock. 



SaUARING THE CIRCLE.— One-half of the diameter 
multipled by the diameter or seven-elevenths of the area of the 
circle, will give the area of an inscribed square. To find the side 
of an inscribed square, multiply one-fourth of the circumfer- 
ence by nine. When the circumference is given, to find the 
diameter, multiply by seven and divide by twenty-two. Eleven- 
fourteenths of the diameter gives exactly one-fourth of the cir- 
cumference. The above solution is mathematically true. 



PROPORTIONATE PROPERTIES OF FOOD : „ , 

Heat 

One hundred Water, Muscle and Fat 

parts of each. etc. making. makitig. 

Apples 84.0 5.0 10.0 

Barley 14.0 15.0 68.8 

Beans 14.8 24.0 57.7 

Beef 50.0 15.0 30.0 

Buckwheat 14.2 8.6 75.4 

Butter all. 

Cabbage 90.0 4.0 5.0 

Cheese 100 65.0 19.0 

Chicken 46.0 18.0 32.0 

Corn 14.0 12.0 ' 73.0 

Cucumbers 97.0 1.5 1.0 

Eggs, white of 53.0 17.0 none. 

Eggs,yelkof 79.0 15.0 27.0 

Lamb 50.5 11.0 35.0 

Milk— cow's 86.0 5.0 80 

Mutton 44.0 12.5 40.0 

Oats 13.6 17.0 66.4 

Peas 140 23.4 60.0 

Pork 38.5 10.0 500 

Potatoes 75 2 1.4 22.5 

Rice 13.5 6.5 795 

Turnips 94.4 1.1 40 

Veal 68.5 10.1 16.5 

Wheat 14.0 14.6 69.4 



A SUPERIOR LINIMENT for man or beast is composed 
of equal parts of laudanum, alcohol and oil of wormwood. 



254 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



ROPE.— Table showing what weights hemp rope will bear 
with safety. 



Circumference. 


Pounds. 


Circumference. 


Pounds. 


1 inch. 


200 


3 inch. 


1,800 




312.5 


iS '' 


2,112.5 


450 


2,450 


m " 


612.5 


3% " 


2,812.5 


3 '* 


800 


4 " 


3,200 


2^ " 


1,012.5 


5 " 


5,000 


2/^ " 


1.250 


6 " 


7,200 


3M " 


1,513.5 







A square inch of hemp fibers will support a weight of 9,2C0 
pounds. The maximum strength of a good hemp rope is 6,400 
pounds to the square inch. Its practical value is not more than 
one-half this strain. Before breaking, it stretches from one- 
fifth to one-seventh, and its diameter diminishes one-fourth to 
one-seventh. The strength of manilla is about one-half that of 
hemp. White ropes are one-third more durable. Wire rope is 
about two and one-eighth times as strong as hemp rope. 



INTERESTING FACTS. 

There are 2,750 languages. 

America was discovered in 1493. 

A square mile contains 640 acres. 

Envelopes were first used in 1839. 

Telescopes were invented in 1590. 

A barrel of rice weighs 600 pounds. 

A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds. 

A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. 

A firkin of butter weighs 56 pounds. 

The first steel pen was made in 1830. 

A span is ten and seven-eighths inches. 

A hand (horse measure) is four inches. 

Watches were first constructed in 1476. 

A storm moves thirty-six miles per hour. 

A hurricane moves eighty miles per hour. 

The first iron steamship was built in 1830. 

The first lucifer match was made in 1829. 

Gold was discovered in California in 1848. 

The first horse railroad was built in 1826-7. 

The average human life is thirty-three years. 

Coaches were first used in England in 1569. 

Modern needles first came into use in 1545. 

Kerosene was first used for lighting purposes in 1826. 

The first newspaper was published in England in 1588. 

The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652. 

Glass windows were first introduced iiito England in the eighth 
century. 

Albert Durer gave the world a prophecy of future wood en- 
graving in 1527. 

Measure 209 feet on each side and you will have a square acre 
within an inch. 

The first complete sewing machine was patented by Elias 
Howe, Jr., in 1848. 

The first steam engine on this continent was brought from 
England in 1753. 

The first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled 
carriage in France in 1559. 

The present national colors of the United States were not 
adopted by congress until 1777. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



BUSINESS LAW. 

Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 

An agreement without consideration is void. 

Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. 

A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. 

The acts of one partner bind all the others. 

Contracts made on Sundaj^ cannot be enforced. 

A contract made with a minor or a lunatic is void. 

Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. 

Agents are responsible to their principals for errors. 

Each individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole 
amount of the debt of the firm. 

A note given by a minor is void. 

Notes bear interest only when so stated. 

It is not legally necessary to say on a note " for value received." 

A note drawn on Sunday is void. 

A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in a state of 
intoxication, cannot be collected. 

If a note be lost or stolen, it does not release the maker ; he 
must pay it. 

An indorser of a note is exempt from liability if not served 
with notice of its dishonor within twenty-four hours of its non- 
payment 

It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 

The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 

A personal right of action dies with the person. 

In making agreements, consider not only your rights^ but also 
what are your remedies. 



THE FASTEST RAILROAD TIME yet made is 73 miles 
per hour. 

SHRINKAGE IN DIMENSION OF TIMBER BY SEA- 
SONING. 



TT'oods. Inches. 

Pitch pine, South. ..18% to 18^ 

Spruce 8^^ to 8% 

White pine, Amer.. 13 to 11% 
Yellow pine 18 to 17% 



Woods. Inches. 

Cedar, Canada 14 to 13J4 

Elm lltoluM 

Oak, English 13 to 11% 

Pitch pine 10x10 to 9Mx9M 



THE TERM PENNY AS APPLIED TO NAILS.-The 

terra penny as applied to nails is generally supposed to have been 
derived from pound. It originally meant so many pounds to 
the thousand ; that is, six-penny means six pounds of nails to 
the thousand. The thousand was always understood, and six 
pound, ten poimd, etc., wei-e gradually shortened until the 
present term peiniy has entirely taken the place of pound. 



AREAS OF CIRCLES.— The diameter of any circle, mul- 
tipled by 3.1416 equals the oircuraference. The circumference 
multiplied by .31831 equals the diameter. The square of the 
diametei', multiplied by .7854 equals the area. The square of cir- 
cumference, multiplied by .07958 equals the area. 



TO MEASURE GRAIN IN THE BIN.-By the United 
States standard, 2, l.'^O cubic inches make a bushel: a cubic foot 
contains 1,728 cubic inches. Rule— Multiply the number of feet 
Avideof bin, by the length, the result by the depth, then divide 
the product by 5 and multiply the quotient by 4, which number 
will give the quantity in bushels. 



256 THE WESTERN WORLD 



EMERGENCIES. 

Apoplexy.— Elevate head and body, apply cold to head ana 
nape of neck, and heat to feet and stomach. 

Epileptic Fit.— Lay patient on the back. Avith little or no 
elevation of head, keep off the snn, prevent from self-injurj', 
put cloth between teeth to prevent biting tongue; when convul- 
sion subsides, keep patient quiet. 

Fainting". —Lay patient down, head as low as possible, loosen 
clothinfi, keep back crowd, admit fresh air, sprinkle Avater on 
face, apply ammonia to nostrils till revived. 

If an artery is severed (bright red blood, in spurts), com- 
press between wound and heart. If a vein be broken (dark 
blood, steady flow), compress away from heart. 

Sore Throat or Diphtheria.— Gargle lemon juice and swal- 
low a portion; or salt and water, or tincture of iron (mild). 

Bruises.— Bathe with cold water till pain is allayed, then use 
warm Avater to take away discoloration. 

Poisoning.— In all ordinary cases, especially if cause is un- 
known, give an emetic, consisting of a teaspoonf ul each of salt 
and mustard in a glass of warm (not hot) water, and send for a 
physician or druggist. After vomiting, the effect may be over- 
come by swallowing the whites of two or three eggs and drinking 
a cup or two of strong coffee. Sweet oil, taken freely, is excel- 
lent in cases of poisoning. Suck poisoned wounds, unless mouth 
is sore, and for snake bites give whisky till its influence is felt. 
For bites of insects apply diluted ammonia to wound. 



TABLE showing the altitudes above the sea-level of 
various places in the United States. 

Feet. Feet. 

Portland,Me J87 Cleveland, Ohio a43 

Concord, N. H 374 Detroit,Mich 597 

Mt. Washington 6,293 Ann Arbor, Mich 891 

Rutland. Vt 5(X) Indianapolis, Ind 698 

Boston, Mass 83 Chicago, 111 591 

Albany, N. Y 75 Elgin, 111 777 

NewYork, N. Y 60 Winnebago, 111 900 

Buffalo, N. Y 585 Milwaukee, Wis 591 

Philadelphia, Pa 60 Baraboo. Wis 800 

Somerset, Pa 2,195 St. Anthony Falls, Minn. . . 820 

Pittsburgh, Pa 937 New Ulm. Minn 1,500 

Baltimore, Md 275 Dubuque, la 666 

Washington, D. C 90 Rossville, la 1,400 

Charleston, S. C 25 Sioux City, la 1,258 

Key West, Forida 10 St. Louis, Mo 481 

Hillsboro, Ga 800 Omaha, Neb 1,300 

Vicksburg,Miss a50 Ionia, Neb 3,0l.0 

New Orleans, La 10 Lawrence, Kan 800 

Corpus Christi, Tex 20 Fort Lamed, Kan 1,932 

El Paso, Tex SMO Fort Phil Kearney, Wy. . .6,000 

Knox ville, Tenn 1,000 Cheyenne, Wy 6.041 

Cumberland Mt., Tenn . . .2,000 Yankton, Dak L900 

Little Rock, Ark 660 Fort Garland, Col 8,365 

Louisville, Ky 450 Helena, Mont 4,150 

Cincinnati,© 480 Fort Marcy. N. M 6,846 

Upper Portion of . . City 588 Salt Lake City, Utah 4,320 

Ft. Mohave, A rizona 604 H ot Springs, Nev 4,098 

San Francisco, Cal 130 Sacramento, Cal 82 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 257 



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258 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



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TOMBSTONE. 

Epitaph, W....; 5 00 

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GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



259 



Rocky Mountain Celt, W. . 
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view, W 

Rocky Mountain News,W. 
Tribune, W 

LEADVILLE. 

Chronicle, W 

Herald, W 

TRINIDAD. 

Advertiser, W 

PUEBLO. 

Chieftain, W 

SILVEBTON. 

Herald, ^Y 

Miner, W 

BRECKENRIDGE. 

Leader, W 

GREELEY. 

Tribune 

CONNECTICUT. 

HARTFORD. 

Connecticut Farmer, W.. 
Poultry World, M 

NEW HAVEN. 

HomeCheer, M 

DAKOTA. 

PLANKINGTON. 

Standard, W 

VALLEY CITY. 

Times, W 

HURON. 

Dakota Farmer, M 

Times, W 

ABERDEEN. 

Dakota Pioneer, W 

BISMARCK. 

Tribune, W 

FARGO. 

Argus, W 

Northwestern Farmer, M. 
Republican, W 

GRAND FORKS. 

Plaindealer, W 

PIERRE. 

Dakota Journal, "W 

DEADWOOD. 

Black Hills Pioneer, W. , . 
Black Hills Times, W 

SIOUX FALLS. 

Press, W 

Send your subscription to 



2 00 
300 

4 00 

3 00 
3 00 

2 00 
§ 00 

2 GO 

2 00 

3 00 

aoo 

175 

2 00 



2 00 
150 



125 



2 00 
2 00 

1 50 

2 00 

2 00 

2 00 

1 50 

1 50 

3 00 

2 00 
2 00 

4 00 
4 00 

2 00 



PEMBINA. 

Pioneer Express, W 2 00 

JAMESTOWN. 

Alert, W 2 00 

YANKTON. 

Dakota Herald, W 3 00 

DELAWARE. 

WILMINGTON. 

News, W 1 25 

state Journal, W 150 

Sunda3^ Morning Star, W. 1 75 

Plowshares. M 1 25 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

WASHINGTON. 

Hatchet, W 200 

National Democrat, W 1 50 

" Republican, W.. 175 

Tribune, W 1 25 

View, W. 1 25 

Official Gazette, W 5 00 



FLORIDA. 




JACKSONVILLE. 




Dispatch, W 


300 


Times-Union, W 


1 25 


PENSACOLA. 




Pensacolian, W 


250 


TAMPA. 




Tribune, W 


200 


MARIANA. 




Times, W 


150 


TALLA.HASSEE. 




Floridan, W 


200 


PALATKA. 




Herald, W 

Journal, W 


200 
200 


SUMTERVILLE. 




Times, W 


200 


LT\'E OAK. 




Florida Bulletin, W 


300 


DE LAND. 




Florida Agriculturist, W. 
Orange Ridge Echo, W.... 


300 
150 


GEORGIA. 




MACON. 




Kind Words, W 

Telegraph and Messen- 
ger, W. . . 


150 
1 75 


Christian Advocate, W.... 


300 


SAVANNAH. 




Echo, W 

News, W 


200 
300 



The Western World, and save money. 



260 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



ATHENS. 
Chronicle, W 



150 

ALBANY. 

News and Advertiser, W. . 2 00 

ROME. 

Courier, W 2 00 

ATLANTA. 

Christian Index, W 2 50 

Constitution, W 1 5U 

Southern Cultivator and 

Farmer. M 1 50 

Southern World, S.-M 1 25 

Sunny South, W 2 00 

COLUMBUS. 

Enquirer, W 125 

Times, W 1 25 

AUGUSTA. 

Chronicle and Constitu- 
tion, W 1 50 

AMERICUS. 

Recorder, W 2 00 

RepubUcan.W 2 00 

IDAHO. 

BOISE CITY. 

Statesman, W 3 00 

IDAHO CITY. 

Idaho World, W 4 00 

LEWISTON. 

News, W. (Ger.) 4 00 

EAGLE ROCK. 

Register, W 3 00 

SILVER CITY. 

Avalanche, W 6 00 

ILLINOIS. 

JACKSONVILLE. 

Coui-icr, W 1 75 

PEORIA. 

Democrat (Ger.), W 2 00 

National Democrat, W 1 25 

Transcript, W 1 75 

MOLINE. 

Western Plowman, M. — 1 20 

ROCK ISLAND. 

Argus, W 2 00 

Rock Islander, W 2 00 

Union, W 200 

BELLEVILLE. 

Zeitungund Stern (Ger.),W 2 00 

SPRINGFIELD . 

State Journal, W 150 

State Jtegistor, W 1 75 

You get two papers for the price 



FREEPORT. 

Journal and Republican,W 1 75 

PEKIN. 

Times, W 2 00 

DANVILLE. 

News, W 1 75 

BEECHER. 

Breeder's Journal, M 1 25 

STERLING. 

Gazette,W 2 00 

JOLIET. 

Republic and Sun, W 1 75 

ROCKFORD. 

Register, W 1 75 

Gazette, W 1 75 

QUINCY. 

Farmers' Call, W 1 10 

Western Agriculturist, M.. 1 10 

CHAMPAIGN. 

Gazette, W 2 00 

Times, W 1 75 

CHICAGO. 

Advance, W 2 50 

Express, W 1 50 

Chicago World, W 2 50 

Drovers' Journal, W 1 75 

Herald, W 1 50 

Humane Joumial, M 1 50 

Inter-Ocean, W 1 25 

Interior, W 2 50 

Journal, W 1 50 

News, W 1 25 

Prairie Farmer, W 200 

Skandiuavian, W 2 00 

Standard, W 2 50 

Times, W 1 50 

Tribune, W 1 50 

Western Rural, W 2 00 

The Dairy World, M 150 

The Wool Grower and 

Sheep Breeder, M 1 50 

The Hog, S. M 1 50 

GALENA. 

Gazette, W 1 75 

ELGIN. 

Advocate, W 1 75 

BLOOMINGTON. 

Pantagraph,W 1 75 

INDIAN TERmTORY. 

VINITA. 

Indian Chieftain, W 1 75 

ATOKA. 

Indian Companion, W... 1 75 

MUSCOGEE. 

Indian Journal, W 175 

of one from The Western Worldi 



GUIDE AND HANDBOOK, 



261 



INDIANA. 

TERRE HAUTE, 

Express, W 1 

Gazette, W 1 

Saturday Mail, W Z 

■\VABASH. 

Plaindealer, W 3 

RICHMOND. 

Enquirer, W 1 

Palladium, W 1 

Telegram, W 1 

COLUMBIA CITY. 

Post, W 1 

FORT WAYNE. 

American Farmer, M 1 

Gazette, W 1 

Sentinel, W 1 

LOGANSPORT. 

Chronicle, W 1 

Journal, W 1 

NEW ALBANY. 

Ledger, W 1 

INDIANAPOLIS. 

Indiana Farmer, W 2 

State Sentinel, W 1 

State Journal, W 1 

Times, W 1 

CRAWFORDSVILLE. 

Journal, W 1 

Review, W 1 

SOUTH BEND. 

Farmers' Friend, S.-M 1 

Tribune, W 1 

LA FAYETTE. 

Courier, W 2 

Farmers' Home Journal,W 1 

Journal, W 1 

Times, W 2 

EVANSVILLE. 

Argus, W 2 

Courier, W 1 

Journal, W 1 

IOWA. 

M'GREGOR. 

News, W $1 

BURLINGTON. 

Hawkeye,W 1 

DUBUQUE. 

Herald, W 1 

Telegraph, W i 

Times, W 1 

IOWA CITY. 

State Press, W 2 

Republican, W 2 

It you can afford but on( 



T5 



KEOKUK. 

Constitution, W 

Gate City, W 



CEDAR RAPIDS. 

Farm Journal ai'd Live 

Stock heview, M 

Iowa Farmer, M 

MARSHALLTOWN. 

Times-Republican, W 

DES MOINES. 

Homestead, W 

State Leader, W 

State Register, W 

Tribune, W 

Western Farm Journal, M. 

DAVENPORT. 

Democrat, W 

Gazette, W 

SIOUX CITY. 

Journal, W 

Tribune, W 



KANSAS. 



ATCHISON. 

Champion, W 

Patriot, W 

FORT SCOTT. 

Monitor, "W 

HIAWATHA. 

World, W 

ELDORADO. 

Republican, W 

COLUMBUS. 

Advocate, W 

BURLINGTON. 

Patriot, W 

WINPEELD. 

Courier, W 

LAWRENCE. 

Herald-Tribune, W 

Western Home Journal,W 

OTTAWA. 

Republican, W 

NEWTON. 

Republican, W 

OLATHE. 

Mirror-Gazette, W 

LEAVENWORTH. 

Democratic Standard, W. . 

Press (Ger.), W 

Times, W 

EMPORIA. 

News, W 

Republican, W 

paper, take The Western World. 



1 50 
150 



1 25 
1 25 



1 50 

1 T5 
1 50 
1 50 
1 75 
1 50 

1 50 
1 liO 

1 50 
250 



1 75 
1 75 

1 75 

175 

1 75 

1 50 
200 
175 

1 75 

2 00 

200 
200 
1 75 

1 40 

2 00 
125 

1 75 
1 75 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



MINNEAPOLIS. 

Solomon Valley Demo- 
crat, W 1 75 

MANHATTAN. 

Republic, W 175 

WICHITA. 

Beacon, W 2 00 

City Eagle, W 2 00 

TOPEKA. 

Capital, W 1 50 

Commonwealth, W 1 50 

Kansas Farmer, W 1 75 

State Journal, W 200 

SMITH CENTRE. 

Pioneer, W 175 

WELLINGTON. 

Press, W 2 00 

KENTUCKY. 

PARIS. 

True Kentuckian, W 2 00 

NEWPORT. 

Ky. State Journal, W. 

LEXINGTON. 

Live Stock Record, W. 
Transcript, W 

LOUISVILLE. 

Courier- Journal, W 

Commercial, W 1 25 

Home and Farm, S.-M 1 20 

BOWLING GREEN. 

Park City Times, W 1 50 

liOTJISIANA. 

NEW ORLEANS. 

Picayune, W 

Times-Democrat, W 

SHREEVESPORT. 

Times, W 

BATON ROUGE. 

Capitolian Advocate, W. . . 
MAINE. 

LEWISTON. 

Journal, W 

PORTLAND. 

Live Stock Monthly 

Transcript, W 

AUGUSTA. 

Happy Hours Magazine, M 

Maine Farmer, W 

Vickery's Illustrated Mag- 
azine, M 



1 75 



300 
1 50 



1 25 



1 25 
1 50 



2 00 
300 



2 00 



1 50 
200 



1 25 

2 50 



1 25 



MARYLAND. 

CUMBERLAND. 

Queen City Courier, W.... 1 50 

BALTIMORE. 

American, W l 50 

Maryland Farmer, M 1 50 

Sun, W 1 50 

FREDERICK. 

Examiner, W 2 50 

Times, W 1 50 

ANNAPOLIS. 

Maryland Republican, W. 1 50 
MASSACHUSETTS. 

GREENFIELD. 

American Garden, M 1 25 

Good Cheer, M 1 10 

Our Country Home, M. . . 1 10 

HOLYOKE. 

Manufacturer and Indus- 
trial Gazette, M 2 00 

SPRINGFIELD. 

Farm and Home, M 1 10 

N. EngJand Homestead,W 2 00 

Republican, W 1 75 

MARLBORO. 

Farmers' Companion and 

Prize, M 1 25 

BOSTON. 

American Traveler, W . . . 1 75 

Atlantic Monthly, M 4 00 

Baby Land, M 125 

Ballou's Magazine, M 2 00 

Congregationalist, W 3 00 

Cottage Hearth, M 2 00 

Globe, W 1 25 

Golden Rule, W 2 00 

Household Companion, M. 1 75 

Household and Farm 120. 

Journal, W 1 25 

Littell's Living Age, W... 8 00 

Mass. Ploughman. W 3 00 

Missionary Herald, M 1 50 

New England Farmer, W. 2 50 
Our Little Men and Wo- 
men, M 150 

Pansy, M 150 

Watchman, W 2 50 

Waverly Magazine, W 4 00 

Wide Awake, M 3 00 

Youth's Companion, W. . . 1 85 

Yankee Blade, W 2 00 

Zion's Herald, W 2 50 

MICHIGAN. 

BAY CITY. 

Tribune, W 81 75 



BATH. BATTLE CREEK. 

Eastern Fireside, M 1 10 I Good Health, M 

The Western World goes wherever the English language is read. 



50 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



263 



TRAVERSE CITV. 

Herald, W 

LANSING. 

Journal, W 

Sentinel, W 

JACKSON. 

Saturday Evening Star, W 
Citizen, W 

KALAMAZOO. 

Gazette, W. 

Telegraph, W — 

SCHOOLCRAFT. 

Grange Visitor, S.-M 

GRAND RAPIDS. 

Agricultural World, S. M. . 
Artizan, M 

ADRIAN. 

Times and Expositor, W. . 

ISHPEMING. 

Iron Agitator, W 

PONTIAC. 

Gazette, W 

EAST SAGINAW. 

Herald, W 

ANN ARBOR. 

Courier, W 

YPSILANTI. 

Ypsilantian, W 

DETROIT. 

Free Press, "W 

Michigan Farmer, W 

Post and Tribune, W 

Wayne Co. Courier, W — 

MINNESOTA. 

MINNEAPOLIS. 

Farmers' Tribune, W 

Housekeeper, M 

Minnesota Farmer, W 

FERGUS FALLS. 

Journal, W 

ST. PAUL. 

Pioneer-Press, W 

The Northwest, M 

Globe, W 

DULUTH. 

Tribune, W 

ST. CLOUD. 

Journal-Press, W 

WINONA. 

Republican, W 

The Western World and one of 



3 00 
1 75 



1 75 

1 75 



1 25 



1 50 
1 50 



1 75 



75 



1 50 



1 50 



1 50 



1 50 

1 75 
1 50 
1 50 



1 25 
1 25 
1 75 

1 75 

1 25 
1 50 

1 50 

2 00 
2 00 
1 50 



MISSISSIPPI. 

JACKSON. 

Clarion, W 1 75 

State Ledger, W 175 

MERIDIAN. 

Mercury and Observer, W. 1 75 



Southern Baptist, W. 

STARKVILLE. 

Southern Live Stock Jour- 
nal, W 3 00 

VICKSBURG. 

Planters' Journal, M 3 00 

MISSOURI. 

ST. JOSEPH. 

Gazette, W $1 50 

Herald, W 1 50 

SPRINGFIELD. 

News, W 1 50 

KANSAS CITY. 

Camp's Emigrant Guide,M 1 50 

Centropolis, W 150 

Journal, W 1 25 

Li ve-Stock Indicator, W.. 175 

Times, W 1 25 

MA.CON CITY. 

Times,W 175 

SEDALIA. 

Bazoo, W 175 

MAKYVILLE. 

Democrat, W 1 f 5 

LOUISIANA. 

Riverside Press, W 1 45 

ST. LOUIS. 

Am. Journal of Educa- 
tion, M 1 50 

Central Christian Advo- 
cate, W 3 50 

Christian Advocate, W... 2 fiO 

Chistian Evangelist, W. . . . 3 00 

Coleman's RuralWorld, W 1 25 

Globe- Democrat, W 1 25 

Midland Farmer, M 1 25 

Missouri Republican, W.. 1 25 
St. Louis Illustrated Mag- 
azine, M 1 50 

South and West. S.-M 1 20 

MONTANA. 

FORT BENTON. 

River Press, W 5 00 

MILES CITY. 

Yellowstone Journal, W. 4 00 

DEER LODGE CITY. 

New Northwest, W 4 OO 

BOZEMAN. 

Courier, W 3 50 



the great metropolitan weeklies for $1. 25. 



264 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



HELENA. 

Herald, W 3 50 

Independent, W 5 00 

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Husbandman, W 4 00 

BUTTE CITY. 

Miner, W ... 5 00 

NEBRASKA. 

PLATTSMOUTH. 

Herald, W 3 00 

OMAHA. 

Bee, W 2 00 

Herald, W 2 00 

Post and Telegraph, W . . . 2 00 

Republican, W 125 

LINCOLN. 

Nebraska Farmer, S . -M . . . 1 75 
Nebraska State Journal, W 1 75 

NEBRASKA CITY. 

Nebraska Press. W 2 00 

News, W 2 00 

GRAND ISLAND. 

Independent, W 2 00 

NEVADA. 

EUREKA. 

Sentinel. W 5 00 

VIRGINIA CITY. 

Chronicle, W 2 00 

Enterprise, W 3 00 

RENO. 

Gazette, W 2 50 

NEW JERSEY. 

NEWARK. 

Advertiser, W 1 75 

Journal, W 1 50 

JERSEY CITY. 

Dispatch, W 150 

TRENTON. 

Herald, W 1 .50 

State Gazette, W 250 

RAHWAY. 

Leisure Hours, W 2 00 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



MANCHESTER. 

Mirror and Farmer, W . . 
Am. Young Folks, S.-M. 
Union, W 



CONCORD. 

Independent Statcsraan,"W 
People and Patriot, W — 



1 50 
1 25 

1 75 

2 00 

1 50 



SHAKER VILLAGE. 

Shaker Manifesto, M 125 

DOVER. 

Morning Star, W 2 50 

NEW MEXICO. 

ALBUQUERQUE. 

Journal, W 3 00 

SPRINGER. 

Stockman, W 3 00 

SILVER CITY. 

Enterprise, W 

Southwest Sentinel, W... 

LAS VEGAS. 

Gazette, W 

Mining World, M 

SANTA FE. 

New Mexican Review, W. 
NEW YORK. 

ALBANY. 

Argus, W 

Country Gentleman, W... 
Journal, W 



300 
300 



300 
150 



300 



ELMIRA. 

Husbandman, W 

Telegram, W 

ROCHESTER. 

American Rural Home,W. 

Fruit Grower, Q 

Vick'slll. Magazine, M.... 

NEW YORK. 

American Dairyman, W.. 
American Agriculturist, M 

Arm Chair, W 

Army and Navy Jrnal.,W. 
Boys of New York, W — 

Centui-y Magazine, M 

Christian Advocate, W.. . 

Christian Union, W 

Christian at Work, W 

Churchman, W 

Church Union, M 

Clipper, W 

Cricket on the Hearth, M. 

Delineator, M 

Demorest's Magazine, M.. 

Dispatch, W 

Domestic Monthly, M 

Dramatic News, W 

Examiner, W 

Fireside Companion, W. . . 

Fireside at Home, M 

Frank Leslie's Budget of 

Wit, M 

Frank Leslie's Illustrated 

Newspaper, W 

Frank Leslie's Chimney 

Corner, W 

Frank Leslie's Illustrated 

Zeitung, W 



150 
300 
1 50 

1 50 
200 

1 50 
1 25 
1 50 

1 75 

1 60 
300 
6 00 

2 50 
4 00 

2 50 

3 00 
300 

3 50 
1 25 
400 
1 20 

1 50 
200 

2 50 
1 50 
400 
300 
300 
120 

200 

4 00 
4 00 
400 



For Infcwmation of all parts of the country, take the Western World, 



GUIDE AND HAND- BOOK. 



265 



Frank Leslie's Sunday 

Magazine, >1 S2 50 

Frank Leslie's Pleasant 

Hours, M 1 7-1 

Golden Argosy, W 2 00 

Graphic, W 2 75 

Harpers' Bazar, W 4 00 

Harpers' Magazine, M — 4 00 

Harpers' Weekly, W 4 00 

Harpers' Young People, W 2 00 

Herald, W 1 25 

Home Journal, W 2 25 

lUus. Christian Weekly.. . 2 75 

Independent, W 3 20 

Irish American, W 2 75 

Irish World, W 2 75 

Jewish Messenger. W... . 5 00 

Judge, W 5 00 

Justice, W 1 50 

Ladies' Bazar, M 2 75 

Ladies' Floral Cabinet, M. 2 00 

Ladies' Review, M 1 20 

Ledger, W 3 25 

Life, W..., 5 00 

Literarj^ News, M 1 50 

Mechanical News, S.-M... 1 50 

Sunday Mercury, W 2 00 

Mirror, W 4 00 

News, W 1 25 

N.American Review, M.. 5 00 

Police Gazette, W 4 00 

Puck, Eng. or Ger., W . . . 5 00 
Presbj^terian Home Mis- 
sionary, M 1 50 

Rural New Yorker, W. . . . 2 25 

St. Nicholas, M 3 00 

Scientific American, W . . . 3 20 

School Journal. W 2 75 

Spirit of the Limes, W. . . . 5 00 

New York Weekly, W. . . . 3 25 

Sun, W 125 

Sunday School Journal,M. 1 25 

Teachers' Institute, M 1 75 

Texas Sittings, W 2(0 

Times, W 1 25 

Tribune. W 1 tO 

Witness, W 1 25 

World, W 12) 

Young Men of America,W 2 75 



UTICA. 



Herald, 



200 



Saturday Globe, W 2 50 



TROY. 

Times, W 

Northern Budget, W . 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

NEAV BERNE. 

Journal, W 2 00 

WINSTON. 

Western Sentinel 1 75 

DURHAM. 

Recorder, W 1 50 



TARBORO. 

Southern, W 

GREENSBO ROUGH . 

Patriot, W 

HIGH POINT. 

Enterprise, W 

STATESVILLE. 

Landmark, W 

CHARLOTTE. 

Observer, W 

■WILMINGTON. 

N. C. Presbyterian, W 

Star, W 

ELIZABETH CITY. 

Economist, W 

RALEIGH. 

Biblical Record, W 

Christian Advocate, W . . . 
Farmer and Mechanic, W. 
News and Observer, W.. . 
North Carolina Farmer, M. 

GOLDSBORO. 

Methodist Advance, W. . . 
Transcript Messenger, W. 

WILSON. 

Advance, W 

Mirroi', W 

Zion's Landmark, S.-M 

OHIO. 

LIMA. 

Democratic Times, W 

HAMILTON. 

Democrat, W 



S2 00 
1 75 

1 50 

2 25 
2 00 

2 75 

1 75 

200 

2 00 
2 00 
2 00 
2 00 
1 50 

1 75 

2 00 

200 
1 75 
200 

175 
175 



SPRINGFIELD. 

Farmers' Advance, W 

Farm and Fireside, S.-M . . 

Globe Republic, W 

Farm Companion, S.-M... 
Farm Economist, S.-M... 
Young Folks' Circle, M. . . 

CLEVELAND. 

Farmer and Manufact- 

lu-er, M 

Leader, W 

Plaindealer, W 

Ohio Farmer, W 

LANCASTER. 

Ohio Eagle, W 

COLUMBUS. 

City and Country, M 

Ohio State Journal, W 

Ohio Weisenf reund, W 

CINCINNATI. 

Agent's Aid, M 

Grange Bulletin, W 



1 25 
1 25 
1 50 
I 10 
1 10 
1 10 



1 10 
1 50 
1 65 
1 75 

175 

125 

1 50 
1 75 

1 25 
1 50 



Subscriptions taken for aii papers by The Western World. 



266 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



Commercial Gazette, W..$ 1 50 

Christian Standard, W 2 50 

Enquirer 1 50 

Times-Star 1 25 

Farminer World 2 00 

Our Little Granger, M — 1 10 
Sunday School Journal, M. 1 25 
Western Christian Advo- 
cate, W 2 25 

STEUBENVILLE. 

Herald, W 2 00 

PAINESVrLLE. 

Northern Ohio Journal, W 1 75 

NEWARK. 

Advocate, W 2 00 

TOLEDO. 

Blade, W 

Kailroader, M 

YOUNGSTOWN. 

News-Register, W 1 50 

MEDINA. 

Gleanings in Bee Culture, 
M 



1 50 
1 50 



1 50 



DAYTON. 

Farmer's Home, M 

Children's Friend, S.-M... 

ZANESVILLE 

Courier, W 

CLYDE. 

Farmers' Reporter, W — 

FREMONT. 

Democratic Messenger, "W 
Journal, W 

PORTSMOUTH. 

Blade, W 

TIFFIN. 

News, W 



] 25 
1 10 



1 75 
1 50 



2 00 
2 00 



1 75 
1 50 



2 00 
2 00 



OREGON. 

SALEM. 

Oregon Statesman, W. . 
Willamette Farmer, W. 

PORTLAND. 

New Northwest, W 3 00 

Northwestern Farmer and 

Dairyman, M 2 00 

Travelers' Guide, M 1 50 

Oregonian, W 2 50 

Standard, W 2 50 

West Shore, M 2 00 

UNION. 

Mountain Sentinel, W 3 00 

THE DALLES. 

Sun, W 2 00 

You get two papers for the price 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

PITTSBURGH. 

Christian Advocate, W.. . . $2 50 

Commercial Gazette, W.. . 2 00 
National Stockman and 

Farmer, W 1 75 

Post, W 150 

PARKERSBURG. 

Farmers' Magazine, M 1 20 

MEADVILLE. 

Chautauquan, M 3 00 

Penn. Farmer, W 150 

MECHANICSBURG . 

Farmers' Friend, W 1 75 

HARRISBURG. 

Patriot, W 150 

Telegraph, W 175 

LANCASTER. 

NewEra,W 2 50 

Penn. School Journal, M.. 2 00 

WATSONTOWN. 

Agricultural Epitomist, M 1 20 

PHILADELPHIA. 

Agents' Herald, M 1 10 

Farm and Garden, M 1 25 

Farm Journal, M 125 

Godey's Ladies' Book, M.. 2 50 

Golden Days, W 3 00 

Guardian Angel, M 1 25 

Hearthstone, W 300 

Labor World, W. 150 

Lippincott's Magazine, M. 3 00 
Peterson's Ladies' Maga- 
zine, M 2 50 

Practical Farmer, W 2 00 

Press, W 1 25 

Record, W 150 

Saturday Evening Post,W 2 00 

Saturday Night, W 3 00 

Sunday School Times, W. 2 00 

Taggett's Sunday Times, W 2 00 

Times, W 1 50 

SHENANDOAH. 

Mining Herald, W 2 25 



RHODE ISLAND. 

NEWPORT. 

Mercury, W 2 00 

PROVIDENCE. 

Indicator, W 150 

Visitor, W 200 

WOONSOCKET. 

Patriot, W 2 75 

of one from The Western \UorM. 



GUIDE AND HAiro-BOOK. 



267 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

CHARLESTON. 

News and Courier, W S2 00 

Advocate, W 2 00 

S. C. Sunday Despatch, W . 2 00 

GREENEVILLE. 

Baptist Courier. W 

Enterprise and Mountain- 
eer, VV 



300 
200 

NEWBERRY. 

Lutheran Visitor, W 3 00 

ORANGEBtTRGH. 

Democratic Times, W 1 75 

COLUMBIA. 

Register, W 3 00 

Southern Piesby terian, W. 3 50 
SPARTANSBURGH. 

Herald, W 1 75 

Spartan, W 1 85 

YORKVILLE. 

Enquirer, W 3 50 

TENNESSEE. 

NASHVILLE. 

American, W 150 

Christian Advocate, W . . . . 2 00 

Presbyterian, W 2 00 

Sunday School Magazine, 

M 1 25 

World, W 150 

CHATTANOOGA. 

Commercial, W 150 

American Baptist Re- 
Hector, W 1 75 

Methodist Advocate, W. . . 1 75 

RunO Record, M 150 

Times, W 1 75 

Tradesman, S.-M 2 00 

ROGERSVILLE. 

Telephone, W 1 50 

KNOXVILLE. 

Republican-Chronicle, W. 1 50 
Tribune, W 175 

• MEMPHIS. 

Appeal, W 150 

Avalanche, W 1 50 

Public Ledger, \V 150 

Tennessee Baptist, W 1 75 

TEXAS. 

SAN ANTONIO. 

Express, W 1 50 

Freie Presse fur Texas, W. 2 50 
Texas Stockman, W 2 00 

DALLAS. 

Herald, W 1 75 

Texas Planter and Farmer, 
S.-M 150 



Farm and Ranch, S.-M. . . . 


$1 25 


EL PASO. 




Herald, W 


3 50 


GALVESTON. 




News, W 

Christian Advocate. W... 
Texas Post (Ger.), W 


1 50 
200 
300 


SHERMAN. 




Courier, W 

WACO. 


200 


Examiner and Patron, W. 


175 


FORT WORTH. 




Gazette, W 

Live-stock Journal, W. . . . 


1 50 
200 


AUSTIN. 




Texas Siftings, W 


3 00 


Statesman, W 


1 50 


UTAH. 




FRISCO. 




Southern Utah Times, W. . 


5 00 


LOGAN. 




Journal, S.W 


3 50 


SALT LAKE CITY. 




Deseret News, W 

Herald, W 

Tribune, W 


350 
200 
3 00 


PARK CITY. 




Park Record, W 


300 


PROVO CITY. 




Enquirer, W 


300 


OGDEN CITY. 




Herald, W 


3 50 


VERMONT. 




MONTPELIER. 




Argus and Patriot. AY. . . . 
Watchman and State Jour- 
nal, W 


200 
300 


BRATTLEBORO. 




Household, M 


1 25 


Reformer, M 


300 


VIRGINIA. 




STAUNTON. 




Spectator, W 

Valley Virginian, W 


300 
3 00 


LYNCHBURG. 




Advance, W 

Vii-ginian, W 


1 25 

150 


PETERSBURG. 




Index- Appeal, W 

Rural Messenger, W 


200 
200 


RICHMOND. 




Industrial South. W 


2 0a 



The Western World goes everywhere and is read by everybody. 



268 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



Christian Advocate, W... $2 20 

Earnest Worker, M 1 25 

Dispatch, W 1 50 

Religious Herald, W 2 60 

Southern Planter, W 1 75 

Whig and Advertiser, W . 1 50 

LEESBURG. 

Washingtonian, W 2 00 

LOUISA. 

Poultry and Live Stock 
Journal, M 1 25 

NORFOLK. 

Virginian, W 1 50 

Landmark, W 1 50 

PORTSMOUTH. 

Baptist Companion, W 175 

Tide-Water 'J imes, W 1 .50 

Virginia (jraugei*, W 1 75 

ROANOKE. 

Leader, Yi 1 75 

LEXINGTON. 

Gazette, W 3 00 

DAYTON. 

Musical Million and Fire- 
side Friend, M 125 

HARRISBURG. 

Spirit of the Valley, W . . . . 2 00 
WASHINGTON. 

VANCOUVER. 

Independent, W 2 50 

DAYTON. 

Columbia Chronicle, W. . . 2 25 

SEATTLE. 

Post Intelligencer, W 2 25 

TACOMA. 

Ledger, W 3 00 

WALLA WALLA. 

Statesman, W 3 00 

Union, W 3 00 

COLFAX. 

Gazette, W 3 00 

YAKIMA. 

Signal, W 3 00 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

MARTINSBURG. 

Independent, W 2 00 

The Western World is the only paper 



WHEELING. 

Intelligencer, W $1 50 

Register, W 3 00 

PARKERSBURG. 

Sentinel, W 2 00 

State Journal, W l 50 

West Virginia Freeman, W 1 75 

WISCONSIN. 

GREEN BAY. 

Advocate, W. 3 00 

CHIPPEWA FALLS. 

Independent, W 3 00 

MADISON. 

Democrat, W 1 75 

Western Farmer, W 1 75 

Wis. State Journal, W... . 1 75 

EAU CLAIRE. 

Free Press, W 3 00 

FOND DU LAC. 

CommouAvealth, W 3 00 

FORT ATKINSON. 

Union, W 3 00 

LA CROSS, 

Republican and Leader, W 1 75 

MILWAUKEE. 

Germania, W 300 

Peck's Sun, W 3 00 

Sentinel, W 1 50 

Wisconsin, W 150 

RACINE. 

Manufacturer and Agricul- 
turist, M 1 10 

JANESVILLE. * 

Gazette, W 1 75 

OCONOMOWOC. 

Wis. Free Press, W 3 00 

WAUKESHA. 

Democrat, W 3 00 

Freeman, W 1 75 

OSHKOSH. 

Northwestern, W 2 00 

WYOMING. 

LARAMIE CITY. 

Boomerang, W 2 25 

RAWLINS. 

Journal, W 3 00 

CHEYENNE CITY. 

Leader, W 3 50 

Sun,W 3 50 

giving information on government lands. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 269 



LARGE SCALE POCKET MAPS, 



IN CLOTH-BOUND CASES, OF 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Alabaxaa and "West Florida, township, 30x38 inches, 
showing' congressional townships, counties, wagon roads, 

etc S- 50 

Arizona Territory, 28x37 inches. Scale, 13 miles to the 

iiicli 1 50 

Arkansas, sectional, 30x36. showing congressional town- 

slii s 1 50 

California, 34x39, county and township 12) 

Colorado, sectional, 26x30 1 25 

Connecticut, township, 19x28 1 25 

Dakota, sectional, 36x48 125 

Delaware, 16x26, showing organized townships 1 50 

Florida, sectional and township, 36x48, showing congres- 
sional townships 125 

Georg-ia, county, 31x38, showing wagon roads 1 50 

Idaho Territory, 2:3x31. Scale, 10 miles to the inch 2 50 

Illinois, sectional, 32x40, showing organized townships 1 25 

Indiana, sectional, 31x40, showing organized townships. ... 1 25 

Indian Territory, 34x26 125 

Iowa, sectional, 36x48, showing organized townships 1 25 

Kansas, sectional, 42x58, showing organized townships ... 1 25 

Louisiana, sectional. 32x36 3 00 

Maine, township, 31x38 1.50 

Michigan, sectional, 25x38 125 

Minnesota, sectional, 40x56 1 25 

Mississippi, sectional, 41x58 125 

Missouri, sectional, 40x48 125 

Montana, large county, 28x44 125 

Nebraska, sectional, 26x46 125 

New Hampshire, township, 22x38 1 50 

New Jersey, 14x21 1 25 

New Mexico, 26x30, showing military reservations, etc 1 25 

New York, township, 31x34 125 

North Carolina, 30x63, showing counties, etc 2 50 

Oregon, township, 25x29 1 25 

Ohio, sectional, 25x26 125 

Pennsylvania, township ,. 125 

Rhode Island, township, 28x43 125 

South Carolina, county, 31x34 1 50 

Tennessee, 24x58 1 25 

Texas, county, 28x30 1 25 

Utah, sectional, 36x47 . 5 00 

Vermont, county, town and railroad, 37x38 1 50 

Virginia and West Virginia, county, 32x46 1 50 

Washington Territory, sectional, 21x29 1 25 

West Virginia, large county, 38x44 1 25 

Wisconsin, sectional, 41x58 1 25 

United States 

These maps will be found very convenient for travelers, 
settlei-sor land hunters. Any one sending the price of either 
map will receive in addition a copy of The Western World one 
year free. 

Address THE WESTERN WORLD, Chicago, lU. 



270 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



SOUVENIR ALBUMS! 



American Scenery, Cities and Resorts, 



These souvenirs possess none of the type of fanciful, so-called 
artistic pictures, but prove true to memory and nature. 

They are bound in strong Russia-cloth covers of various pat- 
terns, with leaf-gold or black titles. The ruling- sizes are the visite 
3^x5 in.; the cabinet 4x6 in.; extra cabinet 4Mx7 in.; America 
6x9 in. 

CITIES. 



Albany, N.Y $0 25 

Capitol at 25 

Atlanta, Ga 25 

Baltimore 50 

Bethlehem, Pa 25 

Boston.. 50 

" Mt. Auburn Ceme- 
tery, Cambridge, Mass.. . 50 
Brooklyn, N.Y.,and Brook- 
lyn Bridge (extra cabinet) 1 00 
Brooklyn,Greenwood Cem- 
etery 50 

Brooklyn and Prospect 

Park 25 

Buffalo, New Series 50 

Views of 25 

Canada, Souvenir of 50 

Charleston, S. C 50 

Chattanooga, Tenn 50 

Chicago Album, New 

(America size) 1 50 

" Souvenir of 50 

Views of 25 

" Birds*ye view of, 

in mat 50 

Cincinnati, Souvenir of — 50 
Cincinnati, Souvenir of 

Second Series 50 

Cincinnati, Views of 25 

Zoological Gar- 
den 25 

Cleveland, O 50 

Dayton, O., National Sol- 
diers' Home 50 

Denver,Col 50 

Detroit, Souvenir of 50 

Views of 25 

Duluth, Minn 50 

Erie, Pa 25 

Evansville, Ind 50 

Fargo, Dakota 50 

Halifax, N. S 30 



Indianapolis $0 50 

Jacksonville, Fla. (cabinet) 50 

Kansas City, Mo 50 

Los Angeles and Vicin- 
ity, Cal 50 

Louisville 50 

Madison, Wis 50 

Milwaukee 50 

" National Soldiers' 

Home 50 

Minneapolis 50 

'* Second Series 50 

Montreal, Canada 50 

Newburgh, N. Y., and 
Washington's Headquar- 
ters 25 

Newark! N . J . . . . . . . . . . ..." 25 

New Orleans & the World's 

Exposition 25 

New Orleans in 1885 50 

New Oi-leans & the World's 
Exposition, Souvenir of 

(8vo. fancy binding) 1 00 

Newport, R 1 50 

New York Album 

(extra cabinet) 1 50 
New York, Brooklyn and 
Vicinity, Panorama of . . 

(extra cabinet) 1 00 
New York, Brooklyn 
Bridge and Brooklyn City 

(extra cabinet) 1 00 
New York, Souvenir of... 25 
New York and Vicinity, in 

mat 50 

New York East River 

Bridge 25 

New York Harbor, Instan- 
taneous Views of 50 

New York Statue of Lib- 
erty 25 

Norfolk, Va 50 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



271 



Norfolk Nat. Soldiers' Home 

near Hampton, Va $0 50 

Omaha, Neb 50 

Ottawa, Canada 50 

Philadelphia 50 

Pittsburgh and Allegheny. 50 

Plymouth, Mass 50 

Portland, Maine 50 

Oref?on 7o 

Providence, K. 1 50 

Richmond, Va 50 

Rochester, N. Y 50 

Salt Lake City, Utah 50 

San Antonio, Texas 50 

San Francisco, Souvenir of 50 

Savannah, Ga 50 

St. Augustine, Florida (cab) 50 



St. John, N. B 10 30 

St. Louis Album 100 

St. Louis Fair Grounds and 

Zoological Garden. 25 

St. Paul, Minn 50 

Syracuse, N. Y 25 

Toronto, Canada 50 

Troy,N.Y 25 

Washington Album 50 

Washington, Capitol at . . . 23 

Washington, The Capitol . 50 

Washington,White House at 25 
Washington, Paintings in 

the U. S. Capitol 25 

Wheeling, W. Va 25 

Wilmington, Del 25 

Winnipeg, Manitoba 50 



SCENERY AND RESORTS. 



Adirondacks $0 

Ausable Chasm, Souvenir of 
B. & O. Railroad Scenery — 

California, Souvenir of 

Cape May, N. J 

Catskill Mountains 

Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad 

Scenery 

Colorado Views 

Colorado— Over the South 

Park to Leadville 

Coloi-ado— Gems of North- 
western Colorado 

Coney Island 

Delaware Water Gap. 

Dells of the Wisconsin and 

Devil's Lake, Wis 

Erie Railway Scenery 

Views along the Erie R. R.. . . 

Fall River Line 

Florida, Palatka, St. Johns & 

Ocklawaha riversicabinet) 

Hot Springs, Ark 

Hudson river 

Lake Chautauqua, Souvenir 
Lake Chautauqua, Album of 
Lake George, Souvenir of. . 

Long Branch, N. J 

Maine Central R. R. Scenery 

Manitoba and the N. W 

Martha's Vineyard, Mass 

Mauch Chunk, Switchback 

and Glen Onoko 

Minnesota Views 

Minnetonka, Lake 

Mount Vernon, Va 

Nantucket, Mass 

Narragansett Pier, R. I 

New Mexico, Spanish and 

Indian 



Niagara Falls, Souvenir af .$0 50 

Northern Pacific Railroad.. 75 
Ocean Grove and Asbury 

Park 25 
Old Orchard Beach, Me .... . 25 
Pacific Northwest (Colum- 
bia river) 75 

Pennsylvania R. R. Scenery 25 

Queen and Crescent Route. 25 

Richfield Springs, N. Y . . . 25 

Rockaway and Long Beach 25 

Saguenay river (Canada) 30 

Saratoga 25 

Saratoga Album 50 

Sea Isle City, N.J 25 

Shenandoah Valley Views.. 25 

St. Lawrence river 50 

Thousand Islands 50 

Union Pacific Railway (cabi- 
net 1 00 

WatkinsGlen, N. Y 25 

Waukesha, Wis 25 

West Point Milita'yAcad'my 25 
West Point Military Acad- 
emy at West Point on the 

Hudson 50 

Western Maryland Railroad 

Scenery 25 

Western North Carolina 

R R.— "Land of the Sky" 25 

West Shore Route 25 

White Mountains 25 

White Mountains 50 

White Mountains (cabinet). 75 
Yellowstone National Park. 75 
Indian Types of the North- 
west 25 

Garfield Album 25 

London, England 25 

Paris, France (cabinet) 75 



These beautiful souvenirs will be sent by mail to any address 
upon receipt of price. 

THE WESTERN WORLD, 

Chicago, 111. 



372 THE WESTERN WORLD 

A SPLENDID SEWING MACHINE 



TO THE SUBSCRIBERS OF 



THE WESTERN WORLD. 



This offer is made in order to secure a subscriber in every 
house in the country. We have contracted for 100,000 machines, 
the order to be duplicated as soon as these are disposed of. 
We f urnioh them to subscribers at the bare cost of manufacture, 
so they affoi-d no profit, and we will sell them only to those who 
have subscribed for The Western Would, and only one machine 
to a subscriber. If two or more machines are wanted a new 
subsci-iber and $10 must be sent for each machine. Any new sud- 
scriber bj'^ sending $11 can have the machine and the paper one 
year. 




The above represents the head of the machine. It is 
the same as is now sold in all parts of the country from 
$35 to $50. We will include a Stand, Black Walnut 
Table, Small Drawer for Tools, and a full set of Attach- 
ments. Each machine is perfectly made ; a shuttle 
machine, thoroughly tested, and not permitted to leave 
until it does perfect work. 

A sample of the work is left on each machine. All machines 
are crated and delivered free to railroad depots or express 
offices in Chicag-o upon receipt of the money. No machine^ 
sent CO. D., and none shipped until paid for. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



275 



PRE EXPENSIVE FURNITURE 



We can accommodate those who want more expensive furni- 
ture, and still save them half or two-thii-ds of their money. 

We will furnish the machine with a nice cover box, with lock 
and key, like the cut below for Sl~, or with a drop-leaf table and. 
two end drawers additional for $14.50. For convenience in 
ordering^, we will call the lowest price machine No. 1, the next 
No. 2, and the highest No. 3. 




Every machine is warranted as represented, if not, write us 
plainlj' the trouble, or what is lacking-, giving' the date of your 
order, and the manufacturers will make good any deficiency. If 
you are not fully satisfied with the machine, j-ou can return it to 
us by paying the transportation, and your monej' will be 
promptly refunded. 

Send money by draft on Chicago or New York (no private 
checks), P. O. Money Order, Registered Letter or Express, charges 
prepaid. Address, 

THE WESTERN WORLD, 

Chicago, 111. 



274 THE WESTERN WORLD 

THE BEST WATCH 

FOR THE MONEY, 
FOR EITHER MAN OR BOY, IS 

"The Waterbury." 




This is a Stem Winder, Nickel Plated Case, and a good time- 
keeper. Each watch is carefully packed in a satin-lined case, 
and sent by mail. 



PRICE, $3.50. 



We will send the watch free to any person who will send us 
4 subscribers to The Western World, at $1.00 each. All the 
subscriptions and money to be sent at one time. Send 10 cents 
extra if you want the watch registered. Address, 

THE WESTERN WORLD, 

CHICAGO, ILL. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 



275 



SMITH'S NEW REVOLVER, 

FOR SELF-DEFENSE FROM 

TRAMPS AND BURGLARS. 



o 

CO 

» 

o 

H 

O 

o 
% 







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T3 ■ 

o 

=5 be 

— C 

±. o 

O H 



'Sri <Bs 
tU •Sp 60" 



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Address, THE "WESTERN WORLD, 

Chicago, 111. 



276 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



The Western World 

SEWING MACHINE. 

Newest, Neatest, Latest, Best. 

All the good qualities of older Machines combined with later 
and moi-e Valuable Improvements— Beautiful in Design, Perfect 
in Construction, Simple in Operation, High Arm, Self-threading 
Needle, Light-running, does Fine or Coarse Work equally well. 

Every Machine Warranted- 




Price, Packed for Shipping, $25. 

As soon as seen or used this machine becomes the favorite, and 
is quickly followed by others. It has no superior in any respect. 
The Furniture is as represented in the cut, and highly finished, a 
full set of nickel-plated Attachments and a velvet-lined case 
included. The superior work it does and its elegant finish will 
please the more extravagant, while the low price will bring it 
within the reach of the most economical. All orders promptly 
filled. Address, 

THE WESTERN WORLD, 

CHICAGO, ILL. 



GUIDE AND II.OID-BOoi:. 



377 



HAND CORN SHELLER. 




The above is the lowest price for which this Sheller is sold. 
To any person sending us 5 subscribers to The "Western 
"World, at $1.00 each, we will send one of these Shellers Free. 
Address, THE WESTERN WORLD, 

Chicago, 111. 



$1 Samples 

FREE TO AX Y MAX lOR ^VOMAX! 

Quick sales and large profits guaranteed eithersex with our great labor-saving 
invention. A lady cleared $70 in one week. An agent writefi:"Vour plan brinRs 
money quickest of any I ever tried." Any man or woman making less than 
$40 per week should try our easy money-making business. Guaranteed to be 
the best paying in the land. $1 samples quick selling goods free to any lady 
or gent who will devote a few hours daily. Experipuce unnecessary; no talk- 
ing. Write and secure your county. Address, Y. K. Merrill & Co., Chicago. 



278 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



Down With High Prices 



CHICAGO SCALE CO., 

147 TO 151 SOUTH JEFFERSON STREET, 

CHICAGO, ILL. 

HAVE REDUCED PRICES ON ALL KINDS OF 
SCALES, from 30 to 60 per cent. Thej' mauufacture over 



300 VARIETIES 

Including 



THE PREMIUM WAGON SCALE OF THE WORLD. 




2 Ton "Wag-on Scale Platform, 6x12 feet, 

3 " " " ♦' 7x13 " 

4 " *' " ** 8x14 ** 
6 '• " '* *' 8x16 " 



- $40 

50 

- 60 
90 



BEAM, BOX AND BRASS BEAM WITH 
EACH SCALE. 

Also, at liowest Prices, hundreds of specialties, including- 
Portable Forges, Blacksmiths' Tools, Safes, Buggies, Carnages, 
Sewing Machines, Clothes Wringers, Copy Presses, Money- 
Drawers, Etc. Save Money and Send fob Price List. 

* ' Address, 

CHICAGO SCALE CO., 

CHICAGO, ILL, 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK ' 379 

PUBLISHED WEEKLY 

AT 

Austin, Texas, and New York, N.Y., 

BY 

THE TEXAS SIFTINGS PUBLISHING COMPANY. 

An Illustrated Humorous and Literary Journal, 

CONDUCTED BY 

ALEX. E. SWEET AND ARMOY J. KNOX. 
PRESS OPINIONS: 

The humorous departments of Texas Siftings are simply un- 
equaled in this or any other country.— iJeraW. 

Siftings is one of the most orig-inal papers ever published, 
and enjoys a monster circulation.— Brad/ord {Pa.) Star. 

If you pick up a paper from New Zealand, you will find some- 
thing to laugh at taken from Texas Siftings.— T/jc Age. 

Texas Siftings is literally a household necessity, and is taking- 
the lead in the list of humorous "papers.— Rochester {N.Y.) Express. 

Aleck Sweet and Armoy Knox have run the Texas Sift- 
ings up to an immense circulation. It beats the world, and ought 
to.— Stcuhenville (O.) Herald. 

Texas Siftings has achieved a phenomenal success in the his- 
tory of modern journalism. Its career to fame has not been 
equaled.— Ta/iity Fair. 

Siftings is one of the best humorous papers in the United 
States, and is robbing the Free Press, Haukeye, and others of the 
glory they have so long enjoyed.— SenfuicZ. 

Texas Siftings, which is quoted all over the land, is not only 
a very funny paper, but is an earnest, progressive paper, just as 
well up in the news of the day and in solid opinion as any paper 
in the country.— i^C{/i*(cr, New Haven, Conn. 

Probably no paper has ever met with such a quick and gener- 
ous recognition as has been accorded to Texas Siftings. It is 
to-day one of the best quoted newspapers in the country, and has 
a large, well deserved and fast increasing circulation.— Fo?Tcst 
and Farm. 

Texas Siftings is sold bj' over 3,000 newsdealers, and goes by 
mail to subscribers at 7,300 postoffices. If your newsdealer has 
not got it, instruct him to order it for you, and if you prefer to 
have it mailed to your residence send §2 for a year's subscription, 
or SI for six months' subscription, to the publishers, either at 
Austin, Texas, or Now York, N.Y. 



THE WESTERN WORLD 



BUGGIES, CARRIAGES, ETC. 

PRICES REDUCED 50 PER CENT. 



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PIANO BOX, TOP BUGQY, 8T5. 
Other styles in same proportion. Address, 

JOHN C. NUTTING, Sec'y, 



Jefferson and Jackson Sts., 



CHICAGO, ILIi. 



THE BEST FARMER'S PAPER. 



FARMER'S REVIEW, 

PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT 



Because it helps the Farmer to make money 

OFF HIS FARM. 

For this reason, also, it is one of the best advertising 
mediums. The Farmers who read it make money and 
are good buyers. 



FARMER'S REVIEW, 

214 and 216 Clark street, 

CHICAGO, ILL. 



GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 2Si 

TOI3:3>TSOISr SZ I^IEIjID, 

Racine, Wisconsin, 
THE RACINE" FARM AND WAREHOUSE FANNING MILLS, 

DUSTINESS GRAIN SEPARATORS AND LAND ROLLERS. 




Used by the Farmers, Millers, Grain and Seed Dealers who 
highly recommend them as being the Best Machines ever made 
for cleaning and grading Wheat, Barley, Oats, Corn, and Seeds. 
The BEST and cheapest Land Rollers in the market for the 
money. Send for illustrated circulars. 



